Isoamyl Nitrite

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P330, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H314 (13.5%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (13.5%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (13.5%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (93.2%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341 (13.5%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 74 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P261, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P321, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Alcohol foam...

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with alcohol followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this chemical from exposure to light. Keep the container tightly closed under an inert atmosphere, and store under refrigerated temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants. Cool. Well closed.

Amyl nitrite inhalant should be packaged in unit-dose containers, wrapped loosely in gauze or other suitable material, and stored at 2-15 °C. A stabilizer, such as diphenylamine or epoxolol, is added to the commercially available products. The drug should be protected from light.

MATERIAL...STORED IN /COOL/ PLACES...PROVIDE ADEQUATE VENTILATION...LOCATE STORAGE AREA...AWAY FROM AREAS OF FIRE HAZARD... HIGHLY FLAMMABLE IE REDUCING OR EASILY OXIDIZED MATERIALS MUST BE KEPT APART FROM...OXIDIZING AGENTS, MATERIALS...SUSCEPTIBLE TO SPONTANEOUS HEATING...

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.48 [ppm]

5.3 [ppm]

32 [ppm]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance may cause effects on the blood and cardiovascular system. This may result in cardiac disorders and the formation of methaemoglobin. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: When working with this chemical, wear a NIOSH-approved full face chemical cartridge respirator equipped with the appropriate organic vapor cartridges. If that is not available, a half face respirator similarly equipped plus airtight goggles can be substituted. However, please note that half face respirators provide a substantially lower level of protection than do full face respirators.

RECOMMENDED GLOVE MATERIALS: It is recommended that two different glove types be used for best protection. However, if this chemical makes direct contact with your gloves, or if a tear, puncture or hole develops, remove them at once.

SUGGESTED GLOVES: PVA (NTP, 1992)

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Do NOT use compressed air for filling, discharging, or handling.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS! STRICT HYGIENE! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety spectacles, face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Isoamyl nitrite is a clear yellow liquid. (NTP, 1992)

Yellowish transparent liquid with a penetrating, somewhat fruity odor; Unstable, decomposed by light and air; [Merck Index] Colorless liquid; [MSDSonline]

YELLOW LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Yellowish, transparent liquid

Penetrating fragrant, somewhat fruity odor

Pungent, aromatic taste

205 to 210 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

97-99 °C

99.2 °C @760 [mm Hg]

less than 69 °F (NTP, 1992)

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 64 °F (NTP, 1992)

MISCIBLE WITH ETHER, ALCOHOL, CHLOROFORM

Very slightly soluble in water

Solubility in water: none

0.8528 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Less dense than water; will float

0.875 @ 25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.875

0.8828 @ 20°C

4.0 (Air=1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.0

26.3 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 3.5

Unstable and decomposition on exposure to air and light.

MOISTURE ACCELERATES DECOMP

408 °F (NTP, 1992)

Index of refraction: 1.3918 @ 20 °C

VOLATILE EVEN AT LOW TEMP

Decomposes on exposure to air, light or water

Coriolis coupling

Centrifugal distortion

Equilibrium structure

Molecular structure

Optical coefficient

Refractive index

Rotation-vibration spectrum

Rotational excitation cross section

Surface tension

Viscosity

Nitrogen Compounds -> Nitrates and Nitrites

Flammable agents - 3rd degree

Highly flammable. Decomposes on exposure to air and light. Insoluble in water.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Highly Flammable

ISOAMYL NITRITE is an oxidizing agent but can serve as a reducing agent. Forms explosive mixtures with air or oxygen. (NTP, 1992).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and through the skin.

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Confusion. Convulsions. Dizziness. Headache. Sweating. Nausea. Unconsciousness. Vomiting. Flushing of the face. Symptoms may be delayed.

MAY BE ABSORBED!

See Inhalation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

LC50 (rat) = 716 ppm/4h

...Its effect can be antagonized by any drug that can activate smooth muscle under consideration. Thus, nitrite is functional antagonist of norepinephrine, acetylcholine, histamine... /nitrite/

Emergency and supportive measures: Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer supplemental oxygen. Treat hypotension with supine positioning. Intravenous crystalloid fluids, and low-dose pressors if needed. Monitor vital signs and ECG for 4-6 hours. /Nitrates and nitrites/

Specific drugs and antidotes: Symptomatic methemoglobinemia may be treated with methylene blue. /Nitrates and nitrites/

Decontamination: Inhalation: Remove victims from exposure and administer supplemental oxygen if available. Skin and eyes: Remove contaminated clothing and wash with copious soap and water. Irrigate exposed eyes with water or saline. Ingestion: Prehospital: Administer activated charcoal if available. Hospital: Administer activated charcoal. Gastric emptying is not necessary for small ingestions if activated charcoal can be given promptly. /Nitrates and nitrites/

Enhanced elimination: Hemodialysis and hemoperfusion are not effective. Severe methemoglobinemia in infants not responsive to methylene blue therapy may require exchange transfusion. /Nitrates and nitrites/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Adverse effects from nitrate and nitrite overdosage are extensions of the pharmacologic action of the drugs, namely the capacity to induce vasodilation, venous pooling, reduced cardiac output, and hypotension. Nitrate and nitrite overdosage may result in severe hypotension, tachycardia, bradycardia, heart-block, palpitation, death secondary to circulatory collapse, confusion, fever, syncope (especially in upright posture), persistent throbbing headache, visual disturbances, increased intracranial pressure, paralysis, and coma followed by seizures, flushing and diaphoresis, cold and clammy skin, nausea and vomiting, colic and diarrhea, dyspnea, and methemoglobinemia. /Nitrates and nitrites/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Heart rate responses to inhalation of amyl nitrite by patient during acute adrenergic beta blockade with iv propranolol varied greatly from patient to patient but because of its marked hypotensive effect it proved to be very potent stimulus for heart rate incr.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Inhalation of small amt of vapor causes ...in some... animals slight momentary rise in intraocular pressure.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Liq amyl nitrite tested on normal rabbit eyes causes only slight superficial injury.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Isoamyl nitrite was found to be positive when tested for mutagenicity using the Salmonella/microsome preincubation assay, using the standard protocol approved by the National Toxicology Program (NTP). Isoamyl nitrite was tested in as many as 5 Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA97, TA98, and TA100) in the presence and absence of rat and hamster liver S-9, at doses of 0.010, 0.033, 0.100, 0.333, 1.000, 3.333, and 6.666 mg/plate. The lowest positive dose tested in any S. typhimurium strain was 0.100 mg/plate in strain TA1535 with 10% rat liver S-9. Slight to total clearing of the background bacterial lawn was exhibited in cultures containing the two highest doses.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ISOAMYL NITRITE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1113; Amyl Nitrite

IMO 3.2; Amyl Nitrite

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Airtight. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: F, Xn; R: 11-20/22; S: (2)-16-24-46

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II