diisopropanolamine

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P264+P265, P280, P305+P351+P338, and P337+P317 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 1635) of reports.

H318 (51.2%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H319 (48.7%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P264+P265, P280, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P317, and P337+P317 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1635 reports by companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 1635 reports by companies.

There are 6 notifications provided by 1634 of 1635 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P337+P317, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water or foam may cause frothing

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Alcohol foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

To fight fire use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, /or/ dry chemical.

Fire response: ...Wear goggles, self-contained breathing apparatus, and rubber overclothing (including gloves). ...Water may be ineffective on fire. Cool exposed containers with water.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

Sweep spilled substance into containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water (extra personal protection: A/P2 filter respirator for organic vapour and harmful dust).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

...Remove, and wash contaminated clothing before reuse.

/If inhaled/: Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration if indicated. Refer for medical attention. /If contacted with skin/: First rinse with plenty of water, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention. /If contacted with eyes/: First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then take to a doctor. /If ingested/: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should keep this material in a tightly closed container under an inert atmosphere, and store it at refrigerated temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from strong oxidants and strong acids. Dry. Keep in the dark. Well closed.

Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids. Dry. Keep in the dark. Well closed.

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Inhalation of the aerosol may cause lung oedema. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Full face mask or amine vapor mask only if required; clean, body-covering clothing, rubber gloves, apron, boots and face shield. (USCG, 1999)

/Wear/ protective gloves, safety goggles, or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.

NO open flames. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! STRICT HYGIENE!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Diisopropanolamine appears as colorless liquid or white to yellow crystalline solid with an odor of dead fish or ammonia. Liquid floats and mixes with water. Solid sinks and mixes in water. (USCG, 1999)

Liquid; Liquid; Other Solid

White hygroscopic solid; Yellows upon light and air exposure; mp = 42 deg C; [ICSC] May also be in the form of colorless liquid; Odor of dead fish; [CAMEO] White solid; mp = 43-47 deg C; [MSDSonline]

WHITE HYGROSCOPIC CRYSTALLINE POWDER WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR. TURNS YELLOW ON EXPOSURE TO LIGHT AND AIR.

White waxy solid

480.2 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

107.6 °F (NTP, 1992)

32-42 °C

259 °F (NTP, 1992)

255 °F (127 °C) (open cup)

127 °C o.c.

Soluble (>=10 mg/ml) (NTP, 1992)

Miscible in alcohol. Slightly soluble in toluene. Insoluble in hydrocarbons.

In water, 8.6X10+5 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 87

0.99 at 107.6 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.989 at 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.99

4.59 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.6

0.02 mmHg at 108 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.000125 [mmHg]

1.25X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C /extrapolated/

Vapor pressure, Pa at 42 °C: 2.67

log Kow= -0.82

580 °F (USCG, 1999)

The substance decomposes on heating and on burning producing toxic gases (nitrogen oxides).

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxide/.

1.98 cP at 45 °C

375 kJ/kg

pH of 5% aqueous solution = 11.5

Index of refraction = 1.4450-1.4550 at 60 °C

pKa = 9.1

128.2 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI+; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID8020179]

CAN REACT WITH OZIDIZING MATERIALS

Nitrogen Compounds -> Amines, Aliphatic

Cosmetic ingredients (Diisopropanolamine) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)

Potential endocrine disrupting compound

FCS -> FDA Cumulative Estimated Daily Intake (CEDI)

FCS -> FDA Inventory of Food Contact Substances Listed in 21 CFR

Water soluble.

Alcohols and Polyols

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

DIISOPROPANOLAMINE is an aminoalcohol. Amines are chemical bases. They neutralize acids to form salts plus water. These acid-base reactions are exothermic. The amount of heat that is evolved per mole of amine in a neutralization is largely independent of the strength of the amine as a base. Amines may be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated by amines in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides. This compound may be sensitive to light and air. This compound will react with oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

Can react with oxidizing materials.

/Diisopropanolamine (DIPA)/... can react rapidly with acid to form the corresponding amine salt. DIPA... can react with fatty acid esters to form diisopropanolamides... .

The Panel concludes that Diisopropanolamine, Triisopropanolamine, Isopropanolamine, and Mixed Isopropanolamines are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the present practices of use and concentration. The isopropanolamines should not be used in products containing N-nitrosating agents.

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.

Pain. Redness. Blisters. Skin burns.

Pain. Redness. Severe deep burns.

Burning sensation. Abdominal cramps. Shock or collapse.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LC50 (rat) > 795 mg/m3

LD50 Mouse ip 96 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 4765 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 2120 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit oral 4700 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for DIISOPROPANOLAMINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Exposure treatment: Inhalation: if ill effects occur, remove person to fresh air, and get medical help. Ingestion: if swallowed and patient is conscious and not convulsing, promptly give milk or water, then induce vomiting; get medical help. No specific antidote known. Eye and skin: immediately flush with plenty of water for at least 15 min. For eyes, get medical help promptly. Remove, and wash contaminated clothing before reuse.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Six out of 24 volunteers exhibited irritant responses when patched tested with neat /diisopropanolamine/, but no irritation occurred in a group of 61 volunteers tested with a 1% aqueous solution.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In a repeated patch-test, 25 male and female volunteers had 0.2 mL of a 2% aqueous solution of diisopropanolamine applied to the skin on their backs for 24 hr/day on 3 consecutive days/wk for 3 weeks. After treatment, the application sites were irradiated 3 times with a combination of UVA and UVB rays, at a dose which caused minimal erythema. Thereafter, they were treated only with UVA rays for 6 weeks (at a dose that did not cause erythema), and diisopropanolamine was then applied as patches to 2 sites on the back. One patch remained in place for 24 hours and the site was irradiated at patch removal; the other patch was kept on for 48 hours, and the site was examined for signs of contact dermatitis after removal. Diisopropanolamine did not cause allergic or photoallergic dermatitis.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ...In 203 volunteers, 0.2 mL of a facial sun-protection cream containing 1% diisopropanolamine was applied to the skin on their backs under occlusive cover for 24 hours. The application site was then examined for irritation. 24 hours later, a further patch was applied for 24 hours and this procedure was repeated for 10 working days. After a 13 day treatment-free interval, a patch was applied for 48 hours to test for sensitization. A second challenge patch was applied 8 days later for 48 hours. During the induction period, 12 volunteers showed irritation of varying degrees of severity. The sun-protection cream induced sensitization in one volunteer. /1% Diisopropanolamine/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Contact dermatitis due to 1,1'-iminodi-2-propanol was observed in occupationally exposed workers. Weak sensitization was observed.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for DIISOPROPANOLAMINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Instillation of 50 mg of DIPA into rabbit eyes caused a burn of eyelid, eyeball, and corneal mucosa. Spontaneous recovery within 22 days. A cataract surrounded by opaque cornea remained after the burn.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A facial sunscreen containing 1% diisopropanolamine was administered to rats by gavage. A single 5 g/kg dose of undiluted product was given to five male and five female Sprague-Dawley rats following a 16-22 hr fast. No animals died during the 14 day observation period, but one animal had diarrhea 2 hr after administration of the test substance. Nothing abnormal was observed at necropsy. /1% Diisopropanolamine/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A 30% aqueous solution of diisopropanolamine (DIPA) was administered orally to 2 groups of 2 rats. One group received a dose of 2.0 g/kg; DIPA had no observable effects on these rats. The other group received a dose of 3.98 g/kg; both rats died within 24 hr.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Poisoning induced severe CNS inhibition, coordination disorder, hypothermia, and diarrhea. Mice appeared to be more sensitive than rats and rabbits.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for DIISOPROPANOLAMINE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50 Carassium auratus (Goldfish) 1100 mg/L/24 hr; static

LC50 Xenopus laevis (Clawed frog) 410 mg/L/48 hr; static /formulated product/

LC50 Brachydanio rerio (Zebra Fish) >1000 -2200 mg/L/ 96 hr; static

LC50 Carassius auratus (Goldfish) 1100 mg/L/ 24 hr; static

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for DIISOPROPANOLAMINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Diisopropanolamine's production and use as an emulsifying and neutralizing agent in cosmetics, antimicrobial agent in cutting fluids, and for the removal of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from natural gas, may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.25X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates diisopropanolamine will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase diisopropanolamine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours. If released to soil, diisopropanolamine is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 10; however, the pKa of diisopropanolamine is 9.1, indicating that this compound will exist in the protonated form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly than neutral species. Diisopropanolamine adsorbs strongly to clay minerals, and hence its mobility in surface soils and the subsurface is dependent on the mineralogy in the soil and aquifer. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because cations do not volatilize. Diisopropanolamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its extrapolated vapor pressure. Screening studies using sewage sludge indicated that diisopropanolamine does not biodegrade readily. If released into water, diisopropanolamine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces will not be an important fate process since this compound is expected to exist in the protonated form in water surfaces. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to diisopropanolamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where diisopropanolamine is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to diisopropanolamine dermally through the use of cosmetic products containing this compound. (SRC)

Diisopropanolamine's production and use as an emulsifying and neutralizing agent in cosmetics, antimicrobial agent in cutting fluids, and for the removal of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from natural gas(1), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC) from a log Kow of -0.82(2) and a regression derived equation(3) indicates that diisopropanolamine is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). A pKa value of 9.1(4) indicates that the protonated form of diisopropanolamine will be the dominant species in moist soil surfaces and cations adsorb more strongly than neutral species. Batch adsorption experiments indicated that the adsorption mechanism of diisopropanolamine involves ionic interaction at cation exchange sites of soils and clays, and tends to be greatest in materials that have a large cation exchange capacity such as montmorillonite(5). Volatilization of diisopropanolamine from moist soil surfaces will not be an important fate process since cations do not volatilize. Diisopropanolamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.25X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). Screening studies using sewage sludge indicated that diisopropanolamine does not biodegrade readily(4,7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC) from a log Kow of -0.82(2) and a regression derived equation(3) indicates that diisopropanolamine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). A pKa value of 9.1(4) indicates that the protonated form of diisopropanolamine will be the predominant species in water and cations adsorb more strongly to suspended solids and sediment than neutral species. Volatilization from water surfaces will not occur since cations do not volatilize(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Screening studies using sewage sludge indicated that diisopropanolamine does not biodegrade readily(4,7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), diisopropanolamine, which has a vapor pressure of 1.25X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase diisopropanolamine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours(SRC), from its rate constant of 1X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C, that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Diisopropanolamine is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum(SRC).

Diisopropanolamine achieved 39% of its theoretical oxygen demand using a sewage sludge following a 20 day incubation period(1). No biodegradation was observed at day 5 or day 10, suggesting that an acclimation period was required(1). Diisopropanolamine was classified as recalcitrant based on the results of screening studies using acclimated sewage sludge enrichment cultures(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of diisopropanolamine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Diisopropanolamine will exist predominantly in the protonated form in the environment based on a pKa value of 9.1(2). Diisopropanolamine is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for diisopropanolamine(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.82(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Batch equilibrium studies designed to evaluate the adsorption characteristics of diisopropanolamine in subsurface soils were conducted using aquifer material from three natural gas sites in Canada as well as montmorillonite and kaolinite clay materials(1). The adsorption isotherms were non-linear with Freundlich adsorption (Kf) coefficients ranging from 3.5 to 170, with the greatest values observed in the montmorillonite clay materials(1). Since diisopropanolamine has a pKa value of 9.1(1,2) it exists primarily as a cation in solution and a strong correlation between adsorption and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the material tested was observed(1). It was also noted that adsorption decreased with increasing solution electrolyte concentration as this resulted in competition for cation exchange sites in the clays and soils(1). Adsorption also decreased with increasing pH since at higher pH, a smaller percentage of diisopropanolamine exists in the protonated form.

LC50 Carassium auratus (Goldfish) 1100 mg/L/24 hr; static

LC50 Xenopus laevis (Clawed frog) 410 mg/L/48 hr; static /formulated product/

LC50 Brachydanio rerio (Zebra Fish) >1000 -2200 mg/L/ 96 hr; static

LC50 Carassius auratus (Goldfish) 1100 mg/L/ 24 hr; static

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for DIISOPROPANOLAMINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Diisopropanolamine's production and use as an emulsifying and neutralizing agent in cosmetics, antimicrobial agent in cutting fluids, and for the removal of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from natural gas, may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.25X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates diisopropanolamine will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase diisopropanolamine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours. If released to soil, diisopropanolamine is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 10; however, the pKa of diisopropanolamine is 9.1, indicating that this compound will exist in the protonated form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly than neutral species. Diisopropanolamine adsorbs strongly to clay minerals, and hence its mobility in surface soils and the subsurface is dependent on the mineralogy in the soil and aquifer. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because cations do not volatilize. Diisopropanolamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its extrapolated vapor pressure. Screening studies using sewage sludge indicated that diisopropanolamine does not biodegrade readily. If released into water, diisopropanolamine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces will not be an important fate process since this compound is expected to exist in the protonated form in water surfaces. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to diisopropanolamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where diisopropanolamine is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to diisopropanolamine dermally through the use of cosmetic products containing this compound. (SRC)

Diisopropanolamine's production and use as an emulsifying and neutralizing agent in cosmetics, antimicrobial agent in cutting fluids, and for the removal of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from natural gas(1), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC) from a log Kow of -0.82(2) and a regression derived equation(3) indicates that diisopropanolamine is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). A pKa value of 9.1(4) indicates that the protonated form of diisopropanolamine will be the dominant species in moist soil surfaces and cations adsorb more strongly than neutral species. Batch adsorption experiments indicated that the adsorption mechanism of diisopropanolamine involves ionic interaction at cation exchange sites of soils and clays, and tends to be greatest in materials that have a large cation exchange capacity such as montmorillonite(5). Volatilization of diisopropanolamine from moist soil surfaces will not be an important fate process since cations do not volatilize. Diisopropanolamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.25X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). Screening studies using sewage sludge indicated that diisopropanolamine does not biodegrade readily(4,7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC) from a log Kow of -0.82(2) and a regression derived equation(3) indicates that diisopropanolamine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). A pKa value of 9.1(4) indicates that the protonated form of diisopropanolamine will be the predominant species in water and cations adsorb more strongly to suspended solids and sediment than neutral species. Volatilization from water surfaces will not occur since cations do not volatilize(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Screening studies using sewage sludge indicated that diisopropanolamine does not biodegrade readily(4,7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), diisopropanolamine, which has a vapor pressure of 1.25X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase diisopropanolamine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours(SRC), from its rate constant of 1X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C, that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Diisopropanolamine is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum(SRC).

Diisopropanolamine achieved 39% of its theoretical oxygen demand using a sewage sludge following a 20 day incubation period(1). No biodegradation was observed at day 5 or day 10, suggesting that an acclimation period was required(1). Diisopropanolamine was classified as recalcitrant based on the results of screening studies using acclimated sewage sludge enrichment cultures(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of diisopropanolamine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Diisopropanolamine will exist predominantly in the protonated form in the environment based on a pKa value of 9.1(2). Diisopropanolamine is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for diisopropanolamine(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.82(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Batch equilibrium studies designed to evaluate the adsorption characteristics of diisopropanolamine in subsurface soils were conducted using aquifer material from three natural gas sites in Canada as well as montmorillonite and kaolinite clay materials(1). The adsorption isotherms were non-linear with Freundlich adsorption (Kf) coefficients ranging from 3.5 to 170, with the greatest values observed in the montmorillonite clay materials(1). Since diisopropanolamine has a pKa value of 9.1(1,2) it exists primarily as a cation in solution and a strong correlation between adsorption and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the material tested was observed(1). It was also noted that adsorption decreased with increasing solution electrolyte concentration as this resulted in competition for cation exchange sites in the clays and soils(1). Adsorption also decreased with increasing pH since at higher pH, a smaller percentage of diisopropanolamine exists in the protonated form.

The Koc of diisopropanolamine was estimated as 10(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.82(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that diisopropanolamine is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of diisopropanolamine is 9.1(4) indicating that it exists predominantly in the protonated form in the environment, and protonated species often adsorb strongly to soils and clays through interaction with cation exchange sites(5). In general, diisopropanolamine is expected to possess less mobility in clay soils with a high cation exchange capacity (CEC) than indicated by the estimated Koc value(SRC).

With a pKa of 9.1(1), diisopropanolamine will exist predominantly in its protonated form in the environment and the protonated form of diisopropanolamine will not volatilize from water or moist soil surfaces(2). Diisopropanolamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based on its extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.25X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 35,237 workers (3,440 of these are female) are potentially exposed to diisopropanolamine in the US(1). Occupational exposure to diisopropanolamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where diisopropanolamine is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to diisopropanolamine dermally through the use of cosmetic products containing this compound(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Symbol: Xi; R: 36; S: (2)-26