pyridine

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.1% (3 of 2399) of reports.

H225 (99.8%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302 (99.7%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (99.7%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (17.5%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (16.5%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (99.8%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2399 reports by companies from 22 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 3 of 2399 reports by companies.

There are 21 notifications provided by 2396 of 2399 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P331, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use alcohol-resistant foam, water spray, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

If material is on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable air tight containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1. REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 3. FOR SMALL QUANTITIES, ABSORB ON PAPER TOWELS, EVAPORATE IN SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS FUME HOOD). ALLOW SUFFICIENT TIME FOR EVAPORATING VAPORS TO COMPLETELY CLEAR HOOD DUCTWORK. BURN PAPER IN SUITABLE LOCATION AWAY FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL. 3. LARGE QUANTITIES CAN BE COLLECTED & ATOMIZED IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE. PYRIDINE SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO ENTER CONFINED SPACE, SUCH AS SEWER, BECAUSE OF POSSIBILITY OF EXPLOSION.

Biological treatment of wastewater for the removal of pyridine.

Removal of pyridine from waste gases by adsorption.

Eliminate all ignition sources. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors, protect personnel, and dilute spills to form nonflammable mixtures. Control run-off and isolate discharged materials for proper disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U196, F005, and D038 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for Pyridine: Concentration process: Activated carbon.

Controlled incineration whereby nitrogen oxides are removed from the effluent gas by scrubber, catalytic or thermal devices. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable methods: Evaporation & landfill.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for PYRIDINE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... HANDLING OF PYRIDINE SHOULD BE CONDUCTED IN WELL-VENTILATED CONDITIONS ... .

Open lights and other /ignition sources/ capable of igniting pyridine and its vapor should be excluded from areas where pyridine is exposed in the course of manipulation.

Employees should wash immediately when skin is wet or contaminated. Remove clothing immediately if wet or contaminated to avoid flammability hazard. Provide emergency showers and eyewash.

Employees who handle liquid pyridine or solutions containing pyridine should wash their hands thoroughly before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PYRIDINE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Store only in original container. Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants and strong acids. Cool. Dry. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

OUTSIDE OR DETACHED STORAGE IS PREFERABLE. ISOLATE FROM POWERFUL OXIDIZING MATERIALS AND ACIDS.

Mixtures with formamide + iodine + sulfur trioxide are storage hazards, releasing carbon dioxide & sulfuric acid.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

3.0 [ppm]

19 [ppm]

1000 [ppm]

5 ppm (15 mg/m³)

TWA 5 ppm (15 mg/m3)

5.0 [ppm]

1000 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

1000.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: Nausea, headache, insomnia, nervousness, and low back or abdominal discomfort with urinary frequency have occurred in individuals exposed to concentrations averaging 125 ppm for 4 hours/day for 1 to 2 weeks [Patty 1963]. Chronic poisoning with mild symptoms of central nervous system injury occurred in workers at a plant where pyridine vapor concentrations ranged from 6 to 12 ppm [Tessinger 1948].

1000 ppm

See: 110861

1.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1 ppm.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

1 ppm as TWA; A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

1 ppm [1992]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

USSR: 5 mg/cu m

West Germany: 5 ppm,; East Germany: 3 ppm; Sweden: 1.5 ppm; USSR: 1.5 ppm.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. Exposure far above the OEL could cause lowering of consciousness.

This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Pyridine:

Pyridine appears as a clear colorless to light yellow liquid with a penetrating nauseating odor. Vapors are heavier than air. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Combustion produces toxic oxides of nitrogen.

Colorless to yellow liquid with a nauseating, fish-like odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless to yellow liquid with a nauseating, fish-like odor.

Colorless to yellow liquid.

Sharp, nauseating

Burnt, sickening

Nauseating fish-like odor.

AMINE TASTE

239 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

115.2-115.3 °C

115.00 to 116.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

115.23 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-44 °F (NTP, 1992)

-41.6 °C

-41.7 °C

68 °F (NTP, 1992)

68 °F (CLOSED CUP)

20 °C (closed cup)

20 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 70.7 °F (NTP, 1992)

Miscible with water @ 20 °C

Miscible with ... alcohol, ether, and petroleum ether, oils and many organic liquids.

1000.0 mg/mL

Solubility in water: freely soluble

Miscible

0.983 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.98272 @ 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.98

0.983 at 68 °F

0.9827 @ 20°C

2.72 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

0.982 (AIR= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.73

18 mmHg at 68 °F ; 20 mmHg at 77 °F (NTP, 1992)

20.8 [mmHg]

20.8 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 2.0

20.8 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 0.65

Highly flammable. Soluble in water.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

Highly Flammable

PYRIDINE is a base. Reacts exothermically with acids. During preparation of a complex of pyridine with chromium trioxide, an acid, the proportion of chromium trioxide was increased. Heating from this acid-base reaction led to an explosion and fire [MCA Case History 1284 1967]. A 0.1% solution of pyridine (or other tertiary amine) in maleic anhydride at 185 °C gives an exothermic decomposition with rapid evolution of gas [Chem Eng. News 42(8); 41 1964]. Mixing pyridine in equal molar portions with any of the following substances in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase: chlorosulfonic acid, nitric acid (70%), oleum, sulfuric acid (96%), or propiolactone [NFPA 1991]. The combination of iodine, pyridine, sulfur trioxide, and formamide developed a gas over pressurization after several months. This arose from the slow formation of sulfuric acid from external water, or from dehydration of the formamide to hydrogen cyanide. Ethylene oxide and SO2 can react violently in pyridine solution with pressurization if ethylene oxide is in excess (Nolan, 1983, Case History 51).

PYRIDINE REACTS VIOLENTLY WITH CHLOROSULFONIC ACID, CHROMIC ACID, MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, NITRIC ACID, FUMING SULFURIC ACID, PERCHROMATES, BETA-PROPIOLACTONE, SILVER PERCHLORATE, & SULFURIC ACID.

Incompatible with strong oxidizers.

... Contact with strong acids will cause violent spattering.

DANGEROUS ... WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT, FLAME OR OXIDIZERS.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for PYRIDINE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers, strong acids

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

Pyridine

1 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 77: (2000) Some Industrial Chemicals

Volume 119: (2019) Some Chemicals That Cause Tumours of the Urinary Tract in Rodents

TR-470: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Pyridine (CASRN 110-86-1) in F344/N Rats, Wistar Rats, and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies) (2000 )

12/10/97

Some Evidence

Equivocal Evidence

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year drinking water studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of pyridine in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of renal tubule neoplasms. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of pyridine in female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of mononuclear cell leukemia. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity in male Wistar rats based on an increased incidence of interstitial cell adenoma of the testis. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of pyridine in male and female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of malignant hepatocellular neoplasms.

In F344/N rats, exposure to pyridine resulted in increased incidences of centrilobular cytomegaly and degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and pigmentation in the liver of males and females; periportal fibrosis, fibrosis, and centrilobular necrosis in the liver of males; and bile duct hyperplasia in females. In male Wistar rats, pyridine exposure resulted in increased incidences of centrilobular degeneration and necrosis, fibrosis, periportal fibrosis, and pigmentation in the liver, and, secondary to kidney disease, mineralization in the glandular stomach and parathyroid gland hyperplasia.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Shortness of breath. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Burning sensation. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

Cough. Sore throat. Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes; headache, anxiety, dizziness, insomnia; nausea, anorexia; dermatitis; liver, kidney damage

Dermal (Skin), Hepatic (Liver), Neurological (Nervous System), Ocular (Eyes), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys)

Eyes, skin, central nervous system, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

LC50 (rat) = 28,500 mg/m3/1H

The probable oral lethal dose is 0.5-5.0 g/kg and a LDL0 dose for man was 500 mg/kg po.

LD50 Rat ip 0.8 - 1.6 g/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 0.8 - 1.6 g/kg

LD50 Guinea pig percutaneous 1.0 - 2.0 ml/kg

LD50 Rat oral 1.58 g/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for PYRIDINE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 106 mg/l/96 hr, flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.1 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.4 mg/l, hardness 47.4 mg/l CaCO3, alkalinity 240 mg/l CaCO3, and pH 7.73.

EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) <106 mg/l/96 hr, flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.1 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.4 mg/l, hardness 47.4 mg/l CaCO3, alkalinity 240 mg/l CaCO3, and pH 7.73. Effect: loss of equilibrium.

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 93.8 mg /l/96 hr (confidence limit= 85.5-103 mg/l), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.0 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.3 mg/l, hardness 48.5 mg/l CaCO3, alkalinity 77.3 mg/l CaCO3, and pH 7.75.

EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 85.6 mg/l/96 hr (confidence limit= 82.0-89.3 mg/l), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.0 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.3 mg/l, hardness 48.5 mg/l CaCO3, alkalinity 77.3 mg/l CaCO3, and pH 7.75. Effect: loss of equilibrium.

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for PYRIDINE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

7.80e+01

1.20e+03

2.00e+01

2.00e-01

6.80e-03

1.00e-03

Volatile

5.30e+05

2.30e+02

3.50e+03

5.90e+01

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Pyridine's production and use as an industrial solvent and an intermediate in the production of vitamins, dyes, medicines and other organic compounds may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Pyridine is also a constituent of coal tar and many plants. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 20.8 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates pyridine will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase pyridine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 43 days. If released to soil, pyridine is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 50. Pyridine has a pKa of 5.23, which indicates that this compound will partially exist in the protonated form in moist acidic soils, and cations adsorb more strongly to soils than neutral molecules. Therefore the mobility of pyridine is expected to be much lower in acidic soils than in neutral or alkaline soils. Volatilization of the neutral species from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. However, in moist acidic soils, where the protonated form is the dominant species, volatilization will not be important because cations do not volatilize. Pyridine may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Pyridine was shown to undergo complete biodegradation in soils within 66-170 and 32-66 days under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. If released into water, pyridine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization of the neutral species from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 and 25 days, respectively. In acidic waters where the protonated form is the dominant species, volatilization will not be an important fate process since cations do not volatilize. Pyridine was biodegraded in about 8 days in a river die-away test, suggesting biodegradation occurs rapidly in natural waters. However other studies have shown that pyridine is slowly biodegraded in sediment/water slurries. Pyridine may undergo indirect photolysis in sunlit surface waters. A BCF of 88 measured in guppies suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Occupational exposure to pyridine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where pyridine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to pyridine via ingestion of food and inhalation of ambient air. Since pyridine has been identified as a component of tobacco smoke, persons who smoke or inhale second hand smoke may be exposed to higher levels of pyridine than the general population. (SRC)

REPORTED FOUND IN WOOD OIL, LEAVES, & ROOTS OF ATROPA BELLADONNA, & IN OTHER PLANTS (COFFEE, TOBACCO).

Pyridine's production and use as an industrial solvent and an intermediate in the production of vitamins, dyes, medicines and other organic compounds(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Pyridine is produced during shale oil gasification(2) and in coke ovens(3,4) where it is recovered from the resulting coal tar(4). It is also found in tobacco smoke(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 50(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.65(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that pyridine is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Pyridine has a pKa of 5.23(4), which indicates that this compound will partially exist in the protonated form in moist acidic soils, and cations adsorb more strongly to soils than neutral molecules. Therefore, the mobility of pyridine is expected to be much lower in acidic soils than in neutral or alkaline soil(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral species of pyridine from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(5); however, the protonated form will not volatilize(SRC). The potential for volatilization of pyridine from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 20.8 mm Hg(6). In a series of biodegradation tests using a soil suspension, pyridine was completely biodegraded under aerobic conditions within 66-170 days(7). Under anaerobic conditions, biodegradation was complete in 32-66 days(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 50(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.65(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that pyridine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 and 25 days, respectively(SRC). The pKa of pyridine is 5.23(5), indicating this compound will partially exist in the protonated form in acidic waters and cations do not volatilize(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of 88 measured in guppies(7), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). The biodegradation rate constant for pyridine in water was 0.0033 - 0.018 per hour which corresponds to half-lives of 39-210 hours(8). Pyridine was completely degraded in about 8 days in a river die-away test(9). Other studies have shown that pyridine is recalcitrant in sediment and water under anaerobic conditions(10-12).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), pyridine, which has a vapor pressure of 20.8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase pyridine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 43 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.7X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3).

Results of biodegradability screening tests for pyridine using sewage or activated sludge inocula give mixed results ranging from rapid to no degradation(1-5,7). Although biodegradability is improved in longer tests employing a more vigorous inocula, sometimes the same test gives disparate results(1-4,7). Variations in the particular sewage or activated sludge inoculum would affect test results. One investigator obtained results ranging from 97% degradation in 6 days to no degradation in 30 days in 6 different standard tests(1). After a preincubation step was added to one test in which no degradation was observed in 19 days, degradability increased to 91%(3). However the closed bottle test which employs only a drop of sewage effluent as an inoculum, registered no degradation even with a preincubation step(1,3). Tests that were designed to simulate biological treatment plants resulted in complete and rapid removal of pyridine(1,9). In one test that employed a soil suspension as an inoculum, 100% degradation was obtained in 66-170 days(6). When this test was repeated under anaerobic conditions, degradation was more rapid(6). Complete degradation was obtained in 32-66 days(6). When 2 micromoles/g of pyridine was incubated with a silt loam soil, 11.7% remained after 4 days and none remained after 8 days(8). The biodegradation rate constant for pyridine in water was 0.0033 - 0.018 per hour which corresponds to half-lives of 39-210 hours(10).

Relation between structure and biodegradability were evaluated for 28 pyridine derivatives in nutrient solutions inoculated with soil and incubated at 24 °C(1). Compounds studied included pyridine, mono- and disubstituted pyridinecarboxylic acids; and hydroxy-, chloro-, amino- and methylpyridines(1). Disappearance of the pyridine added was measured by UV spectrophotometry, and the NH +4 released by cleavage of the pyridine ring was measured by colorimetry(1). Volatilization was estimated by analysis of the pyridines collected on the polyurethane foam stoppers used to plug the incubation vessels; sorption by soil was estimated from the initial decrease in solution concentration upon addition of soil(1). Pyridinecarboxylic acids, monohydroxypyridines and the unsubstituted pyridine ring did not volatilize and degraded within 7-24 days(1).

Pyridine underwent partial biodegradation in diluted primary digesting sludge with a lag time of 30 days and theoretical net gas (methane and carbon dioxide) production of 58%(1). Pyridine was completely degraded in about 8 days in a river die-away test, using Green River water, at low concentrations, but may cause toxicity problems for metabolizing organisms at higher concentrations(2). Organic bases present in coke-oven wastes have been found to be somewhat difficult to degrade, in particular, pyridine(3). However, with the addition of glucose or some other growth factor, these chemicals can be completely removed(3). Pyridine can be degraded by anaerobic methanogenic and sulfate reducing redox conditions as discovered in landfill leachate contaminated aquifers(4).

Pyridine was shown to be persistent and non-biodegradeable in anoxic marine sediment slurries over an 11 month incubation period(1). Anaerobic sediment slurries collected from the Tsengwen River, Taiwan were shown to degrade pyridine at varying rates depending upon the salinity and whether the slurries were amended with sulfate, iron hydoxide or manganese oxide(2). In sulfate amended slurries, pyridine was only biodegraded from the oceanic (3.7% salinity) collection site and was not biodegraded in the freshwater slurries(2). Amendment of amorphous Fe(OH)3 or MnO2 in addition to sulfate greatly facilitated the biodegradation of pyridine from the sediment slurries collected from the freshwater sites, but not in the slurries collected in the oceanic sites(2). Pyridine was not biodegraded in anaerobic sediment and water slurries collected from the Tansui River, Taiwan over a 200 day incubation period(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of pyridine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 3.7X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 43 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Direct photolysis is not expected to be an important fate process for pyridine, since this compound only absorbs light weakly in the environmental UV spectrum(2). However, pyridine may undergo indirect photolysis in sunlit surface waters that contain sensitizing agents such as humic and fulvic acids(SRC). Pyridine was shown to undergo indirect photolysis in natural waters in the presence and absence of oxygen to form unidentified polar products(3). Photolysis did not occur, however, in distilled water(2). No rates were reported for this process(3). Pyridine was shown to react with the alkoxy radical to form pyridine N-oxide and the hydroxy radical to form hydroxypyridines and more polar products(3). Both of these radicals occur in natural waters(3). A pKa of 5.23(4) indicates pyridine will partially exist in the protonated form in acidic waters.

The bioconcentration factor in guppies exposed to an unspecified concentration of pyridine over a 2-day incubation period was 88(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the bioconcentration in aquatic organisms moderate.

The Koc of pyridine is estimated as 50(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 0.65(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that pyridine is expected to have high mobility in soil. The pKa of pyridine is 5.23(4), which indicates that pyridine will partially exist in the protonated form under acidic conditions and cations adsorb more strongly to soil surfaces than neutral molecules(SRC). The adsorption of pyridine to a basic subsoil (pH 8.15, 0.58% organic carbon) is negligible, while in an acidic subsoil (pH 4.85, O.24% organic carbon), the Freundlich adsorption constant was measured to be 5.78 and the slope 0.679(5). This suggests a cationic adsorption mechanism as pyridine is predominantly in its protonated form. Pyridine adsorbs to colloidal particles of sodium montmorillonite and kaolinite, a process which is attributed to cation exchange and is a function of pH(5). Adsorption is at a minimum at pH 1 and 11 and reaches a maximum at pH 4 for the montmorillonite and pH 5.5 for the kaolinite where the adsorption constants are 60 and 10, respectively(6).

The Henry's Law constant for pyridine is 1.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that pyridine is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 days(SRC). The volatilization half- life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 25 days(SRC). Pyridine's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Pyridine is a weak base with a pKa of 5.23(3), which indicates this compound will partially exist in the protonated form in acidic conditions, and no volatilization from water or moist soil will occur for the cation(SRC). The potential for volatilization of pyridine from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 20.8 mm Hg(4).

GROUNDWATER: Two aquifers under the Hoe Creek coal gasification site, WY contained 0.82-53 ppb of pyridine 15 months after gasification was completed(1). Pyridine was not detected in wells in Hanna and Gillete, WY prior to coal gasification(2). Pyridine was detected in samples from a wood-preserving chemical groundwater contamination site in Pensacola, FL in 1981 and 1983, at concentrations of 0.37, 0.21, 0.09, and 0.00 mg/l at depths of 6.1, 3.3, 5.8, 11.0 meters, respectively(3). Pyridine was detected at a concentration of 1.6 mg/l in groundwater from one well at Gas Works Park in Seattle, WA(4).

DRINKING WATER: Pyridine was identified, not quantified, in drinking water in Cincinnati, OH(1).

SURFACE WATER: Pyridine was identified, not quantified, in the Cuyahoga River in the Lake Erie Basin(1). Traces were found in the River Lee in England which receives effluents from many sewage treatment plants(2).

In a survey of industrial effluents, pyridine was identified in discharges of the following industries timber products (1,032 ppb), paint and ink (2 ppb), ore mining (4 ppb), inorganic chemicals (137 ppb), pharmaceuticals (156 ppb), organic chemicals (160 ppb), publicly owned treatment works (77 ppb)(1). Pyridine was identified, not quantified, in the effluents from an advanced water treatment facility in Orange County, CA(2). Waste water from coal gasification contained an estimated 4.62 ppm of pyridine(3). Pyridine was identified, not quantified, in waste incineration stack emissions(4) and coal derived oil(5). Pyridine has also been detected in active compost blower exhaust at 47 ug/cu m(6). Pyridine was detected in waste ammonia liquor from low temperature carbonization wastewater at an average concentration of 20 mg/l(7).

Pyridine was identified, but not quantified, in non-agricultural, loamy soil from the Moscow region(1). Pyridine was detected at concns of 0.22 ppm or lower in Eagle Harbor sediment, an area of Puget Sound that is contaminated with creosote(2).

Indoor and outdoor air near the shale oil wastewater treatment facility of Occidental Oil Shale Inc. at the Logan Wash site, CO contained 41 and 13 ug/cu m of pyridine, respectively(1). Rural air in an undeveloped area of the oil shale region as well as urban air (Boulder, CO) contained none of the chemical(1). Pyridine was identified, not quantified, in the air of residential homes in the Chicago area(2). The average US daily ambient concentration for pyridine for all site types is 1.34 ppb according to a national database update in 1988(3).

Pyridine has been identified as a volatile flavor compound in fried bacon(1) and boiled beef(2). It is also a volatile component of Beaufort cheese, a Gruyere type cheese manufactured in a limited area of the French Alps(3). Pyridine has been identified as a volatile flavor components of fried chicken(4), roasted barely(5), mango(7), roasted coffee(6,8), canned sweet corn(9), short-necked clam and corbicula(10), sukiyaki(11), and kiwi fruit flowers(12). Pyridine was detected in soybeans at concns of 88.9-264.9 ug/kg(13).

Pyridine and pyridine bases are recovered from coal-tar; light, and middle oils.

Pyridine has been identified as a component of tobacco(1), cigar(2), and marijuana(3) smoke. Pyridine has been detected in mainstream cigarette smoke at 16-40 ug/cigarette and a ratio of 6.5-20 sidestream smoke concentration to mainstream smoke concentration(4). Pyridine was detected in cigarette smoke at concns of 0.1-1.2 ug/cu m(5).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U196, F005, and D038 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for Pyridine: Concentration process: Activated carbon.

Controlled incineration whereby nitrogen oxides are removed from the effluent gas by scrubber, catalytic or thermal devices. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable methods: Evaporation & landfill.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for PYRIDINE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for PYRIDINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1282; Pyridine

IMO 3.2; Pyridine

49 092 77; Pyridine

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II