morpholine

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H226 (> 99.9%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H290 (10.5%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

H302+H312+H332 (11.6%): Harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H302 (99.5%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (93.6%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (> 99.9%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (18.3%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (94.2%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411 (10.7%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P234, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P390, P391, P403+P235, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 4233 reports by companies from 38 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 132 [Flammable Liquids - Corrosive]:

Some of these materials may react violently with water.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Do not get water inside containers.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or alcohol foam extinguishers. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position ... The only respirators recommended for fire fighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full facepieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical.

Use flooding quantities of water as fog or spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Vapor is heavier than air and may travel some distance to source of ignition and flash back.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material.

· For hydrazine, absorb with DRY sand or inert absorbent (vermiculite or absorbent pads).

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 132 [Flammable Liquids - Corrosive]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Spill handling: evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the build-up of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations.

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents.

Environmental considerations - water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.

Environmental considerations - air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Morpholine (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Package lots. Distill for reuse or package and label for disposal by burning.

Small quantities. Wear eye protection, laboratory coat, and rubber gloves. Dissolve the morpholine (1 mL) in 50 mL of 3 M sulfuric acid (prepared by slowly adding 8 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid to 21 mL or water). Weigh 10 g of potassium permanganate and stir small portions of the solid into the morpholine solution over a period of about 1 hr. Stir the mixture at room temperature for 48 hr, and then neutralize the solution by adding solid sodium carbonate or a 10% solution of sodium hydroxide. Add solid sodium bisulfite until solution is colorless. Decant the clear liquid into the drain and discard any brown solid with regular refuse.

Incineration is acceptable and the preferred method of disposal; however, nitrogen oxide emission controls may be required to meet environmental regulations. Morpholine is also broken down by activated sludge and this is a possible method of disposal under controlled conditions.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Morpholine (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to disperse vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

Where there is any possibility of exposure of an employee's body to liquid morpholine or solutions containing greater than 25% morpholine by weight, facilities for quick drenching of the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 132 [Flammable Liquids - Corrosive]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material. For hydrazine, absorb with DRY sand or inert absorbent (vermiculite or absorbent pads). Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants and acids. Dry.

Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Morpholine must be stored to avoid contact with strong acids, such as nitric acid, and strong oxidizers, such as chlorine dioxide, bromine, nitrates, and permanganates, since violent reactions occur.

Separate from oxidizing materials and acids. Store in a cool, dry, well ventilated location. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet.

Morpholine should be protected from atmospheric moisture and carbon dioxide. As morpholine corrodes copper, aluminum, zinc, and galvanized surfaces, the compound should be stored in iron or steel containers, preferably located outdoors, above ground, and surrounded by dykes to contain spills or leaks.

Keep containers closed and store in a cool, dark place.

Unstable if stored in copper or zinc containers.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

5.0 [ppm]

30 [ppm]

1300 [ppm]

8000** [ppm]

20 ppm (70 mg/m³)

30 ppm (105 mg/m³)

TWA 20 ppm (70 mg/m3) ST 30 ppm (105 mg/m3) [skin]

20.0 [ppm]

TWA 20 ppm (70 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix G

1400 ppm ; Based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. (NIOSH, 2024)

1400.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other animal data: No deaths resulted from exposures of 6 rats to 8,000 ppm for 8 hours [Smyth et al. 1954]. Human data: Irritation of the nose has been reported after a 1­minute exposure to 12,000 ppm and coughing started after 1.5 minutes; it was suggested that this concentration would probable be intolerable for long periods [Shea 1939].

1400 ppm [Based on 10% of the lower explosion limit for safety considerations even though the relevant toxicological data indicated that irreversible health efects or impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.]

1400 ppm

1400 ppm [10%LEL]

See: 110918

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 20 ppm. Skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

20 ppm as TWA; (skin); A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).

20 ppm [1992]

· Some of these materials may react violently with water.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Do not get water inside containers.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion. Inhalation of the vapour may cause lung oedema.

Morpholine appears as a colorless liquid with a fishlike odor. Flash point 100 °F. Corrosive to tissue. Less dense than water and soluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. Used to make other chemicals, as a corrosion inhibitor, and in detergents.

Colorless liquid with a weak, ammonia- or fish-like odor. [Note: A solid below 23 degrees F.]; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS HYGROSCOPIC LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a weak, ammonia- or fish-like odor.

Colorless liquid with a weak, ammonia- or fish-like odor. [Note: A solid below 23 °F.]

Colorless liquid

Mobile liquid

Colorless liquid [Note: A solid below 23 degrees F].

Characteristic amine

Penetrating

Weak, ammonia- or fish-like odor

264 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

128.9 °C @760 [mm Hg]

23.2 °F (NTP, 1992)

MP: 145-147 °C; prisms from alcohol; sparingly soluble in water /Morpholine picrate/

Soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform; practically insoluble in toluene, xylene, ether, petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride; MP: 110-111 °C; crystals from ethanol /Morpholine salicylate/

100 °F (NTP, 1992)

Anhydrous: 35 °C (closed cup), 38 °C (open cup); 88% solution: 42 °C

35 °C c.c.

98 °F (open cup)

(oc) 98 °F

Soluble (NTP, 1992)

Solluble in organic solvents

Immiscible with concn sodium hydroxide soln; miscible with acetone, benzene, ether, castor oil, methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, 2-hexanone, linseed oil, turpentine, pine oil; miscible with water with evolution of some heat

In water, 1.00X10+6 mg/L /miscible/

1000 mg/mL

Solubility in water: miscible

Miscible

1 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999)

1.007 at 20 °C/4 °C

Bulk density = 8.34 lb/gal at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.0

1.007 @ 20°C

3 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.00

6.6 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

10.1 [mmHg]

10.1 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 1.06

Highly flammable. Water soluble. Sensitive to moisture.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

Highly Flammable

MORPHOLINE neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. May generate hydrogen, a flammable gas, in combination with strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Sensitive to moisture. Reacts readily with oxidizing agents (NTP, 1992).

Violent reaction and fire may result when the product is mixed with oxidizing agents, such as perchlorates, nitrates, permanganates, chromates, nitric acid, halogens, peroxides, and some cleaning solutions containing acids.

High-surface-area cellulose nitrate ignites spontaneously on contact with morpholine.

Addition of bases or acids to nitromethane renders it susceptible to initiation by a detonator. These include ... morpholine.

Can react with oxidizing materials ... Mixtures with nitromethane are explosive. May ignite spontaneously in contact with cellulose nitrate of high surface area.

Strong acids, strong oxidizers, metals, nitro compounds [Note: Corrosive to metals].

Strong acids, strong oxidizers, metals, nitro compounds [Note: Corrosive to metals.]

The safety of this ingredient has not been documented and substantiated. The CIR Expert Panel cannot conclude that Morpholine is safe for use in cosmetic products until such time that the appropriate safety data have been obtained and evaluated.

Ingredients for which the data are insufficient and their use in cosmetics is not supported

Evaluation: No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of morpholine were available. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of morpholine. Overall evaluation: Morpholine is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Morpholine

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 47: (1989) Some Organic Solvents, Resin Monomers and Related Compounds, Pigments and Occupational Exposures in Paint Manufacture and Painting

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Burning sensation. Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Symptoms may be delayed.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain. Skin burns. Blisters.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Severe deep burns.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Cough. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Shock or collapse. Vomiting.

irritation eyes, skin, nose, respiratory system; visual disturbance; cough; In Animals: liver, kidney damage

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

LC50 (rat) = 8,000 ppm/8H

LD50 Rabbit skin 1210 mg/kg

LC50 Mouse inhalation 1.32 mg/L/2 hr

LC50 Rat inhalation 65.2 mg/L/8 hr

LC50 Rat inhalation 28.9 mg/L/8 hr

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Morpholine (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A group of seven female Sprague-Dawley rats /were fed/ 5 g morpholine together with 5 g nitrite/kg diet for 12 weeks. After 39 weeks, all of the animals developed hepato-cellular adenomas, six out of the seven hepatocellular carcinomas, two hemangioendotheliomas of the liver, one a cyst-adenocarcinoma of the liver, and one a renal adenoma. Rats fed morpholine or nitrite alone did not develop tumors.

Pregnant rats /were fed/ on a diet containing various concentrations of morpholine, sodium nitrite, and NMOR (N-nitrosomorpholine) ... Hepatocellular carcinoma and hemangio-sarcomas of the liver and angiosarcoma of the lungs were the most common tumors observed in the rats. The neoplasms induced by nitrite and morpholine were morphologically similar to those induced by NMOR. High concentrations (1000 mg/kg) of morpholine and nitrite together were carcinogenic to rats. When the morpholine concentration was reduced and the nitrite concentration remained high, the incidence of hepatic cell carcinomas decreased with a linear dose-response relationship. When morpholine concentration remained high, with decreasing nitrite concentration, the number of hepatic tumors was sharply reduced. This agrees with the observation in vitro that the nitrosation of morpholine depends on the square of the nitrite concentration.

Groups of 40 male MRC Wistar rats were treated for 2 yr with either 10 g morpholine/kg diet and drinking-water containing 3 g sodium nitrite/L, or with drinking-water containing 0.15 g NMOR/L. In both cases, one group of rats was also given sodium ascorbate (22.7 g/kg diet). The results of treatment with morpholine plus nitrite or with NMOR were similar to those reported /in the feeding experiments/. When ascorbate was present, the liver tumors induced by morpholine plus nitrite had a longer induction period (93 vs 54 weeks) and a slightly lower incidence (49% vs 65%). However, ascorbate did not affect liver tumor induction by preformed NMOR. Of those treated with morpholine, nitrite, and ascorbate, 21/39 animals developed forestomach tumors. In a similar study using Syrian hamsters, a high morpholine, high nitrite diet (1000 mg/kg) induced liver cancer in some animals. In contrast, hamsters fed NMOR in the diet seemed to have greater resistance to tumor induction.

Bis(2,2-dimethyl-4-methanesulfonic acid sodium salt-1,2-dihydroquinoline)-6,6'-methane (MIDQ-DA) inhibited liver necrosis induced in rats by simultaneous admin of morpholine and sodium nitrite.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for Morpholine (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If patient is unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to morpholine at potentially hazardous levels: 1. Initial Medical Screening: Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions which might place the employee at increased risk from morpholine exposure. /These include/ chronic respiratory disease ... liver disease ... kidney disease ... eye disease ... /and/ skin disease. 2. Periodic Medical Examination: Any employee developing the above-listed conditions should be referred for further medical examination.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Occlusive patch testing and in-use testing of two mascara products containing 1% morpholine by 320 women between the ages of 18 and 65 /were conducted/. All 320 volunteer subjects underwent occlusive patch testing (using the Shelanski/Jordan repeat insult procedure). After 24 hr, the patches were removed and the sites graded. This procedure was repeated several times for a total of 10 applications (3 weeks). Following the 10th application, there was a 10 day to 2 week rest period, after which the subjects were again patch tested, this time for 48 hr, and then scored. After another 10 day to 2 week rest period, the subjects were again patch tested for 48 hr and scored. A final reading took place 24 hr after this. Of the 320 subjects patch tested with charcoal mascara, 314 showed no reaction, /while/ the remaining six showed varying reactions. The researchers explained this irritation as being either non-specific or due to the occlusive patching procedure. The same results were found with the blue mascara. It was concluded from this study that neither of the mascara products containing 1% morpholine was a primary irritant, nor were they contact sensitizers. In the in-use testing, 50 women used charcoal mascara once daily for 4 weeks, and 50 women used blue mascara likewise. A further 100 women used once daily lash conditioner, eye make-up remover and mascara (50 for each color). In another group, 100 subjects used lash conditioner and eye make-up remover but no mascara. All underwent the above described patch testing simultaneously. There were a few complaints associated with the in-use testing. The charcoal mascara caused a mild burning sensation in three subjects, some itching in a further three, and minor irritation in three. These findings were put down to improper use of the product, which resulted in the product entering the eye and causing mild irritation.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ /An investigator/ exposed himself to 43 g morpholine/cu m (12,000 ppm) for 90 sec. He experienced irritation of the nose followed by coughing. Pipetting of pure morpholine from the stock solution led to inhalation of vapor, a severe sore throat, and violently reddened mucous membrane ... When applied to human finger tips, undiluted morpholine caused a cracking of the eponychium and hyponychium about the nail and an intense stinging sensation. Diluted morpholine (1 to 40) was a mild irritant.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The absolute and recognition threshold odor index of 101 petrochemicals /were tested/ using a trained panel. During a 20 min exposure, 0.036 mg morpholine/cu m was recognized by 50% of the panel and 0.5 mg morpholine/cu m by all of the panel (giving an odor index of 65.9). It was described as an unpleasant fishy smell.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Short term exposure: the substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin, and the respiratory tract. Contact can cause redness, swelling, and burns. Exposure can cause corneal (eye) swelling resulting in blurring vision. Inhalation can cause pulmonary edema, a medical emergency that can be delayed for several hours. This can cause death. Long term exposure: morpholine may damage the liver and kidneys. Can cause a skin rash.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Morpholine (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Brachydanio rerio (zebra fish); Conditions: 22 °C, pH 7.5, hardness 250 mg/L CaCO3, no aeration; Concentration: >1000 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Leuciscus idus melanotus (golden orfe); Conditions: 20 °C, pH 8, hardness 220-320 mg/L CaCO3, continual aeration; Concentration: 285 mg/L for 48 hr (95% confidence level: 250-340 mg/L)

LC50; Species: Leuciscus idus melanotus (golden orfe); Conditions: 20 °C, pH 8, hardness 220-320 mg/L CaCO3, continual aeration; Concentration: 240 mg/L for 48 hr (95% confidence level: 100-301 mg/L);

LC50; Species: Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout); Conditions: 15 °C, pH 7.4, hardness 20 mg/L CaCO3, >95% oxygen saturation; Concentration: 380 mg/L for 96 hr (95% confidence level: 375-460 mg/L)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Morpholine (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity threshold of morpholine for aerobic bacteria (after 16 hr) was 310 mg/L and for green-blue algae (after 193 hr), 1.7 mg/L. Inhibition of protozoa started at a morpholine concentration of 12 mg/L, and growth of algae was inhibited from 4.1 mg/L.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In a 192 hr test, the onset of inhibition by morpholine (in distilled water, pH 7.0) of cell multiplication (here defined as 3% in population growth) in the green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda in a turbidity test was noted at a concentration of 4.1 mg/L.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Selenastrum capricornutum grows exponentially without a lag phase in the presence as well as in the absence of morpholine, the growth being inhibited first at a concentration of 100 mg/L. The inhibition was most marked after 6 days, shortly before reaching the stationary phase; the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was 10 mg/L ... Algal growth /in the same species was evaluated/ by measuring in vivo the fluorometric units at 48, 72, 96 hr, and 7 days. A 96 hr EC50 of 28 mg/L was determined.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Exposure of rainbow trout to 5.7 times 10 (-10) M (5 times 10 (-5) mg/L) morpholine during smolting period did not influence the subsequent neural response to this substance when tested immediately and 12 months after smolting. Perfusion of the olfactory organs with 1% morpholine for 10 min irreversibly inhibited the olfactory responsiveness to odorants.

/PLANTS/ 4.4 +/- 0.9 mol morpholine/cu m (383 mg/L) lowers the percentage germination of lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa) by 50% of the control value. The seeds were kept on agar for 3 days in sealed plastic containers at a temperature of 30 °C.

Morpholine's production and use as a rubber accelerator, solvent, additive to boiler water, in waxes and polishes, optical brightener for detergents, corrosion inhibitor, in the preservation of book paper, as an organic intermediate (catalyst, antioxidants, bactericides, etc.), solvent for resins, waxes, casein, and dyes, intermediate for a large number of pharmaceuticals and crop protection agents, in the conversion to vulcanization accelerators or sulfur donors, in steam cycles, aqueous hydraulic liquids, and similar systems with water, and in the removal of chemicals from gases may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 10.1 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates morpholine will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase morpholine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.8 hours. Morpholine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, morpholine is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 7.4. The pKa of morpholine is 8.49, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the base exists mostly as a cation and cations do not volatilize. Morpholine in its neutral form may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Morpholine was degraded during several screening studies at rates ranging from 87% to greater than 90% after 28 to 31 days, but only after lag periods ranging from 7-21 days. Studies indicate that morpholine-degrading bacteria are slow to establish in biological treatment plants and may require mean solids retention times of greater than 8 days. Therefore, morpholine is expected to be biodegradable in environments where morpholine-degrading organisms are present and after acclimation to these organisms is achieved. If released into water, morpholine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Only 3 out of 58 river die-away tests failed to biodegrade morpholine or failed to contain morpholine-degrading bacteria. Lag periods of approximately 6 to 50 days were observed, indicating biodegradation in aquatic environments will vary depending on conditions. The pKa indicates morpholine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. Experimental BCF ranges of less than 0.3 to 0.65 and less than 2.8 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound contains functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to morpholine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where morpholine is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to morpholine via ingestion of food and dermal contact with this compound or other consumer products containing morpholine. (SRC)

Morpholine's production and use as a rubber accelerator, solvent, additive to boiler water, in waxes and polishes, optical brightener for detergents, corrosion inhibitor, in the preservation of book paper, as an organic intermediate (catalyst, antioxidants, bactericides, etc.)(1), solvent for resins, waxes, casein, and dyes(2), intermediate for a large number of pharmaceuticals and crop protection agents, in the conversion to vulcanization accelerators or sulfur donors, in steam cycles, aqueous hydraulic liquids, and similar systems with water, and in the removal of chemicals from gases(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 7.4(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.86(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that morpholine is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of morpholine is 8.49(4), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization of cationic morpholine from moist soil surfaces will not occur since ions do not volatilize(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral form of morpholine from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 10.1 mm Hg(6), and assigned value for water solubility of 1.0X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(6). Morpholine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(6). The theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test was 0% after 2 weeks(7). Results from longer biodegradation screening tests indicate morpholine is biodegradable in activated sludge with degradation rates of 87% to greater than 90% within 28 to 31 days, respectively; lag periods ranging from 7 to 21 days were observed for these tests(8,9). In a study investigating morpholine-degrading bacteria, it was noted that these bacteria were slow to become established, and could only be done so in biological treatment plants with a mean solids retention times of more than 8 days(10). Therefore, morpholine is expected to be biodegradable in environments where morpholine-degrading organisms are present and after acclimation to these organism is achieved(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 7.4(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.86(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that morpholine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 8.49(4) indicates morpholine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(5). According to a classification scheme(6), measured BCF values of less than 0.3 to 0.65 and less than 2.8(7), suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Only 3 out of 58 river die-away tests failed to biodegrade morpholine or failed to contain morpholine-degrading bacteria. Lag periods of approximately 6 to 50 days were observed(8). These data indicate that biodegradation in aquatic environments will vary depending on conditions(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), morpholine, which has a vapor pressure of 10.1 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase morpholine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.8 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.4X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Morpholine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Morpholine, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). Morpholine degraded 87% after 28 days with a 16 day lag period during an OECD Manometric Respirometry test using a sapromat system and 89% after a 16 day lag period using an oxitop system(2). However, it proved to be readily biodegradable in the 28-day OECD screening test and inherently biodegradable in a 31-day Zahn-Wellens test, exhibiting a final degradation level of >90% in both tests(3). An adaptation period of 7-20 days was required before degradation occurred. The final level of degradation was also >90% in a laboratory-scale wastewater treatment plant, but the adaptation period was 10-21 days(3).

AEROBIC: When inoculated with a sewage seed, morpholine (250-900 ppm) did not exert any BOD after a 10-day incubation at 20 °C(1). In another BOD test, morpholine exerted 0.9% and 5.1% of its theoretical BOD after 5 and 20 days, respectively, incubation in a medium inoculated with settled sewage(2). In batch tests, no biodegradation of morpholine (10, 50 and 100 mg/L) was observed after 14 days incubation at 20 °C in media inoculated with river mud, treatment plant sludge bacteria, or adapted bacteria (bacteria exposed to morpholine for 15 days as the sole organic carbon source)(3). However, in another study, two organisms were isolated that could grow on and degrade morpholine as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy(4). The organisms were isolated from sludge taken from an industrial biological treatment plant and incubation was at 30 °C in agitated flasks. Initial morpholine concentration was 10 mmol/L (871 mg/L) in a mineral salts medium. In addition, >98% of influent morpholine (1 mmol/L) was removed in a laboratory scale activated sludge unit operated for about 6 months. Incubation temperature was 20-30 °C, feed pH was 7.5, and retention time was reduced from 160 to 20 hrs over a 6 month period(4).

AEROBIC: Despite evidence indicating morpholine is biodegraded in treatment plants and plants contain morpholine-degrading bacteria, it has difficulties being removed from effluent during biological treatment. Lag periods up to 30 days have been reported. Biodegradation of morpholine in activated sludge systems may be made more efficient with the introduction of morpholine-degrading bacteria(1).

AEROBIC: Experiments on the potential biodegradability of morpholine were performed using activated sludge obtained from 8 aeration basins of different sewage treatment plants and die-away tests with river water. While sludges from all treatment plants had the ability to degrade morpholine, the number of morpholine degrading microbes was so low and the lag times so long that it was deemed unlikely that significant amounts of morpholine would be degraded during sewage treatment. Due to their slow growth, morpholine degraders could establish themselves only if the mean solids retention time of the plant was 8 days or longer. Of the 58 die-away tests performed on 29 samples using water from 11 sites in 3 river systems in Yorkshire, UK, only 3 failed to biodegrade morpholine or contain detectable numbers of morpholine degrading microorganisms. It was found that the number of morpholine degraders increased and the die-away time decreased as the water passed downstream. There was no correlation between water quality and the ability of microbes in the water to degrade morpholine. However, the investigators concluded that it was unlikely that significant morpholine degradation occurred in these rivers and because of the long lag periods, ranging from approximately 6 to 50 days, it was doubtful that these rivers could degrade morpholine rapidly in the event of a spill(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of morpholine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.4X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.8 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Morpholine contains functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions and may be susceptible to hydrolysis under environmental conditions(2). Morpholine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Bioconcentrationw were measured in carp over a 6 week period. With starting concentrations of 5 ppm and 0.5 ppm the measured bioconcentrations were less than 0.3 to 0.65 and less than 2.8 at morpholine, respectively(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF ranges suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of morpholine is estimated as 7.4(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.86(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that morpholine is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of morpholine is 8.49(4), indicating that this compound will almost entirely exist in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

Morpholine has a pKa of 8.49(1), indicating that the compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water and moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). The Henry's Law constant for the neutral form of morpholine is estimated as 1.2X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 10.1 mm Hg(2) and its assigned value for water solubility of 1.0X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that the neutral form of morpholine is expected to volatilize slowly from water and moist soil surfaces(3). The potential for volatilization of the neutral form of morpholine from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(2).

An average morpholine concentration in baked ham obtained from a local market (n = 5) in Kobe City, Japan was 0.20 ppm, testing date not specified. It was not detected in fish sausage (n = 5), cod roe (n = 3), spinach (n = 2 ), or miso (n = 2) (detection limit = 0.01 ppm)(1). During a study analyzing naturally-occurring secondary amines in locally purchased food, morpholine was detected in the following food items at concentrations of ppm: 0.5 in baked ham, 0.4 in frankfurters, 0.2 in evaporated milk, 1 in coffee (average of two brands; per dry weight), trace amounts (<0.1) in tea, 0.4 in canned beer, <0.2 in bottled beer, and <0.7 in wine(2).

Morpholine was detected in the medicinal plant roots obtained from a local market in Ibadan, Nigeria(1).

During a study analyzing naturally-occurring secondary amines in food, morpholine was detected in the following seafood items at concentrations of ppm: less than or equal to 0.6 in canned tuna, 9 in frozen ocean perch, 6 in fresh spotted trout, less than or equal to 0.7 in fresh small mouth bass, 1.0 in salmon, and trace (<0.3) in frozen cod. The trout and bass samples were caught locally. Other samples were purchased locally(1).

The morpholine concentration in an NCI experimental cigarette was 0.3 ppm; the concentration in cigarette smoke condensate was <5 ppm (0.08 ug/cigarette)(1). Morpholine was present in ten formulations of car waxes and polishes; when present, the concentration range was 2.6 to 100 wt%(2).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Report, the number of workers reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of morpholine is 1,000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 214,367 workers (65,146 of these were female) were potentially exposed to morpholine in the US(1). Occupational exposure to morpholine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where morpholine is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to morpholine via ingestion of food and dermal contact with this compound or other consumer products containing morpholine(SRC).

Some instances of skin & respiratory tract irritation have been observed in industry, but no chronic effects have been reported.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Package lots. Distill for reuse or package and label for disposal by burning.

Small quantities. Wear eye protection, laboratory coat, and rubber gloves. Dissolve the morpholine (1 mL) in 50 mL of 3 M sulfuric acid (prepared by slowly adding 8 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid to 21 mL or water). Weigh 10 g of potassium permanganate and stir small portions of the solid into the morpholine solution over a period of about 1 hr. Stir the mixture at room temperature for 48 hr, and then neutralize the solution by adding solid sodium carbonate or a 10% solution of sodium hydroxide. Add solid sodium bisulfite until solution is colorless. Decant the clear liquid into the drain and discard any brown solid with regular refuse.

Incineration is acceptable and the preferred method of disposal; however, nitrogen oxide emission controls may be required to meet environmental regulations. Morpholine is also broken down by activated sludge and this is a possible method of disposal under controlled conditions.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Morpholine (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 132: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 132: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or ingested/swallowed. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 132: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 132: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Morpholine (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2054; Morpholine

IMO 3.1; Morpholine

49 078 46; Morpholine

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Corrosive Flammable Liquid

Symbol: C; R: 10-20/21/22-34; S: (1/2)-23-36-45

UN Hazard Class: 8; UN Subsidiary Risks: 3; UN Pack Group: I