Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P318, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H226 (21.3%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H300+H310+H330 (25.6%): Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (100%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351 (100%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P316, P318, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 258 reports by companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P262, P264, P270, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Rest. Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of Dichloroethyl Ether Exposure: Acute exposure to dichloroethyl ether may produce the following signs and symptoms: irritation of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, profuse tearing, coughing, retching, and vomiting. Contact with skin and eyes may cause burns. Respiratory signs may include irritation of the respiratory tract, which may progress to pulmonary edema.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to dichloroethyl ether may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to dichloroethyl ether.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to dichloroethyl ether.

3. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of dichloroethyl ether is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

Wear full protective clothing. Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

Use water, foam, mist, fog, spray, or dry chemical. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Spray cooling water on containers that are exposed to flames until well after fire is out. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.

WATER, FOAM, MIST, FOG, SPRAY, DRY CHEMICAL.

If material is on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water and apply water from as far a distance as possible.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Personnel protection: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit. Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1. REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 3. FOR SMALL QUANTITIES, ABSORB ON PAPER TOWELS. EVAPORATE IN A SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS A FUME HOOD). ALLOW SUFFICIENT TIME FOR EVAPORATING VAPORS TO COMPLETELY CLEAR THE HOOD DUCTWORK. BURN THE PAPER IN A SUITABLE LOCATION AWAY FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS. LARGE QUANTITIES CAN BE RECLAIMED.

Treatment methods: conventional municipal treatment: influent 0.055 mg/l, effluent 0.010 mg/l, 82% removal; conventional plus activated carbon: influent 0.154 mg/l, effluent no data, +/- 100% removal.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

A method was developed to differentiate between the physical and chemical components of containment for different contaminants in cement-based waste-forms. The method was illustrated using seven waste forms containing four organic contaminants. Containment was mainly physical for phenol and aniline, while chemical containment was more important for acenaphthene and bis (2-chloroethyl/ether). The method proposed involves a simple addition to the ANSI/ANS 16.1 protocol and it can be used to determine the importance of waste form durability for the long-term containment of contaminants.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U025, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperture range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. Also, a potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Dichloroethyl ether is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... Summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL) ETHER (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

WHERE DICHLOROETHYL ETHER IS EVAPORATED ABOVE ITS FLASH POINT AS MAY OCCUR IN A TEXTILE DRYING OVEN, MEANS OF IGNITION INCLUDING SOURCES OF STATIC ELECTRICITY SHOULD BE ELIMINATED.

Clothing contaminated with liquid dichloroethyl ether should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of dichloroethyl ether from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the dichloroethyl ether, the person performing the operation should be informed of dichloroethyl ether's hazardous properties. Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with liquid dichloroethyl ether should be removed immediately and not reworn until the dichloroethyl ether is removed from the clothing.

Where there is any possibility of exposure of an employee's body to liquid dichloroethyl ether, facilities for quick drenching of the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use.

Skin that becomes contaminated with liquid dichloroethyl ether should be immediately washed or showered with soap or mild detergent and water to remove any dichloroethyl ether. Employees who handle liquid dichloroethyl ether should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent and water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL) ETHER (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Keep in the dark. Well closed.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Store away form heat, oxidizing materials, strong acids, & sunlight.

Ethers should not be stored near powerful oxidizers or in areas of high fire hazard. They should be kept cool and the containers electrically grounded to avoid sparks. /Ethers/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.5 [ppm]

10 [ppm]

26 [ppm]

250 [ppm]

5 ppm (30 mg/m³)

10 ppm (60 mg/m³)

Ca TWA 5 ppm (30 mg/m3) ST 10 ppm (60 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix A

15 ppm (90 mg/m³)

TWA 15 ppm (90 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix G

100 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

100.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Patty [1963] that 250 ppm caused death in rats from a 4­hour exposure [Carpenter et al. 1949] and that 500 to 1000 ppm might cause death in guinea pigs from an exposure of only 30 to 60 minutes duration [Schrenk et al. 1933]. . . . Human data: Volunteers found brief (undefined) exposures to 100 to 260 ppm to be tolerable, although irritating [Schrenk et al. 1933].

NIOSH considers dichloroethyl ether to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [100 ppm]

See: 111444

5.0 [ppm]

10.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 5 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 10 ppm, skin

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

5 ppm as TWA; 10 ppm as STEL; (skin); A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).

5 ppm [1985]

10 ppm [1985]

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.02 ppm (L134)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

2,2'-dichlorodiethyl ether appears as a clear colorless liquid with a sweet pleasant or nauseating odor. Flash point 131 °F. Denser than water and insoluble in water. Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption. Used in cleaning compounds, paints, textile finishing, and as a general solvent.

Colorless liquid with a chlorinated solvent-like odor; [NIOSH]

CLEAR COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a chlorinated solvent-like odor.

COLORLESS, CLEAR LIQ

Colorless liquid ...

NAUSEATING ODOR RESEMBLING ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE

SWEET, LIKE CHLOROFORM

... Chlorinated solvent-like odor.

352 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

178.5 °C

178.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-58 °F (EPA, 1998)

-51.9 °C

131 °F (EPA, 1998)

63 °C (CLOSED CUP)

55 °C c.c.

Reaction (NTP, 1992)

MISCIBLE WITH AROMATIC BUT NOT PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS

SOL IN ALC, ETHER, ACETONE, BENZENE

1.1 wt% water @ 20 °C

Soluble in oxygenated solvents and aromatic solvents

In water, 10,200 mg/l at 20 °C

1.22 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.22 @ 20 °C/20 °C

% IN "SATURATED" AIR @ 25 °C, 760 MM HG: 0.18; DENSITY OF "SATURATED" AIR @ 25 °C, 760 MM HG: 1.007

Relative density (water = 1): 1.22

1.22 @ 20°C

4.93 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.93 (AIR= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.9

0.7 mmHg at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

1.55 [mmHg]

1.55 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 25 °C: 0.206

0.7 mmHg

0.75 [mm Hg] @19.8 °C

log Kow= 1.29

696 °F (USCG, 1999)

369 °C (696 °F)

Flammable. Insoluble in water. Reacts slowly with water to form HCl. Oxidizes readily in air to form unstable peroxides that may explode spontaneously [Bretherick, 1979 p.151-154].

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Peroxidizable Compound

2,2'-DICHLORODIETHYL ETHER may form phosgene or hydrogen when heated to high temperature. Oxidizes readily in air to form unstable peroxides that may explode spontaneously [Bretherick, 1979 p.151-154]. Mixing in equal molar portions with the following substances in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase: chlorosulfonic acid and oleum [NFPA 1991].

... IT DECOMPOSES IN PRESENCE OF MOISTURE TO FORM HYDROCHLORIC ACID.

REACTS VIGOROUSLY WITH OLEUM, CHLOROSULFONIC ACID.

Strong oxidizers [Note: Decomposes in presense of moisture to form hydrochloric acid].

Strong oxidizers [Note: Decomposes in presence of moisture to form hydrochloric acid.]

Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether

D: Other compounds that may form peroxides

Kelly, Cameo

https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/3150

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

Quantitative information on the kinetics and metabolism of BCEE /bis(2-chloroethyl) ether/... in humans is not available. ... Limited data show that radioactive BCEE administered to rats by inhalation or gavage is rapidly absorbed. ... BCEE is readily metabolized in rats. The principal metabolite is thiodiglycolic acid ... BCEE is eliminated quickly in both rats and rhesus monkeys. ... BCEE is acutely toxic by the oral, inhalation or dermal routes of exposure. ... Exposure of laboratory animals by inhalation to high single concentrations ... resulted in eye irritation as well as congestion, edema, and hemorrhage in the lungs. ... In general, positive results were obtained when ... tested for mutagenicity in vitro. ... /In one study/ there was a significant increase in the incidence of hepatomas (combined benign hepatomas and malignant tumors) compared to unexposed controls. ... Other limited studies in rats and mice using oral gavage, subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection and skin painting failed to confirm these findings. ... BCEE was found to be irritating to the eyes and nasal passages of humans ... following short term exposure. No epidemiological studies on the effects of long term exposure to BCEE have been reported. ... None of the long term studies in laboratory animals is of sufficient quality to provide quantitative information on either the potential of BCEE to cause cancer or the toxicological effects produced by long term exposure to this substance.

BCEE is extremely meabolized, with thiodiglycolic acid (TDGA) being the principal endproduct. The pathway leading to TDGA formation is uncertain, but probably involves oxidative cleavage of the ether bond to yield chloroacetaldehyde and 2-chloroethanol. (L183)

Bis(chloroethyl)ether (BCEE)

bis(2-Chloroethyl)ether

Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC)

Listed as Bis(chloroethyl)ether (BCEE)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group B2 Probable Human Carcinogen

CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Positive carcinogenicity results in two strains of mice and evidence of mutagenicity. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None.

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of bis(2-chloroethyl)ether in humans. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of bis(2-chloroethyl)ether. Overall evaluation: Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans (Group 3).

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 9: (1975) Some Aziridines, N-, S- and O-Mustards and Selenium

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

The principal acute effect of inhalation exposure to BCEE vapor is irritation and injury to the cells of the respiratory epithelium. BCEE vapors can cause loss of weight, nose irritation, severe injury to the lungs, and may lead to death. It might also cause cancer. (L183)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L184); inhalation (L184) ; dermal (L184)

Cough. Sore throat. Nausea. Vomiting. Burning sensation. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.

MAY BE ABSORBED!

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting. Burning sensation.

irritation nose, throat, respiratory system; lacrimation (discharge of tears); cough; nausea, vomiting; In Animals: pulmonary edema; liver damage; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Symptoms of BCEE exposure include coughing, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, burning sensation, redness of the exposed surface, laboured breathing, and abdominal pain, depending on the route of exposure. Symptoms may be delayed. (L184)

Body Weight, Ocular (Eyes), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Eyes, respiratory system, liver

[in animals: liver tumors]

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

IRIS Current

ATSDR Final

LC50 (rat) = 330 mg/m3/4H

LD50 Mouse oral 136 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit oral 126 mg/kg

EC50 Daphnia magna (cladoceran) 238,000 ug/l/48 hr /in static and unmeasured methodologies/

2.30e-01

1.00e+00

8.50e-03

3.70e-02

1.40e-02

4.00e+00

1.10e+00

3.30e-04

Volatile

5.05e+03

2.30e+01

1.00e+02

8.50e-01

3.70e+00

1.40e+00

Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether's former production and use in the textile industry and as a solvent in natural and synthetic resins may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.55 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates bis(2-chloroethyl) ether will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase bis(2-chloroethyl) ether will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 days. If released to soil, bis(2-chloroethyl) ether is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 120. It may be resistant to biodegradation in environmental media based upon screening test data from studies using activated sludge. Many ethers are known to be resistant to biodegradation. In one study, bis(2-chloroethyl) ether showed 50% biodegradation after 30 days when incubated with Ohio River water; acclimation appears to be important. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.9X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. If released into water, bis(2-chloroethyl) ether is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based on the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based on its estimated Henry's Law constant. The volatilization half-life from a model river and a model lake is estimated as approximately 40 hours and 16 days, respectively. A BCF of 0.4 to 11 suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The hydrolysis half-life for bis(2-chloroethyl) ether in water was determined to be 3 years in one study and 22 years in demineralized water in another study. 2-(2-Chloroethoxy) ethanol and diethylene glycol were determined to be the major hydrolysis by-products of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether. Direct photolysis in the atmosphere is not expected to be a major significant degradation process since no functional groups are present in bis(2-chloroethyl) ether that would lead to absorption of sunlight. The most probable routes of general population exposure to bis(2-chloroethyl) ether are inhalation of contaminated air and ingestion of contaminated drinking water. Exposure through dermal contact may occur in occupational settings. Inhalation and dermal exposure would have been expected to be highest in workplaces where bis(2-chloroethyl) ether is made and used. (SRC)

/BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)ETHER/ ... CAN BE FORMED DURING CHLORINATION WATER TREATMENT WHEN ETHYL ETHER IS PRESENT. BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)ETHER HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED IN FINISHED WATER ...

Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether's former production and use in the textile industry and as a solvent in natural and synthetic resins(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.29(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that bis(2-chloroethyl) ether is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether from moist soil surfaces is expected to be important(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.9X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated from its vapor pressure(4) and water solubility(5). In a 140 cm long column containing Lincoln fine sand collected in Ada, OK, 86% of the applied bis(2-chloroethyl) ether reached 140 cm, indicating minimal adsorption to this soil(6). The potential for volatilization of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based on a vapor pressure of 1.55 mm Hg(4). No data concerning the hydrolysis of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether in soil were available. The hydrolysis rate constant for bis(2-chloroethyl) ether in water was determined to be 2.6X10-5/hour under neutral conditions; this corresponds to a half-life at pH 7 and 25 °C of 3 years(7). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether may be resistant to biodegradation under aerobic conditions in environmental media based upon screening test data from studies using activated sludge(8,RC). In one study, bis(2-chloroethyl) ether showed 50% biodegradation after 30 days when incubated with Ohio River water; acclimation appears to be important(9). In general, many ethers are known to be resistant to biodegradation(10).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.29(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that bis(2-chloroethyl) ether is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3,SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.9X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated from its vapor pressure(4) and water solubility(5). Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 40 hours and 16 days, respectively(3,SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of 0.4 to 1.3(7) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). In one study, bis(2-chloroethyl) ether showed 50% biodegradation after 30 days when incubated with Ohio River water; acclimation appears to be important(8). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether may be resistant to biodegradation under aerobic conditions in environmental media based upon screening test data from studies using activated sludge(7,SRC). In general, many ethers are known to be resistant to biodegradation(9). The hydrolysis rate constant for bis(2-chloroethyl) ether in water was determined to be 2.6X10-5/hour under neutral conditions; this corresponds to a half-life at pH 7 and 25 °C of 3 years(10). The hydrolysis half-life of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether in demineralized water at 25 °C was determined to be 22 years(11). 2-(2-Chloroethoxy) ethanol and diethylene glycol were determined to be the major hydrolysis by-products of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether(12).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, which has a vapor pressure of 1.55 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase bis(2-chloroethyl) ether is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 days(3,SRC). Direct photolysis in the atmosphere is not expected to be a major significant degradation process since no functional groups are present in bis(2-chloroethyl) ether that would lead to absorption of sunlight(SRC).

Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether was added to Ohio River water at pH 7.2 and 22-25 °C(1). Thirty-five days following the addition of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether to the water, 50% of the carbon dioxide theoretically derivable from bis(2-chloroethyl) ether was recovered. After a second addition of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, only 9-10 days were required to observe 50% recovery of theoretical carbon dioxide, suggesting acclimation was necessary for optimal biodegradation rates(1). The absence of evidence of biodegradation in another study(2) may be attributed to an insufficiently long acclimation period (18 days)(SRC). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, present at 100 mg/l, reached 8.3% of its theoretical BOD in 3 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum(3).

The rate constant for the vapor phase reactions of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be 3.2X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1), which corresponds to a half-life of 5 days at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm (SRC). The hydrolysis rate constant for bis(2-chloroethyl) ether in water was determined to be 2.6X10-5/hour under neutral conditions; this corresponds to a half-life at pH 7 and 25 °C of 3 years(2). The hydrolysis half-life of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether in demineralized water at 25 °C was determined to be 22 years(3). 2-(2-Chloroethoxy) ethanol and diethylene glycol were determined to be the major hydrolysis by-products of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether(4). Photolysis is not expected to be significant since bis(2-chloroethyl) ether has no conjugated, unsaturated system(SRC).

A BCF of 0.4 to 1.3 in carp(1) and a BCF of 11 in bluegills exposed to bis(2-chloroethyl) ether for 14 days(2) was observed. According to a classification scheme(3), these BCF values suggest that the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

The Koc of bis(2- chloroethyl) ether is estimated as approximately 120(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.29(1) and a regression-derived equation(2,SRC). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that bis(2-chloroethyl) ether is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). In a 140 cm long column containing Lincoln fine sand collected in Ada, OK, 86% of the applied bis(2-chloroethyl) ether reached 140 cm, indicating minimal adsorption to this soil(4).

The Henry's Law constant for bis(2-chloroethyl) ether is estimated as 2.9X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental values for vapor pressure, 1.55 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 10,200 mg/l(3). This Henry's Law constant indicates that bis(2-chloroethyl) ether is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2,SRC). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the estimated volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is approximately 40 hours(2,SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is approximately 16 days(2,SRC). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether's Henry's Law constant(1,2,SRC) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Loss of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether due to volatilization was 0% from a microcosm simulating high-rate application of municipal wastewater to land(4).

In Kanawha River, WV (11/13/63): raw water, 55 ppb; sand filtered, 10 ppb; in Kanawha River, WV (11/21/63): raw water, 154 ppb; after aeration: 104 ppb; carbon filtered: not detectable

GROUNDWATER: Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether was detected but not quantified in samples of well water collected near a solid waste landfill located 60 miles southwest of Wilmington, DE(1). Leachates from wells near low level radioactive waste disposal sites contained bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, but no quantitative data were presented(2). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether was identified, but not quantified, in samples collected on September 9, 1980 from an uncontaminated well bordering a US Army installation site in Bristol, RI(3). Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether was qualitatively detected on-site and off-site at the Lipari Landfill Superfund site, Gloucester County, New Jersey in surface and groundwater samples collected from 1983-1984(4).

DRINKING WATER: Drinking water samples taken from New Orleans, LA contained 0.04 ug/l bis(2-chloroethyl) (1). Samples of drinking water obtained from unspecified locations in the US and the Netherlands contained 0.42 ug/l and 0.1 ug/l bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, respectively(2). Drinking water samples taken in the Netherlands contained a maximum of 30 ng/l bis(2-chloroethyl) ether (3). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether was detected but not quantified in drinking water samples from Evansville, IN(4), Philadelphia, PA(1) and from an unspecified treatment plant in the United Kingdom(5). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether was identified but not quantified in drinking water from the Torresdale Water Treatment Plant in Philadelphia, PA, Feb 1975-Nov 1976, 7 samples, 86% pos(6). Samples of drinking water in 113 U.S. cities were found to contain bis(2-chloroethyl)ether ranging in concn from 0.005 to 0.36 ug/l(7).

SURFACE WATER: The median bis(2-chloroethyl) ether concn in water samples taken across the United States is < 10.0 ug/l based on 808 samples, of which 3 contained detectable bis(2-chloroethyl) ether residues. These data are contained in the STORET data base and only an unspecified portion pertains to surface water(1). Trace concns of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether were found in five surface water samples taken from sites along the Delaware River in March 1977; no bis(2-chloroethyl) ether was detected in 11 surface water samples taken from the river in August 1976(2). The bis(2-chloroethyl) ether concn in three samples of surface water taken from New Orleans and Baton Rouge ranged from 0.040-0.16 ug/l with a mean bis(2-chloroethyl) ether concn of 0.11 ug/l; one surface water sample taken in the Houston area contained 1.4 ug/l(3). Raw water samples collected in unspecified locations in the United Kingdom contained bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, but no quantitative data were presented(4). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether was identified but not quantified in bank-filtered Rhine water(5). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether was identified in an aqueous sample collected near Quantico, VA as having a concn <2 ug/l(6). The concn of stormwater detected in roof areas, parking areas, street runoff, vehicle service areas, landscaped areas, urban creeks, and detention ponds of Birmingham, Al averaged 42, 20, 15, 45, 23, 200, and 15 ug/l, respectively(4). Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether was qualitatively detected on-site and off-site at the Lipari Landfill Superfund site, Gloucester County, New Jersey in surface water samples collected from 1983-1984(7).

Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether residues in treated wastewater effluents from several industries were as follows: Foundries - 2 samples, 100% positive, 8-9 ug/l, 8.5 ug/l avg; organic chemicals manufacturing/plastics - 3 of an unspecified number of samples pos, 710 ug/l avg; paint and ink formulation - unspecified number of samples or number pos, >10 ug/l maximum concn(1). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether was identified in a synthetic rubber plant effluent - 0.16 mg/l(2). The concn of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether identified in leachate from 58 landfills across North America was determined to be 12.4 mg/l(3). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether was detected in raw sludge and treated sludge, concns unknown, in samples taken from 37 water pollution control plants in Ontario, Canada between January and July 1986(4). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether was detected but not quantified in stack emissions from a hazardous waste incinerator in California(5).

Soil and sediment samples collected at Love Canal, NY contained bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, concn not quantified(1). Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether was qualitatively detected on-site and off-site at the Lipari Landfill Superfund site, Gloucester County, New Jersey in soil samples collected from 1983-1984(2).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether was detected but not quantified in the atmosphere above the Lipari and BFI landfills in New Jersey(1). Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether was qualitatively detected on-site and off-site at the Lipari Landfill Superfund site, Gloucester County, New Jersey in air samples collected from 1983-1984(2).

The concn of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether in oysters collected between May-June 1980 from areas of Lake Pontchartrain, LA, Inner Harbor Navigation Canal, averaged 0.6 ppb (wet weight) in 8 samples; in clams collected from Chef Manteur Pass and The Rigolets, bis(2-chloroethyl) ether not detected in composite samples(1). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether was identified, but not quantified, in whole fish samples collected in the fall of 1983 from 13 Lake Michigan tributaries and Grand Traverse Bay(2). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether was identified, but not quantified, in composite fish samples collected between 1980 and 1981 1983 from Great Lakes Harbors and Tributaries(2).

The maximum concn of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether in fumigants, solvents, insecticides, paint, lacquers, and varnishes was determined to be 204 ug/l (14% detection frequency)(1).

Dichloroethyl ether can affect the body if it is inhaled, comes in contact with the eyes or skin, or swallowed. It may enter the body through the skin.

NIOSH (NOHS Survey 1972-1974) has statistically estimated that 42 workers are exposed to bis(2-chloroethyl) ether in the USA(1). Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether has been detected in drinking water(2-5); therefore, exposure to the general population may occur through consumption of contaminated drinking water(SRC). In occupational settings, exposure to bis(2-chloroethyl) ether may occur through inhalation of vapors and through eye and skin contact(SRC).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U025, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperture range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. Also, a potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Dichloroethyl ether is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... Summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL) ETHER (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Combustible)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL) ETHER (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1916; 2,2-Dichlorodiethyl ether

IMO 6.1; 2,2-Dichlorodiethyl ether

49 215 50; Dichloroethyl ether

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Poison Flammable Liquid

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T+; R: 10-26/27/28-40; S: (1/2)-7/9-27-28-36/37-45

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 3; UN Pack Group: II