Thiophene

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 1.5% (6 of 391) of reports.

H225 (98.5%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302 (67%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (19.7%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (68.8%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (36.1%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H319 (51.2%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (13.6%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (30.2%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (36.1%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H412 (57%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 391 reports by companies from 18 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 6 of 391 reports by companies.

There are 17 notifications provided by 385 of 391 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Rest.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

FOAM, CARBON DIOXIDE, DRY CHEMICAL.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from oxidizing materials.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and skin.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. NO contact with oxidizing agents. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e.g., by grounding).

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Thiophene appears as a colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. Insoluble in water and slightly denser than water. Flash point 30 °F. Vapors heavier than air. Irritates the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Used to make pharmaceuticals and dyes.

Colorless liquid with a benzene-like odor; [HSDB] Colorless liquid with an odor of "stench"; [MSDSonline]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

COLORLESS LIQUID

SLIGHT AROMATIC ODOR RESEMBLING BENZENE

183.9 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

84.0 °C @ 760 MM HG

84.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

-36.8 °F (NTP, 1992)

-39.4 °C

-38.3 °C

30 °F (NTP, 1992)

30 °F (-1 °C) (CLOSED CUP)

less than 1 mg/mL at 75 °F (NTP, 1992)

MISCIBLE IN ETHANOL, ETHER, ACETONE, AND BENZENE.

SOL IN ALL PROPORTIONS IN ORDINARY ORG SOLVENTS, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, DIOXANE, PYRIMIDINE, TOLUENE

water solubility = 3,020 mg/l @ 25 °C

3.01 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water: none

1.0649 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.06494 @ 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.06

2.9 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.9 (AIR= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.9

20 mmHg at 32 °F ; 60 mmHg at 68.2 °F; 760 mmHg at 183.9 °F (NTP, 1992)

79.7 [mmHg]

79.7 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 12.5 °C: 5.3

log Kow = 1.81

WHEN HEATED TO DECOMPOSITION IT EMITS HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES OF SULFUR OXIDES.

May be heated to 850 °C without decomposition.

0.621 mPa.s

-2807 kJ/mol

32.483 kJ/mol

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.52684 @ 25 °C/D

CYCLIC ORGANOSULFUR; HIGHLY REACTIVE

MAY BE HEATED TO 850 °C WITHOUT DECOMP

hydroxyl radical rate constant = 9.53X10-12 cu m/molc-sec @ 25 °C

Coriolis coupling

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Sulfides, Organic

Highly Flammable

THIOPHENE reacts violently with strong oxidizing agents and concentrated nitric acid causing fire and explosion hazards [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 899]. A mixture of thiophene and N-nitrosoacetanilide exploded at 0 °C [Ber., 1887, 30, 367].

Explosive reaction with N-nitrosoacetanilide. Violent or explosive reaction with nitric acid. Incompatible with oxidizing materials.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour.

Cough. Dizziness. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Thiophene

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

LC50 (mice) = 9,500 mg/m3/2H

For immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If victim is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep victim quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Sulfur and related compounds/

For basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... For eye contamination, flush eye immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... Cover skin burns with sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Sulfur and related compounds/

In man, tiophene has caused skin irritation and may induce sensitization responses. Nausea, itching and jaundice were seen in a woman repeatedly taking thiophene in suppositories.

INHALATION OF 3 OR 20 MG/CU M OF THIOPHENE BY RATS OVER 80 DAY PERIOD DECR ADRENAL, KIDNEY, LIVER, & BRAIN ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C) LEVELS. ACCOMPANIED BY DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID & DIKETOGULONIC ACID ACCUMULATION IN LIVER & INCR URINARY EXCRETION OF 17-KETO STEROIDS.

SELECTIVE NECROSIS OF GRANULAR LAYER OF CEREBELLUM WAS INDUCED IN 14 OR 25 RATS BY SC INJECTION OF THIOPHEN. PYKNOSIS OF GRANULAR CELL NUCLEI WAS SEEN BEFORE ANY ALTERATION IN ENZYMES IN CYTOPLASM.

FOLLOWING ADMIN OF THIOPHENE (0.4 ML/DAY FOR 5 & 9 DAYS) TO RATS, NADH-TETRAZOLIUM REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN PURKINJE CELLS WAS DECR BY 70% BUT THAT IN GLOMERULI REMAINED UNCHANGED.

ALBINO RATS GIVEN DAILY SC INJECTION OF 0.4 ML HAD LONGER MITOCHONDRIA AND DENSITY OF MITOCHONDRIA WAS REDUCED FROM NORMAL VALUE OF 140.4 TO 105.8 IN PURKINJE CELLS.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for THIOPHENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=110-02-1]

Thiophene is a naturally occurring substance found in coal tar and petroleum. It is also produced industrially for use as an organic synthesis reagent and may be released to the environment through a variety of waste streams. Based on an experimental vapor pressure of 79.7 mm Hg at 25 °C, thiophene is expected to exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase thiophene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl and nitrate radicals. The experimental atmospheric half-life of thiophene with hydroxyl radicals is about 40 hours and the half-life with nitrate radicals is about 2.5 nighttime hours. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.9X10-3 atm-cu m/mol. Thiophene is expected to have moderate mobility in soils based upon an estimated Koc value of 230. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is expected based upon the vapor pressure of this compound. Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation are not important environmental fate processes for this compound. Using a standard BOD dilution technique and an activated sludge inoculum, a theoretical BOD of 0% was observed during a 2 week incubation period. No biodegradation was observed when thiophene was incubated in an anoxic aquifer slurry for a period of 3 months. In water, thiophene may adsorb to sediment or particulate matter based on its estimated Koc value. This compound is expected to volatilize from water surfaces given its estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 and 89 hours, respectively. The potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low based on experimental BCF values in the range of 2-7 measured for carp. The general population may be exposed to thiophene through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound and ingestion of food products containing or contaminated with thiophene. (SRC)

Naturally occurring source of thiophene is petroleum(1,2).

Thiophenes's production and use as an organic synthesis reagent and solvent(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 230(SRC), determined from an experimental log Kow of 1.81(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that thiophene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of thiophene is expected from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.9X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), determined from an experimental vapor pressure of 79.7 mm Hg at 25 °C(4) and water solubility of 3,020 mg/l at 25 °C(5). Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is expected based upon the vapor pressure of this compound(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 230, determined from an experimental log Kow of 1.81(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that thiophene may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Thiophene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3,SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.9X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC),determined from an experimental vapor pressure of 79.7 mm Hg at 25 °C(4) and water solubility of 3,020 mg/l at 25 °C(5). Estimated half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 and 89, hours respectively(6,SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), experimental BCF values in the range of 2-7 measured for carp(8), suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation is not expected to be an important fate process for this compound(SRC). Using a standard BOD dilution technique and an activated sludge inoculum, a theoretical BOD of 0% was observed during a 2 week incubation period(8). No biodegradation was observed when thiophene was incubated in an aquifer slurry for a period of 1 year(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), thiophene, which has an experimental vapor pressure of 79.7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase thiophene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals with experimental atmospheric half-life of about 40 hours and 2.5 nighttime hours, respectively(SRC).

Biodegradation is not expected to be an important environmental fate process for thiophene(SRC). No biodegradation was observed when thiophene was incubated in an anoxic aquifer slurry for a period of 3 months(1). Using a standard BOD dilution technique and an activated sludge inoculum, a theoretical BOD of 0% was observed during a 2 week incubation period(2). No biodegradation was observed when thiophene was incubated in an aquifer slurry for a period of 1 year(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of thiophene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 9.5X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 40 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5.0X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of thiophene with photochemically-produced nitrate radicals has been measured as 3.9X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.5 nighttime hours at an atmospheric concentration of 2.0X10+9 nitrate radicals per cu cm(2,SRC). Thiophene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis or direct photolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups to hydrolyze or absorb UV radiation at environmentally significant wavelengths(SRC).

Experimental BCF values in the range of 2-7 were measured for carp(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of thiophene is estimated as approximately 230(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 1.81(1) and a regression-derived equation(2,SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that thiophene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for thiophene is estimated as 2.9X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental value for vapor pressure, 79.7 mm Hg(1), and experimental water solubility, 3,020 mg/l(2). This value indicates that thiophene will volatilize from water surfaces(3,SRC). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 3 hours(3,SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 89 hours(3,SRC). Thiophene's Henry's Law constant(SRC) and vapor pressure indicates that volatilization from moist and dry soil surfaces is important(SRC).

SURFACE WATER: Trace concentrations of thiophene were detected, not quantified in Antarctic lakes and waterways(1).

Thiophene was detected, not quantified, in the gas emissions of a Norwegian waste incinerator(1). Thiophene was detected at concentrations of 20-620 ppb in the leachate of a shale oil processing facility(2). Thiophene was detected in air samples above wastewater from shale oil processing facilities in Colorado and Utah at concentrations of 1-10 ng/l(3).

Thiophene was detected in the volatiles of Idaho Russet baked potatoes(1) and meat volatiles(2).

Occupational exposure to thiophene may occur through inhalation or dermal contact at facilities where this compound is produced(1). The general population will be exposed to thiophene through the ingestion of contaminated food or water(SRC).

Thiophene is a naturally occurring substance found in coal tar and petroleum. It is also produced industrially for use as an organic synthesis reagent and may be released to the environment through a variety of waste streams. Based on an experimental vapor pressure of 79.7 mm Hg at 25 °C, thiophene is expected to exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase thiophene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl and nitrate radicals. The experimental atmospheric half-life of thiophene with hydroxyl radicals is about 40 hours and the half-life with nitrate radicals is about 2.5 nighttime hours. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.9X10-3 atm-cu m/mol. Thiophene is expected to have moderate mobility in soils based upon an estimated Koc value of 230. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is expected based upon the vapor pressure of this compound. Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation are not important environmental fate processes for this compound. Using a standard BOD dilution technique and an activated sludge inoculum, a theoretical BOD of 0% was observed during a 2 week incubation period. No biodegradation was observed when thiophene was incubated in an anoxic aquifer slurry for a period of 3 months. In water, thiophene may adsorb to sediment or particulate matter based on its estimated Koc value. This compound is expected to volatilize from water surfaces given its estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 and 89 hours, respectively. The potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low based on experimental BCF values in the range of 2-7 measured for carp. The general population may be exposed to thiophene through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound and ingestion of food products containing or contaminated with thiophene. (SRC)

Naturally occurring source of thiophene is petroleum(1,2).

Thiophenes's production and use as an organic synthesis reagent and solvent(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 230(SRC), determined from an experimental log Kow of 1.81(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that thiophene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of thiophene is expected from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.9X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), determined from an experimental vapor pressure of 79.7 mm Hg at 25 °C(4) and water solubility of 3,020 mg/l at 25 °C(5). Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is expected based upon the vapor pressure of this compound(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 230, determined from an experimental log Kow of 1.81(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that thiophene may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Thiophene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3,SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.9X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC),determined from an experimental vapor pressure of 79.7 mm Hg at 25 °C(4) and water solubility of 3,020 mg/l at 25 °C(5). Estimated half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 and 89, hours respectively(6,SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), experimental BCF values in the range of 2-7 measured for carp(8), suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation is not expected to be an important fate process for this compound(SRC). Using a standard BOD dilution technique and an activated sludge inoculum, a theoretical BOD of 0% was observed during a 2 week incubation period(8). No biodegradation was observed when thiophene was incubated in an aquifer slurry for a period of 1 year(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), thiophene, which has an experimental vapor pressure of 79.7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase thiophene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals with experimental atmospheric half-life of about 40 hours and 2.5 nighttime hours, respectively(SRC).

Biodegradation is not expected to be an important environmental fate process for thiophene(SRC). No biodegradation was observed when thiophene was incubated in an anoxic aquifer slurry for a period of 3 months(1). Using a standard BOD dilution technique and an activated sludge inoculum, a theoretical BOD of 0% was observed during a 2 week incubation period(2). No biodegradation was observed when thiophene was incubated in an aquifer slurry for a period of 1 year(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of thiophene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 9.5X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 40 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5.0X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of thiophene with photochemically-produced nitrate radicals has been measured as 3.9X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.5 nighttime hours at an atmospheric concentration of 2.0X10+9 nitrate radicals per cu cm(2,SRC). Thiophene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis or direct photolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups to hydrolyze or absorb UV radiation at environmentally significant wavelengths(SRC).

Experimental BCF values in the range of 2-7 were measured for carp(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of thiophene is estimated as approximately 230(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 1.81(1) and a regression-derived equation(2,SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that thiophene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for thiophene is estimated as 2.9X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental value for vapor pressure, 79.7 mm Hg(1), and experimental water solubility, 3,020 mg/l(2). This value indicates that thiophene will volatilize from water surfaces(3,SRC). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 3 hours(3,SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 89 hours(3,SRC). Thiophene's Henry's Law constant(SRC) and vapor pressure indicates that volatilization from moist and dry soil surfaces is important(SRC).

SURFACE WATER: Trace concentrations of thiophene were detected, not quantified in Antarctic lakes and waterways(1).

Thiophene was detected, not quantified, in the gas emissions of a Norwegian waste incinerator(1). Thiophene was detected at concentrations of 20-620 ppb in the leachate of a shale oil processing facility(2). Thiophene was detected in air samples above wastewater from shale oil processing facilities in Colorado and Utah at concentrations of 1-10 ng/l(3).

Thiophene was detected in the volatiles of Idaho Russet baked potatoes(1) and meat volatiles(2).

Occupational exposure to thiophene may occur through inhalation or dermal contact at facilities where this compound is produced(1). The general population will be exposed to thiophene through the ingestion of contaminated food or water(SRC).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for THIOPHENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2414; Thiophene

IMO 3.2; Thiophene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II