cyclohexane

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 4880) of reports.

H225 (> 99.9%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H304 (> 99.9%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (> 99.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H336 (99.8%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H400 (> 99.9%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (98.1%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 4880 reports by companies from 67 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 4880 reports by companies.

There are 66 notifications provided by 4879 of 4880 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H305: May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways [Warning Aspiration hazard]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Foam, CO2, dry chemical, spray, fog.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in safe place (such as fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evap vapors to completely clear hood ductwork. Burn the paper in suitable location away from combustible materials. 3. Large quantities can be collected & atomized in suitable combustion chamber. Combustion may be improved by mixing with more flammable liquid. Cyclohexane liquid should not be allowed to enter confined space, such as sewer, because of possibility of an explosion.

Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapours accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapours can accumulate in low areas.; Evironmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.; Methods and materials for containment and leaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Use natural barriers or oil control booms to limit motion. Use surface active agent (e.g. detergent, soaps, alcohols) to compress and thicken spilled material. Inject "universal" gelling agent to solidify encircled spill and increase the effectiveness of booms. Remove trapped material with suction hoses and use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U056, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Cyclohexane may be disposed of: 1. By absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material ... 2. By atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber. Combustion may be improved by mixing with a more flammable liquid.

Cyclohexane is a good candidate for liquid injection incineration, at a temperature range of 650 to 1600 °C with a residence time of 0.1 - 2 seconds, rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C with residence time of seconds, and fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C with a residence time of seconds.

Cyclohexane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge...

Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (i.e., for liquids with a flash point <100 °F).

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from strong oxidants. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Store under inert gas.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - 50 mg/g creatinine at end of shift, end of workweek (1,2-cyclohexanediol in urine); [ACGIH TLVs and BEIs]

200.0 [ppm]

800 [ppm]

1700 [ppm]

10000 [ppm]

300 ppm (1050 mg/m³)

TWA 300 ppm (1050 mg/m3)

300.0 [ppm]

1300 ppm ; Based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. (NIOSH, 2024)

1300.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: The chosen IDLH is based on a statement by Patty [1963] that 12,600 ppm produced evidence of lethargy, narcosis, increased respiration rate, and convulsions in animals [Treon et al. 1943]. Also, AIHA [1963] reported that 9,300 ppm for 30 minutes resulted in restlessness, impaired coordination, and exhaustion, but no narcosis or deaths in cats, rabbits, and pigs [Flury and Zernik 1931]. . . . Basis for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Lazarew 1929; Treon et al. 1943], a value of about 3,000 ppm would have been appropriate. However, the revised IDLH for cyclohexane is 1,300 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 1.3%).

1300 ppm [Based on 10% of the lower explosion limit for safety considerations even though the relevant toxicological data indicated that irreversible health efects or impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.]

1300 ppm

1300 ppm [10%LEL]

See: 110827

100.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 100 ppm.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

100 ppm as TWA.

100 ppm [1964]

700 mg/m

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is mildly irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. If this liquid is swallowed, aspiration into the lungs may result in chemical pneumonitis. Exposure could cause lowering of consciousness.

Cyclohexane appears as a clear colorless liquid with a petroleum-like odor. Used to make nylon, as a solvent, paint remover, and to make other chemicals. Flash point -4 °F. Density 6.5 lb / gal (less than water) and insoluble in water. Vapors heavier than air.

Large Crystals; Gas Vapor; Liquid

Colorless liquid with a sweet, chloroform-like odor; Note: A solid below 44 degrees F; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a sweet, chloroform-like odor.

Colorless liquid with a sweet, chloroform-like odor. [Note: A solid below 44 °F.]

Colorless mobile liquid

Colorless liquid [Note: A solid below 44 degrees F]

Solvent odor; pungent when impure

Pungent petroleum-like odor

Mild sweet odor

Chloroform-like odor

177.3 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

80.7 °C at 760 mm Hg

80.00 to 82.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

80.73 °C @760 [mm Hg]

43.7 °F (NTP, 1992)

-4 °F (NTP, 1992)

1 °F (-18 °C) (closed cup)

-18 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 63 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 55 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water at 23.5 °C (w/w): 0.0052%

Miscible in ethanol, ether, acetone, benzene, ligroin, carbon tetrachloride

Miscible with olive oil

100 mL of methanol dissolves 57 grams cyclohexane at 20 °C

0.055 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.0058 (very poor)

Insoluble

0.779 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.7781 at 20 °C/4 °C

% IN SATURATED AIR (760 MM HG) 13.66 AT 26.3 °C; DENSITY OF SATURATED, VAPOR-AIR MIXT AT 760 MM HG (AIR = 1) 1.23 AT 26 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.8

0.7739 @25 °C

2.9 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.98 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.9

95 mmHg at 68 °F ; 100 mmHg at 77.9 °F (NTP, 1992)

96.9 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure = 13.0 kPa at 25 °C

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Saturated

Highly Flammable

Liquid nitrogen dioxide was fed into a nitration column containing hot CYCLOHEXANE, due to an error. An explosion resulted [MCA Case History 128(1962)] Incompatible with strong oxidizers.

Oxidizers.

When mixed hot with liquid dinitrogen tetraoxide an explosion can result.

Oxidizers

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Cyclohexane is a colorless, highly flammable liquid occurring naturally in petroleum at concentrations of 0.5-1.0%. It has a pungent petroleum-like odor and is used as an organic solvent for lacquers, resins, and synthetic rubber; paint and varnish remover; extraction of essential oils; manufacturing of solid fuel for camp stoves; in fungicidal formulations; in recrystallization of steroids; and in analytical chemistry for molecular weight determinations. It is also a chemical intermediate in the manufacturing of adipic acid, benzene, cyclohexyl chloride, nitrocyclohexane, cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone. Not registered for current pesticide use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. Studies from the exposure of the general population to cyclohexane revealed that human milk from five of eight mothers contained cyclohexane (concentrations not determined) from the mothers' exposure to environmental pollutants since they resided near chemical manufacturing plants or industrial user facilities. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: The available data indicate that cyclohexane can be absorbed via oral and inhalation routes but no adequate data exist via the dermal route. Potential symptoms of overexposure to cyclohexane are irritation of eyes, skin and respiratory system; drowsiness; dermatitis; narcosis and coma although cyclohexane generally has low acute toxicity. In humans exposed via inhalation for 4 hours to 86 or 860 mg/cu m cyclohexane, there were no significant treatment-related effects. Occupational exposure to 5 to 211 ppm cyclohexane for a median of 1.2 years, had no adverse effects on the peripheral nervous system. There have been no systemic poisonings reported in man. Cyclohexane is known to undergo oxidative metabolism to yield cyclohexanol (major metabolite), cyclohexanone, and possibly other oxidative products (1,2- or 1,4-dihydroxycyclohexane and its corresponding ketone analogs). ANIMAL STUDIES: High vapor concentrations have produced convulsions in rabbits. Toxic oral doses in rabbits led to severe diarrhea, circulatory collapse and death, without prominent central nervous depression or anesthesia. Autopsy revealed generalized vascular damage but no effects on blood formation. Rats and mice, were exposed to 0, 500, 2000, or 7000 ppm of cyclohexane vapor 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 14 weeks. During exposure sessions, mice exposed to 7000 ppm exhibited clinical signs of toxicity which included hyperactivity, circling, jumping/hopping, excessive grooming, kicking of rear legs, standing on front legs, and occasional flipping behavior. In another study, male and female mice exposed to 7000 ppm had slight increases in measures of circulating erythrocyte mass (red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit) and plasma protein concentration (males only). Male rats and male and female mice exposed to 7000 ppm had significantly increased relative liver weights, and 7000 ppm male mice also had significantly increased absolute liver weights at the end of the exposure period. In the third study, female rats were administered cyclohexane intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.375, 0.75, or 1.5 g/kg, 5 days a week for 2 weeks. The high dose of 1.5 g/kg of cyclohexane caused a proximal tubular dysfunction of the kidney which resulted in an increase in beta-2-microglobulin. The increase in beta-2-microglobulin was attributed to the metabolite cyclohexanol. When testing the effect of cyclohexane on reproduction and development, there were statistically significant reductions in mean body weight, overall mean body weight gain, and overall mean food efficiency for P1 and F1 females exposed to 7000 ppm. Adult rats exposed to 2000 ppm or 7000 ppm cyclohexane exhibited diminished response or no response to a sound stimulus while in the chambers during exposure. Mean pup weight was statistically significantly reduced from lactation day 7 throughout the remainder of the 25-day lactation period for both F1 and F2 7000 ppm litters. Cyclohexane was negative for mutagenicity at doses of 0.01, 0.033, 0.10, 0.33, 1.0, 3.3, and 10 mg/plate in as many as 5 Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA97, TA98, and TA100) with or without metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Cyclohexane inhibited growth of Chlorella for 11-13 days, but prolonged the exponential growth phase and increased the growth yield 2.5 fold compared with the control. Acute toxicities after 24 and 96 hr exposures to seven alicyclic hexanes including cyclohexane were determined for striped bass and one of their major food organisms, the bay shrimp, Crangon franciscorum. The 96 hr LC50 for striped bass and bay shrimp ranged from 3.2 to 9.3 uL/L and from 1.0 to 6.2 uL/L, respectively.

Petroleum distillates are central nervous system depressants and cause pulmonary damage. (A600)

Cyclohexane

Developmental

Cyclohexane is found in gasoline, which is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). (L135)

Petroleum distillates are aspiration hazards and may cause pulmonary damage, central nervous system depression, and cardiac effects such as cardiac arrhythmias. They may also affect the blood, immune system, liver, and kidney. (A600, L1297)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L400) ; inhalation (L400) ; dermal (L400)

Cough. Nausea. Headache. Dizziness. Weakness. Drowsiness.

Redness. Dry skin.

Redness.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting. Aspiration hazard! Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; drowsiness; dermatitis; narcosis, coma

Petroleum distillate poisoning may cause nausea, vomiting, cough, pulmonary irritation progressing to pulmonary edema, bloody sputum, and bronchial pneumonia. At high amounts, central nervous system depression may also occur, with symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, slow and shallow respiration, unconsciousness, and convulsions. Petroleum distillates are also irritating to the skin. (A594)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

1.8 x 10^1 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

IRIS Current

PPRTV Current

LCLo (mice) = 70,000 mg/m3/2H

LD50: 1.30 g/kg (Oral, Mouse) (T21)

LD50 Rabbit Oral >5000 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rat oral 8.0-39.0 mL/kg

Treatment is mainly symptomatic and supportive. Gastric lavage, emesis, and the administration of activated charcoal should be avoided, as vomiting increases the risk of aspiration. (A600)

Female mice inhaled 2x10-4 mol/L cyclohexane for 0.5-3 days. No change was noted after 0.5 days in hexobarbital (i) sleeping time or its half-life in plasma. After 1 day there was a decrease by 50 and 60% respectively. A steady state in inactivation was noted during the main increase in dealkylase, reductase, and cytochrome.

Mice (33 males) received one 60 ul application of 0.3% DMBA in benzene followed by a 60 uL/ application of cyclohexane twice/week for 50 weeks. No promoting activity of cyclohexane was observed.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously.Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Biological monitoring of cyclohexane via alveolar air and urine can be reliably used in the evaluation of occupational exposure.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The neurobehavioral effects of inhaled cyclohexane in... humans are investigated to define relationships between internal doses and acute central nervous system effects... Measurements include standardized observational measures, spontaneous motor activity assessments, and learned visual discrimination performance. Cyclohexane concentrations in blood and brain are measured to assess internal exposure. Human volunteers are exposed for 4 hours to 86 or 860 mg/cu m in 2 test sessions. Neurobehavioral effects are measured using a computerized neurobehavioral test battery... In humans, there are no significant treatment-related effects at the levels tested.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes, skin and respiratory system: drowsiness; dermatitis; narcosis, coma

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Vapor causes weak anesthesia of brief duration but more potent than hexane.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Cyclohexane has no notable irritant effect on human eyes ... .

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CYCLOHEXANE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In this study, the severity and time course of inflammation induced by 4 organic solvents (acetone, cyclohexane, toluene and m-xylene), and the effect of neuropeptides during the inflammation were investigated in the hairless rat abdominal skin. Plasma extravasation used as a parameter of inflammation was measured by Evans blue and (125)I-bovine serum albumin (BSA). Total volume of plasma extravasation induced by 4 organic solvents in 240-min exposure was as follows: toluene > m-xylene > cyclohexane > acetone = 0. While hydrophobic solvents (toluene, m-xylene, cyclohexane) induced plasma extravasation, the hydrophilic solvent, acetone, did not induce plasma extravasation. It was suggested that the severity and time course of plasma extravasation depend on chemical characteristics of the organic solvents. In immunohistochemical study, substance P (SP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers (IRNF) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IRNF were intact during 240-min exposure to acetone. In contrast, cyclohexane, toluene, and m-xylene reduced the number of SP-IRNF and CGRP-IRNF in 10 min exposure and further reduced immunoreactivity. In hairless rats treated with systemic capsaicin, the above plasma extravasation was significantly reduced, along with SP-IRNF and CGRP-IRNF; however, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5)-IRNF was nearly intact. These results indicated that certain organic solvents induce instance of inflammation that vary widely in terms of their severity and time course, and that these differences are correlated with neuropeptides.

LC50; Species: Crangon franciscorum (Bay Shrimp) weight 1.7 g, length 6.4 cm; Conditions: saltwater, static; Concentration: 3400 ug/L for 24 hr />99% purity/

LC50; Species: Crangon franciscorum (Bay Shrimp) weight 1.7 g, length 6.4 cm; Conditions: saltwater, static; Concentration: 2400 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 1700-3500 ug/L) />99% purity/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) age 4-6 days, length 1.5 mm; Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C, pH 6-7, dissolved oxygen 5-9 mg/L; Concentration: 45 mmol/cu m for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 34-60 mmol/cu m); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /> or =97% purity/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-22 °C, pH 7.6-7.7; Concentration: 340000 ug/L for 24 hr /formulation/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CYCLOHEXANE (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Cyclohexane inhibited growth of Chlorella (green algae)for 11-13 days, but prolonged the exponential growth phase and increased the growth yield 2.5 fold compared with the control.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In this study, African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were cultured in water contaminated with phthalate, benzene and cyclohexane (10 microg/mL), respectively, over a period of 65 days. They were, thereafter, used as protein source to formulate feed for albino rats (Wistar strain) for 28 days. The weights of the body and selected tissues of the rats were monitored and standard enzyme assays were conducted for some enzymes in the serum. Results showed that rats in cyclohexane group gained 58% whereas the control group gained 46% of body weight. Liver weight (absolute and relative) of test rats were found to be significantly lower than that of control (p < .05). Enzyme activity of serum of test rats was found to be significantly higher than that of control (p < .05). Experimental evidence suggests leakage of enzymes from the liver to the serum, thus the elevated serum enzyme activity and that the contaminants may damage the liver.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Studies were concerned with the acute toxicities of the simplest alicyclics in comparison to their counterparts in the aromatic series. The alicyclic compounds were cyclohexane ... . Acute toxicities after 24 and 96 hr exposures to seven alicyclic hexanes were determined for striped bass and one of their major food organisms, the bay shrimp, Crangon franciscorum. The 96 hr LC50 for striped bass and bay shrimp ranged from 3.2 to 9.3 uL/L and from 1.0 to 6.2 uL/L, respectively. Slight differences were noted between the 24 and 96 hr LC50 values in all but two bioassays. Solubilities of these alicyclics in seawater and freshwater were determined since information in the literature was limited. ... Tissue analyses showed greater bioaccumulation in striped bass, which have more lipid than bay shrimp. Striped bass had up to 260 uL/kg (wet weight) of an alicyclic hexane after exposure to water concn ranging from 0.32 to 12 uL/L. Bay shrimp residues were as much as 110 uL/kg of an alicyclic hexane.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Toxicity threshold, Pseudomonas putida (bacteria) >400 mg/L at a pH of 7 at 25 °C.

6.50e+03

2.70e+04

6.30e+03

2.60e+04

1.30e+04

2.00e+02

1.30e+01

6.00e+00

Volatile

1.17e+02

2.00e+04

8.20e+04

1.90e+04

7.90e+04

3.80e+04

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Cyclohexane's production and use in producing nylons, as a solvent for lacquers, resins, paints and varnish removers and its presence in gasoline may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Cyclohexane is present in all crude oils in concentrations of 0.1-1.0% and it can be released to the environment in volcanic emissions, tobacco smoke and plant volatiles. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 96.9 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates cyclohexane will exist solely in the vapor phase in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase cyclohexane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.3 days. Some vapor-phase absorption to ambient surfaces may occur. If released to soil, cyclohexane is expected to have moderate mobility based upon estimated Koc values of 150 and 350. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an experimental Henry's Law constant of 0.15 atm-cu m/mole. Cyclohexane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Available biodegradation screening tests have conflicting results concerning the ready biodegradability of cyclohexane. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, only 8% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating not-readily biodegradable. In contrast, OECD Method 301F (Manometric Respirometry Test) observed 77% degradation after 28 days. Little mineralization of cyclohexane was detected in a single soil biodegradation test. If released into water, cyclohexane is expected to adsorb moderately to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.7 hrs and 3.6 days, respectively. A BCF range of 31-129 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to cyclohexane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where cyclohexane is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to cyclohexane via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing cyclohexane. The general population may also be exposed to cyclohexane due to its presence in gasoline. (SRC)

Cyclohexane occurs in crude oil and as a plant volatile(1). It is also released into the atmosphere from volcanos(1). Cyclohexane occurs in US crude oil at a concentration of approximately 7,000 mg/L(2). Cyclohexane is present in all crude oils in concentrations of 0.1-1.0%(3,4).

Cyclohexane's production and use in producing nylons(1), as a solvent for lacquers, resins, paints and varnish removers(2) and its presence in gasoline(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Combustion products, such as tobacco smoke and volcano emissions, release cyclohexane to the environment(4).

Cyclohexane is manufactured in large quantities (2.2 billion lbs in 1986) and may be released to the environment as fugitive emissions and in wastewater during its manufacture and use as a chemical intermediate and solvent(1,2). It is a component of petroleum and its primary release will be fugitive emissions from petroleum refining, vaporization of gasoline, oil spills and in gasoline exhaust(2). It was estimated that in 1980, 92.4-92.8 million pounds of cyclohexane were released from land transportation vehicles and over 1 million pounds may have entered the environment as fugitive emissions or evaporative losses from refineries(3). Another source of release is in tobacco smoke(3).

High-purity cyclohexane is expected to be released to the environment in waste streams from manufacturing and use operations.

Cyclohexane is found in straight-run gasoline.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 150(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), and an estimated Koc of 350, derived from sorption studies in a high-organic soil(3) indicate that cyclohexane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of cyclohexane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be important(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 0.15 atm-cu m/mole(4). Cyclohexane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 96.9 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Available biodegradation screening tests have conflicting results concerning the ready biodegradability of cyclohexane(6). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, only 8% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating not-readily biodegradable(7). In contrast, OECD Method 301F (Manometric Respirometry Test) observed 77% degradation after 28 days(6). Little mineralization of cyclohexane was detected in a single soil biodegradation test(8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 150(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), and an estimated Koc of 350, derived from sorption studies in a high-organic soil(3), indicates that cyclohexane may have moderate adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.15 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.7 hours and 3.6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF range of 31-129 measured in carp (Cyprinus carpio)(7), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high(SRC). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). Available biodegradation screening tests have conflicting results concerning the ready biodegradability of cyclohexane(8). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, only 8% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating not-readily biodegradable(9). In contrast, OECD Method 301F (Manometric Respirometry Test) observed 77% degradation after 28 days(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), cyclohexane, which has a vapor pressure of 96.9 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase cyclohexane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.3 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.97X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Cyclohexane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Laboratory studies have suggested that adsorption from the gas-phase in the atmosphere to ambient surfaces may have some importance as an environmental fate process(5). Cyclohexane can contribute to the formation of photochemical smog when it reacts with other volatile organic carbon compounds in the air(6).

AEROBIC: Cyclohexane is highly resistant to biodegradation and is catabolized chiefly by cooxidation(1,2). Thus, it does not support growth of the degrading organism themselves, but rather are metabolized during the course of the microorganisms growth on another, usually similar, substrate. Initial attack involves oxygenation and subsequent ring cleavage to simple, readily degradable acids(1). 10% degradation in 12 hours was reported using microorganisms isolated from a brackish creek in an area continuously exposed to oil(3). Only slight degradation of cyclohexane was noted in a screening test utilizing a benzene-acclimated activated sludge inoculum(4) and it was listed as degradation resistant according to the MITI test, a screening test of the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry(5). Only one biodegradability test was reported in soil in which it was listed as nondegradable with only 0.3% mineralization occurring in 10 wk(6). When incubated at 23 °C with natural flora in groundwater in the presence of other components of high octane gasoline, 45% degradation was reported after 8 days(7). Cyclohexane, added as a component of gasoline, underwent 45% biodegradation after 192 hrs using microorganisms isolated from groundwater contaminated by a gasoline pipeline break(8).

AEROBIC: Cyclohexane, present at 100 mg/L, reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). Using the Manometric-Respirometry-Test (OECD 301F): 77% degradation after 28 days, lag-time about 12 days(2). Another Manometric-Respirometry-Test (OECD 301F): 6% degradation after 28 days(2). The possible biodegradation of cyclohexane was demonstrated in a non-standardised test performed with sterile saltwater inoculated with hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria(2); the biodegradation rate of cyclohexane was 70% after 35 days(2). Cyclohexane and other gasoline hydrocarbons were shown to undergo primary aerobic biodegradation by inocula from unacclimated fresh and sea water, and from a domestic sewage treatment plant(3). In gasoline biodegradation studies, cyclohexane was degraded by mutualism and/or cometabolism(4).

PURE CULTURE: Pseudomonas sp. obtained from the soil of an ash wood was found to degrade cyclohexane when it was used as the sole carbon source(1).

... adaption to alternative substrates, such as other cyclanes, & also photodecomposition & mineralization indicate cyclohexane is biodegradable.

Microbial degradation of cyclohexane: Cyclohexane goes to cyclohexanol goes to cyclohexanone goes to 1-oxa-2-oxocycloheptane goes to 6-hydroxyhexanoate goes to adipic acid /From chart diagram/

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of cyclohexane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 6.97X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.3 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of cyclohexane with atmospheric nitrate radicals has been measured as 1.35X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 23 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 212 days at an atmospheric concentration of 2.8X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(2). Cyclohexane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Cyclohexane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Cyclohexane can contribute to the formation of photochemical smog when it reacts with other volatile organic carbon compounds in the air(4).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U056, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Cyclohexane may be disposed of: 1. By absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material ... 2. By atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber. Combustion may be improved by mixing with a more flammable liquid.

Cyclohexane is a good candidate for liquid injection incineration, at a temperature range of 650 to 1600 °C with a residence time of 0.1 - 2 seconds, rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C with residence time of seconds, and fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C with a residence time of seconds.

Cyclohexane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substance may be transported hot. For UN3166, if Lithium ion batteries are involved, also consult GUIDE 147. If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169. /Cyclohexane; ID: 1145/

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Cyclohexane; ID: 1145/

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Cyclohexane; ID: 1145/

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Cyclohexane; ID: 1145/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CYCLOHEXANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1145; Cyclohexane

IMO 3; Cyclohexane

49 081 32; Cyclohexane

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Symbol: F, Xn, N; R: 11-38-65-67-50/53; S: (2)-9-16-25-33-60-61-62; Note: 4

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II