tetrahydrofuran

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.1% (2 of 1661) of reports.

H225 (99.8%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302 (31.6%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H319 (99.3%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (98.7%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336 (23.2%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H351 (51.5%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1661 reports by companies from 91 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 2 of 1661 reports by companies.

There are 90 notifications provided by 1659 of 1661 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P264, P280, P302+P352, P321, P332+P317, and P362+P364 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used. CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use alcohol-resistant foam, water spray, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Closed containers may rupture violently when heated.

Wear full protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. Teflon barrier recommended.

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is extremely flammable (NFPA rating = 3), and its vapor can travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and "flash back." A 5% solution of THF in water is flammable.

Vapor is heavier than air and may travel considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilation. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Collect leaking liquid in sealable air tight containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the build-up of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations.

Shut off all possible sources of ignition. Instruct others to maintain a safe distance. Wear breathing apparatus, eye protection, laboratory coat, and butyl rubber gloves. Cover with a 1:1:1 mixture by weight of sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate, clay cat litter (bentonite), and sand. Transfer to a large dish and let evaporate in fume hood. Ventilate area well to evaporate remaining liquid and dispel vapor. Treat solid residue as normal refuse.

Absorb with paper. Evaporate completely all spilled surface. Dispose by burning the paper after complete ventilation of vapor.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U213, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperture range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Tetrahydrofuran is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. In controlled waste containing peroxides, perforation of a container of the waste form a safe distance is followed by open burning.

/In laboratories/ excess tetrahydrofuran and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Tetrahydrofuran (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Avoid long contact with skin.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Tetrahydrofuran (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Well closed. Separated from : see Chemical Dangers.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Store away from heat, oxidizing materials, and sunlight. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet.

Purified tetrahydrofuran should not be stored for more than a few months after its container has been opened if it contains no oxidation inhibitor. In this case, it is potentially explosive because of peroxide formation.

NO open flames, NO sparks, and NO smoking. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Do NOT use compressed air for filling, discharging, or handling.

Distillation or alkali treatment of stabilized tetrahyrofuran removes the involatile anti-oxidant, and the solvent must be restabilized or stored under nitrogen to prevent formation during storage, which should not exceed a few days duration in the absence of stabilizer.

THF can be stored in the usual steel containers.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Tetrahydrofuran in urine = 2 mg/L; sample at end of shift;

20.34 [ppm]

100 [ppm]

500 [ppm]

5000 [ppm]

200 ppm (590 mg/m³)

250 ppm (735 mg/m³)

TWA 200 ppm (590 mg/m3) ST 250 ppm (735 mg/m3)

200.0 [ppm]

TWA 200 ppm (590 mg/m3) See Appendix G

2000 ppm ; Based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. (NIOSH, 2024)

2000.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: It has been reported that exposure to 25,000 ppm will cause anesthesia and 17,000 ppm appears to be safe for 3 hours [Hofmann and Oettel 1954].

2000 ppm (Based on 10% of the lower explosion limit for safety considerations even though the relevant toxicological data indicated that irreversible health efects or impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.)

2000 ppm

2000 ppm [10%LEL]

See: 109999

50.0 [ppm]

100.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 50 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 100 ppm. Skin.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

50 ppm as TWA; 100 ppm as STEL; (skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

50 ppm [2002]

100 ppm [2002]

150 mg/m

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used.

CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

Tetrahydrofuran appears as a clear colorless liquid with an ethereal odor. Less dense than water. Flash point 6 °F. Vapors are heavier than air.

Dry Powder; Liquid

Colorless liquid with an ether-like odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with an ether-like odor.

Colorless, mobile liquid

Water-white liquid

Colorless liquid

Ether-like odor

FAINT FRUITY ODOR

PUNGENT TASTE

151 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

65.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

65 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-163.3 °F (NTP, 1992)

-108.44 °C

-108.3 °C

-108.5 °C

-163.3 °F

6 °F (NTP, 1992)

6 °F (closed cup); -4 °F (open cup)

-14.5 °C (closed cup)

-14.5 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Miscible with alcohols, ketones, esters, hydrocarbons, and ethers.

Very soluble in acetone, benzene, ether, ethanol, and chloroform

30% IN WATER AT 25 °C

Miscible in water at 25 °C

1000.0 mg/mL

Solubility in water: freely soluble

Miscible

0.888 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8833 g/cu cm at 25 °C

Saturated liquid density: 55.230 lb/cu ft; saturated vapor pressure: 2.913 lb/sq in; saturated vapor density: 0.03660 lb/cu ft (all at 75 °F)

Relative density (water = 1): 0.89

0.8833 @25 °C

2.5 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.5 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.5

114 mmHg at 59 °F ; 145 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Highly flammable. Oxidizes readily in air to form unstable peroxides that may explode spontaneously [Bretherick, 1979 p.151-154, 164]. Soluble in water.

Highly Flammable

Peroxidizable Compound

CSL00005

TETRAHYDROFURAN + Triflic anhydride

Can polymerize, large exotherm. Avoid combination on larger scale.

User-Reported

CSL00111

WATER + Mercury(II) perchlorate hydrate + 2,6 lutidine + TETRAHYDROFURAN

Explosion tetrahydrofuran, water, 2,6 lutidine, and mercury perchlorate hydrate

M (up to 100g)

dithiane hydrolysis

The reaction chemicals were scaled up, but the amount of solvent was not scaled up to an equivalent proportion. The amount of material used in the reaction was approximately 20 times more concentrated than the quantity specified in the literature. Electronic software was used to calculate the quantities of all reactants but not the quantity of solvent. Additionally, the lesser amount of solvent used in this reaction made it difficult for the magnetic stirrer bar to effectively mix

11/14/17

CSL00137

TETRAHYDROFURAN + DIISOBUTYLALUMINUM HYDRIDE

Aluminum alkyl decomposition at ambient conditions

Gas Emitter

Mixing diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL-H) and Tetrahydrofuran (THF) results in exothermic complexation and thermal decomposition. Cooling capacity is need for the preparation of the mixtures. The solution should be used promptly and unused material destroyed.

ACS Safety Letters

TETRAHYDROFURAN reacts violently with oxidizing agents leading to fires and explosions [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 891]. Subject to peroxidation in the air. Peroxides or their products react exothermically with lithium aluminum hydride [MCA Guide for Safety 1973]. Thus, use as a solvent for lithium aluminum hydride has led to fires. Using potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide to dry impure tetrahydrofuran that contains peroxides has resulted in explosions. A violent explosion occurred during the preparation of sodium aluminum hydride from sodium and aluminum in a medium of tetrahydrofuran [Chem. Eng. News 39(40):57. 1961]. THF forms explosive products with 2-aminophenol [Lewis 3227].

Reacts with lithium tetrahydroaluminate or borane to form explosive hydrogen gas. Violent reaction with metal halides (e.g., hafnium tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride, zirconium tetrachloride). Vigorous reaction with bromine, calcium hydride + heat. Can react with oxidizing materials.

An attempt to remove peroxides /from tetrahydrofuran/ by shaking with solid ferrous sulfate before distillation did not prevent explosion of the distillation residue. Alkali treatment to destroy peroxides appears not to be safe.

Tetrahydrofuran had been dried over the aluminate and then stored over calcium hydride for 2 yr to prevent peroxide formation. Subsequent addition of more aluminate caused a strong exotherm and ignition of liberated hydrogen.

During synthesis of sodium tetrahydroaluminate from its elements in tetrahydrofuran, a violent explosion occurred when absorption of hydrogen had stopped. This was attributed to deposition of solid above the liquid level, overheating and reaction with solvent to give butoxyaluminohydrides. Vigorous stirring and avoiding overheating are essential.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Tetrahydrofuran (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers, lithium-aluminum alloys [Note: Peroxides may accumulate upon prolonged storage in presence of air.]

Tetrahydrofuran

B: Compounds that form peroxides on concentration (distillation/evaporation)

86 samples, 0- >1000 ppm, 1-15 yrs;

Moderate peroxides found in new commercially available containers

19 days to reach 100 ppm if unstabilized, 102 days to reach 100 ppm if stabilized, for 20 mL sample in brown 65 mL bottle, room temperature, dark place in presence of air

300 ppm after 30 days

10-30 ppm new bottle, > 100 ppm after 3 hours of uv exposure and air sparging through a 5 mL sample in a 50 mL flask

Many accounts in the literature of peroxide formation and buildup causing dangerous conditions. See Bretherick's for individual accounts.

https://doi.org/10.1021/ed041pA575

https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00141a003

Ooizumi, N. et al., Sci. & Tech. Expl. Mat., 2011, 72(4), 111.

http://www.jes.or.jp/mag/stem/Vol.72/documents/Vol.72,No.4,p.111-115.pdf

Recommended Handling Procedures, THF Brochure FC3-664, Wilmington, Du Pont, 1964

HUMAN TOXICITY: Data pertaining to the toxicity of tetrahydrofuran (THF) in humans is quite limited. The probable oral lethal dose in humans is 50-500 mg/kg. Severe occipital headaches were reported in the testing for pharmacological properties of THF & among technicians performing animal experiments. Toxicity (TCLo) is expected following exposure to a 2.5% concn of THF. ANIMAL TOXICITY: Animal studies indicate that THF is only "MODERATELY TOXIC" from acute exposure with the lowest reported LD50's of 1900-2900 mg/kg by oral route. Median lethal concns by inhalation varied with the duration of exposure but were >20,000 ppm with all species for exposures of 1 hr or less. Reports of animal studies document irritation of the skin & mucous membranes, including the eyes, nose, & upper respiratory tract, as the predominant effect from lower exposures (about 100-200 ppm). High acute doses (about 25,000 ppm) produced anesthesia with delayed induction & recovery periods, accompanied by a fall in blood pressure & strong respiratory stimulation. The margin of safety between anesthesia & death is small. Other effects recorded are those of damage to liver, kidneys, & lung after prolonged exposures to levels of THF >1000 ppm. Toxic manifestations varied somewhat with the route of exposure with irritation of upper respiratory tract observed with inhaled THF & inflammation of the GI tract following oral ingestion. The only report on carcinogenicity is that of a test for skin tumors in which THF was applied to the skin of mice twice/wk for 25 exposures with an observation period of 17.5 months. No carcinogenic effect was observed. THF was negative when tested for mutagenicity using the Ames test; however, it would appear to enhance the mutagenicity of certain tryptophan-pyrolysate substances. No information is presented on metabolism, absorption, & distribution. The only report on excretion is the finding of THF in mother's milk.

Tetrahydrofuran

Developmental

9 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

2 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 119: (2019) Some Chemicals That Cause Tumours of the Urinary Tract in Rodents

TR-475: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Tetrahydrofuran (CASRN 109-99-9) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (1998 )

12/11/96

Some Evidence

No Evidence

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of tetrahydrofuran in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of renal tubule adenoma or carcinoma (combined). There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of tetrahydrofuran in female F344/N rats exposed to 200, 600, or 1,800 ppm or male B6C3F1 mice exposed to 200, 600, or 1,800 ppm. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of tetrahydrofuran in female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, by ingestion and through the skin.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact, ingestion

Cough. Burning sensation in the throat and chest. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Unconsciousness.

Dry skin. Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, upper respiratory system; nausea, dizziness, headache, central nervous system depression

Eyes, respiratory system, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Primary hepatotoxins: the toxic effect to the liver is the principal adverse effect of the chemical.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

IRIS Current

LC50 (rat) = 21,000 ppm/3H

LC50 Rat inhalation 80,975 ppm/1 hr

LC50 Rat inhalation 62,000 ppm/2 hr

LC50 Rat inhalation 18,000-22,000 ppm/4 hr

LC50 Rat inhalation 21,000 ppm/ 3 hr

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Tetrahydrofuran (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Ethers and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Provide a low-stimulus environment. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Treat frostbite by rapid rewarming ... . /Ethers and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Ethers and related compounds/

Consider the points of attack /eyes, skin, resp system, CNS/ in preplacement and periodic physical exam.

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age < or = 24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-22 °C, pH 7.6-7.7; Concentration: >10,000,000 ug/L for 24 hr /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna Straus (water flea); Concentration: 5930 mg/L for 24 hr; Conditions: DIN 38412 Section 11

LC50; Species: Moina macrocopa (water flea); Concentration: 9800 mg/L for 3 hr /Conditions of bioassay not given/

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (goldfish); Concentration: 2400 mg/L for 48 hr; Conditions: static

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Tetrahydrofuran (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.80e+04

9.50e+04

2.10e+03

8.80e+03

3.40e+03

4.00e+03

7.50e-01

9.00e-01

2.00e+00

Volatile

1.65e+05

5.50e+04

2.90e+05

6.30e+03

2.60e+04

1.00e+04

Tetrahydrofuran's production and use as a solvent for natural and synthetic resins (e.g., vinyls), in top-coating solutions, and in organic synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 162 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates tetrahydrofuran will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase tetrahydrofuran will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and nitrate ions; the half-lives for these reactions in air are 21-24 hours and 3 days, respectively. If released to soil, tetrahydrofuran is expected to have very high mobility based upon Koc values of 18 and 23. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 7.05X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Tetrahydrofuran may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 100% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process. However, the EEC manometric respirometric method, tested in 22 different laboratories, gave a mean of 34% of the theoretical BOD within 28 days. If released into water, tetrahydrofuran is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 13 hours and 6.6 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since tetrahydrofuran lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to tetrahydrofuran may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where tetrahydrofuran is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to tetrahydrofuran via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with products containing tetrahydrofuran. (SRC)

Tetrahydrofuran's production and use as a solvent for natural and synthetic resins (e.g., vinyls), in top-coating solutions, and in organic synthesis(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 18 and 23(2), indicate that tetrahydrofuran is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of tetrahydrofuran from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 7.05X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(3). Tetrahydrofuran is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 162 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Tetrahydrofuran, added to the surface of 2 different soil samples which had been sterilized to prevent microbial degradation, had a disappearance half-life of 5.7 days(5). A 100% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(6) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC); however, the EEC manometric respirometric method, tested in 22 different laboratories, gave a mean of 34% of the theoretical BOD within 28 days(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 18 and 23(2), indicate that tetrahydrofuran is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 7.05X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 13 hours and 6.6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 0.46(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). In the modified MITI screening test, tetrahydrofuran at 100 mg/L was completely biodegraded in 14 days using an activated sludge inoculum(8); however, the EEC manometric respirometric method, tested in 22 different laboratories, gave a mean of 34% of the theoretical BOD within 28 days(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), tetrahydrofuran, which has a vapor pressure of 162 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase tetrahydrofuran is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is 21 to 24 hours(3), calculated from its measured rate constants of 1.62X10-11 to 1.8X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec(4). Butyrolactone and alpha-hydroxytetrahydrofuran were formed as products during the photooxidation of tetrahydrofuran(5). Tetrahydrofuran will also react with nitrate radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is 3 days(SRC), calculated from its measured rate constant of 4.88X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec(6). Tetrahydrofuran is moderately reactive in photochemical smog conditions where nitrogen oxides are present; reactions occur in time scales of hours(7-9).

AEROBIC: At concentrations of 0.5, 5 and 10 mg/L, tetrahydrofuran was detected in distilled water for 1-2, 6-8 and 10 days, respectively. In presence of microbial contamination degradation took 2-3 days less. The chemical and biochemical oxidation of tetrahydrofuran is accompanied by considerable consumption of dissolved O2.

AEROBIC: In the prolonged Closed Bottle Test, using an activated sludge inoculum, tetrahydrofuran reached 39, 57 and 61% of the theoretical BOD in 28, 42, and 56 days, respectively(1). Using the EEC (European Economic Community) manometric respirometric method in 22 different laboratories, tetrahydrofuran reached a mean of 34% of the theoretical BOD within 28 days(2). Tetrahydrofuran, present at 100 mg/L, reached 100% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(3).

AEROBIC: Tetrahydrofuran, present at 1.082 mg/L, reached >90% removal using an activated sludge treatment; using a biological aerated filter reactor, tetrahydrofuran, at 496 ug/L, had a removal of 54%(1). A pilot-scale activated sludge system, operated at a hydraulic retention time of 7.5 hours and a flow rate of 35 gpm gave an average removal of 76.4% for tetrahydrofuran; an average of 10.2% of this was due to stripping, 1.2% was due to sludge adsorption(2). Biodegradation increased during this test(2) indicating some acclimation of the microbial population(SRC). Pilot-scale extended aeration wastewater treatment plants with dual media secondary effluent filters were able to completely remove tetrahydrofuran (initial concentrations between 50-100 ug/L) under both acclimated and non-acclimated conditions(3).

ANAEROBIC: Tetrahydrofuran at 50 mg C/L was resistant to anaerobic biodegradation with a lag period of >60 days (the incubation period) using a primary digesting sludge as an inoculum; no gas production was seen during this time(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tetrahydrofuran with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.62X10-11 to 1.8X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 21 to 24 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Butyrolactone and alpha-hydroxytetrahydrofuran were formed as products during the photooxidation of tetrahydrofuran(3). A rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tetrahydrofuran with nitrate radicals was measured as 4.88X10-15 cu cm/molecule sec(4). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3 days(SRC) at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(5). Tetrahydrofuran is moderately reactive in photochemical smog conditions where nitrogen oxides are present; reactions occur in time scales of hours(6-8). Acrolein and formaldehyde have been reported as reaction products(7). Tetrahydrofuran is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(9). Tetrahydrofuran is stable to photooxidation in water(10,11).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for tetrahydrofuran(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.46(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Koc values of 23 and 18 were determined for tetrahydrofuran using a zero headspace extractor vessel in Captina silt loam (pH = 4.97, organic carbon = 1.49%) and McLaurin sandy loam (pH = 4.43, organic carbon = 0.66%), respectively(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these measured Koc values suggest that tetrahydrofuran is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). A retardation factor of 1.0 was measured for tetrahydrofuran in a ground water system in Indiana(3). A retardation factor of 2.2, based on plume length, was measured for tetrahydrofuran in an aquifer beneath a landfill in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada(4). A column packed with aquifer material was used to measure a retardation factor of 1.2 for tetrahydrofuran(5).

The Henry's Law constant for tetrahydrofuran is 7.05X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that tetrahydrofuran is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 13 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6.6 days(SRC). Tetrahydrofuran's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Tetrahydrofuran is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 162 mm Hg(3).

GROUND WATER: Tetrahydrofuran was detected in 3 groundwater wells (maximum concentration of 560 ug/L) in a study measuring volatile organic compounds in 51 Wisconsin solid waste landfills(1). Tetrahydrofuran was detected at unreported concentrations in groundwater on one Department of Energy research and defense production facility(2) and in groundwater from the Biscayne Aquifer Study area in Florida at a maximum concentration of 400 ug/L(3). Tetrahydrofuran was detected in an aquifer beneath the Gloucester Landfill near Ottawa, Canada where organic chemicals were disposed of between 1969 and 1980(4). Tetrahydrofuran was detected in contaminated ground water in The Netherlands with a maximum concentration of 3 ug/L(5).

DRINKING WATER: Tetrahydrofuran was detected in treated drinking water at levels ranging from 0.2-0.8 ug/L in the Niagara River area, New York(1). Tetrahydrofuran was detected in drinking water at unreported concentrations(2).

SURFACE WATER: The avg concentration of tetrahydrofuran in 14 heavily industrialized river basins in the US (201 sites) was >1 ppb (29 sites positive; range, 1-318 ppb)(1). Tetrahydrofuran was identified in water samples taken from the Puerto Rico offshore industrial waste dumpsite in 1978 at unreported concentrations(2). Dutch surface water samples taken from 1992 to 1997 from the Rhine, Meuse, the northern delta area, and Westerscheld were reported as 3.2, 1.1, 3.0, and 6.4 mg/L for tetrahydrofuran, respectively(3).

Thirty samples taken between 1973-1976 ranged from 0 ug/L (Olin Corp, Brandenbury, KY, Ohio River/Wabash River) to 450,000 ug/L (General Electric, Mt Vernon, IN, Ohio River). Other notably high concentration were 1000 ug/L (M/T Chem, Carrloton, KY, Ohio River), 850 ug/L (Olin Corp, IN, Ohio River/ Wabash River), and 318 ug/L (Ashtabula, OH).

Leachate from the Rochester Municipal Landfill contained tetrahydrofuran at 0.43 mg/L(1). Effluent samples taken from a plant that finished polyester fabrics contained tetrahydrofuran at unreported concentrations(2). Tetrahydrofuran was reported in the vehicle exhaust gases from a gasoline engine at unreported concentrations(3). Effluent from a sewage treatment plant in Barceloneta, Puerto Rico, receiving waste from several pharmaceutical industries contained tetrahydrofuran at unreported concentrations(4). Ambient air samples from 2 of 5 hazardous waste sites in New Jersey contained tetrahydrofuran at unreported concentrations(5).

Tetrahydrofuran was detected in 20 of 1043 common household products at unreported concentrations(1). Tetrahydrofuran was identified but not quantified as a volatile organic compound released from textile floor coverings(2). Tetrahydrofuran was identified as a major constituent of polyvinyl chloride primer and adhesive and was found to be leached into the water surrounding bonded joints at concentrations ranging from 215-63,000 ug/L (concentrations given for the first wash for 7 different products)(3); 6 and 8 months following polyvinyl chloride pipe installation tetrahydrofuran concentrations in the surrounding water were 13 and 7.5 ppm, respectively(4). Volatile organic compounds measured from a sludge landfill simulator contained tetrahydrofuran at unreported concentrations(5). The concentration of tetrahydrofuran in landfill leachate ranges from 18 to 1,400 ug/L(6). Groundwater sampled under two waste disposal sites in Minnesota contained tetrahydrofuran at concentrations from 24-3900 ug/L(7). Leachates from 3 of 5 landfill sites in Connecticut contained tetrahydrofuran; Cheshire site at 60 ug/L, Norwich site at 20 ug/L, Danbury site at 330 ug/L(8).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U213, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperture range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Tetrahydrofuran is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. In controlled waste containing peroxides, perforation of a container of the waste form a safe distance is followed by open burning.

/In laboratories/ excess tetrahydrofuran and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Tetrahydrofuran (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Tetrahydrofuran (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2056; Tetrahydrofuran[United Nations; Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Model Regulations. Vol. I, 16th Revised Edition (2009). Available from, as of November 22, 2010: http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev16/16files_e.html]

Hazard Class or Division: 3.0; Tetrahydrofuran[United Nations; Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Model Regulations. Vol. I, 16th Revised Edition (2009). Available from, as of November 22, 2010: http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev16/16files_e.html]

49 082 90; Tetrahydrofuran

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Airtight.

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II