nonane

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.2% (3 of 1344) of reports.

H226 (65.8%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304 (65.3%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (55%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (53.4%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (29.7%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336 (55.3%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H400 (22.2%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (31%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

H411 (13.4%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1344 reports by companies from 39 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 3 of 1344 reports by companies.

There are 38 notifications provided by 1341 of 1344 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention if skin irritation occurs.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

For small (incipient) fires, use media such as "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. For large fires, apply water from as far as possible. Use very larg quantities (flooding) of water applied as a mist or spray; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Ventilation. Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapors adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Ventilation. Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations...

Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (i.e., for liquids with a flash point <100 °F).

Use protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulation to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Store in cool place. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Moisture sensitive.

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

200 [ppm]

2200 [ppm]

13000 [ppm]

200 ppm (1050 mg/m³)

TWA 200 ppm (1050 mg/m3)

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

200.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 200 ppm.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

200 ppm as TWA

200 ppm [2011]

Denmark TWA 200 ppm (1050 mg/cu m)

Finland TWA 200 ppm (1050 mg/cu m)

France TWA 200 ppm (1050 mg/cu m)

Ireland TWA 200 ppm (1050 mg/cu m)

For more Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines (Complete) data for N-NONANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A harmful contamination of the air will not or will only very slowly be reached on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. Exposure to the vapour could cause lowering of consciousness. If swallowed the substance easily enters the airways and could result in aspiration pneumonitis.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Nonane:

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: WHEN WET (FLAMMABLE) - Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (i.e., for liquids with a flash point <100 °F).

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift.

Provide: EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possbility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

Important additional information about respirator selection

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Above 31 °C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e.g., by grounding).

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

N-nonane appears as a clear colorless liquid with a sharp odor. Flash point 86 °F. Insoluble in water and less dense than water. Contact may irritate eyes and possibly injury the cornea. May irritate skin. Vapor inhalation may cause irritation. Prolonged inhalation may lead to breathing difficulty. Ingestion causes abdominal discomfort, nausea and diarrhea.

Other Solid; Liquid

Colorless liquid with a gasoline-like odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a gasoline-like odor.

Colorless liquid

Gasoline-like odor

303.4 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

150.47 °C

149.00 to 152.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

150.8 °C

150.82 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-60 °F (NTP, 1992)

-53.47 °C

-53.46 °C

88 °F (NTP, 1992)

88 °F (31 °C) (Closed Cup)

31 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 0.220 mg/L at 25 °C

Very soluble in ethanol and ether; miscible with acetone, benzene, chloroform, hydrogen peroxide

0.00022 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.00002 (very poor)

Insoluble

0.718 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.7176 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.7

0.7192 @ 20°C

4.41 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.41 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.4

3.22 mmHg at 68 °F ; 10 mmHg at 100.4 °F (NTP, 1992)

4.45 [mmHg]

4.45 mm Hg at 25 °C /Extrapolated/

Vapor pressure, kPa at 25 °C: 0.59

7.5 [mm Hg] @34 °C

log Kow = 5.65

401 °F (USCG, 1999)

401 °F (205 °C)

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Saturated

Highly Flammable

N-NONANE is incompatible with oxidizing materials. It is also incompatible with oxygen. (NTP, 1992).

Can react with oxidizing materials.

Strong oxidizers (e.g., peroxides, nitrates, perchlorates).

Strong oxidizers (e.g., peroxides, nitrates, perchlorates)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Sore throat. Drowsiness. Dizziness. Ataxia Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

Dry skin. Redness.

Redness.

Nausea. Vomiting. Aspiration hazard! Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; headache, drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, nausea, tremor, incoordination; chemical pneumonitis (aspiration liquid)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

n-Nonane

3 x 10^-3 mg/kg-day

2 x 10^-2 mg/m^3

2 x 10^-1 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

PPRTV Current

SCREEN Current

LC50 (rat) = 3,200 ppm/4h

LD50 Mouse iv 218 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation 3200 ppm/4 hr

The penetration enhancing effects of nonane on the in vivo penetration of 1 mg propranolol hydrochloride applied under topical occlusive conditions with and without the presence of 4% nonane to 12 human volunteers are described. Propranolol penetration increased from 0.705 to 1.402% of the applied dose in the presence of nonane. All 7 subjects receiving the enhancer sustained moderate to severe erythema with slight edema at the application site, with slight eschar formation observed in 2 subjects after 24 hr exposure. In in vitro studies propranolol bioavailability was increased from 1.03 to 2.28% of the applied dose.

Alkaline phosphatase activity in liver, spleen, and bone marrow were increased in female rats exposed to n-octane or n-nonane for 2 and 7 days. The increase in splenic alkaline phosphatase activity persisted for up to 42 days after a single dose of either solvent. Pretreatment with protein formation inhibitors, cycloheximide or ethionine, removed this observed increase of alkaline phosphatase activity in liver and spleen.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... ./Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously.Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Consider the skin, eyes and respiratory system in preplacement and periodic physical examinations.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The penetration enhancing effects of nonane on the in vivo penetration of 1 mg propranolol hydrochloride applied under topical occlusive conditions with and without the presence of 4% nonane to 12 human volunteers are described. Propranolol penetration increased from 0.705 to 1.402% of the applied dose in the presence of nonane. All 7 subjects receiving the enhancer sustained moderate to severe erythema with slight edema at the application site, with slight eschar formation observed in 2 subjects after 24 hr exposure. In in vitro studies propranolol bioavailability was increased from 1.03 to 2.28% of the applied dose.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Increased indoor air concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC) have been shown to contribute to the risk of respiratory and allergic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the inflammatory potential of single VOC and mixtures using an in vitro model. TNF-alpha stimulated human lung epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to VOC (1 ng/m3-100g/m3) via gas phase. After 20 hr of exposure cytotoxicity and the release of the pro-inflammatory molecules monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 was analyzed... Neither the aliphatic compounds n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane, n-dodecane, n-tridecane, and methylcyclopentane nor the mixture of these VOC showed any effects on MCP-1 and IL-8 production. Cytotoxic effects were not observed...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ...The effects of dermal exposures of selected aliphatic hydrocarbons (nonane, dodecane and tetradecane) on the skin irritation (erythema), transepidermal waterloss (TEWL) and expression of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the skin and blood of hairless rats /were investigated/. Dermal exposures were carried out by occlusive application of chemicals ... for 1 hr. The expression of IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 was measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and the regulatory proteins NFkappaB and IkappaBalpha were measured by Western blot analysis. The skin irritation and TEWL data indicate that the irritation was in the following decreasing order: nonane > dodecane > tetradecane. Likewise, nonane significantly increased the expression of IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 in skin and blood as compared to control at different time points. Dodecane and tetradecane did not show any increase in the expression of IL-1 alpha and MCP-1 as compared to control (P>0.05), but the expression of TNF-alpha by dodecane and tetradecane was significantly higher than control at all time points. The release of cytokines by nonane exposure was further supported by activation of NFkappaB p65 and corresponding degradation of IkappaBalpha in the skin. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the biophysical parameters (TEWL and erythema scores) were correlated to the biomarker expressions after dermal exposures with nonane but not with dodecane and tetradecane. ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ After 2 and 7 days on n-octane and n-nonane administration (intraperitoneally) to female albino rats, alterations in the levels of hepatic xenobiotic metabolising enzyme activities and TBA reactants were observed. 50-80% reduction in the specific activities of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase, benzphetamine-N-demethylase, p-nitroanisole-O-demethylase and glutathione-S-transferase were observed. Cytochrome P-450 and free sulfhydryl contents of liver were also decreased significantly after 7 days treatment on n-octane and n-nonane. A 2- and 3- fold increase in liver lipid peroxidation estimated as TBA reactants was observed in the animals treated for 2 or 7 days with n-octane or n-nonane.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The effects of n-octane and n-nonane on hepatic function were studied in rats. Female albino-rats received 1.0 mL/kg n-octane or n-nonane intraperitoneally for 2 or 7 days. Rats were killed at intervals after a 20 hour fast. Blood samples were collected and serum was separated. Liver was removed, washed, and homogenized. Acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, fructose-diphosphate-aldolase, and 5'-nucleotidase activities, serum total protein and albumin, total lipids, total and free cholesterol, and nucleic-acids were determined. Serum acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase activities decreased significantly and fructose-diphosphate-aldolase activity increased significantly when compared to controls. After 7 days of exposure to n-octane and n-nonane, 5'-nucleotidase activity significantly increased in the liver. Serum total protein significantly decreased by 34% and 38% for n-octane and n-nonane, respectively, when compared to controls. Albumin and serum esterified cholesterol significantly decreased by 41% and 60%, respectively, for n-octane and n-nonane when compared to controls. Total cholesterol significantly decreased by 42 and 46% for n-octane and n-nonane, respectively. In liver, esterified cholesterol significantly decreased, free cholesterol significantly increased, and nucleic acid contents were unchanged.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ During 7 days of inhalation of vapor at a concentration of 8.1 mg/L (1500 ppm) for 6 hr/day rats had mild tremor, slight coordination loss and slight irritation of eyes and extremities.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for N-NONANE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.10e+01

7.20e+01

2.10e+01

8.80e+01

5.30e+00

1.00e+03

7.50e-02

1.10e+01

7.20e+01

2.10e+01

8.80e+01

5.30e+00

1.00e+03

7.50e-02

3.00e-04

2.00e-02

Volatile

6.86e+00

3.40e+01

2.20e+02

6.30e+01

2.60e+02

1.60e+01

Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in soil.

n-Nonane's production and use as a solvent, an ingredient for the syntehsis of biodegradable detergents, and as a reagent in organic synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. The presence of n-nonane in gasoline and petroleum based products may result in its release through the use of these substances as well. n-Nonane is a constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas. n-Nonane was identified as a volatile constituent in kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) flowers, in the essential oil of Common St Johnswort (Hyericum perfortum), ginger (Zingiber officale), and in the fruit of black pepper (Piper nigrum). The compound has been identified in the volatile fraction of Korean chamchwi (Aster scber Thunb). If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 4.45 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-nonane will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-nonane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.7 days. n-Nonane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, n-nonane is expected to have no mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 8.0X10+4. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.4 atm-cu m/mole. n-Nonane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. n-Nonane is expected to biodegrade in soil based on 100% degradation after 5 and 25 days in screening tests using seawater sediment and activated sewage sludge inocula, respectively. If released into water, n-nonane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Based on 100% degradation within 25 days during aerobic biodegradation screening tests, n-nonane is expected to biodegrade in natural water. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.3 hours and 4.5 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 155 days if adsorption is considered. An estimated BCF of 12,000 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups. Occupational exposure to n-nonane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-nonane is produced or used. The most likely pathway by which the general public is exposed to n-nonane is by inhalation due to the release of this substance from gasoline and other petroleum products. Monitoring data also indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-nonane via ingestion of food and drinking water, although these pathways are considered minor when compared with inhalation. (SRC)

n-Nonane is a constituent of the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas(1). n-Nonane was identified as a volatile constituent in kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) flowers(2), in the essential oil of Common St Johnswort (Hyericum perfortum), ginger (Zingiber officale), and in the fruit of black pepper (Piper nigrum)(3). The compound has been identified in the volatile fraction of Korean chamchwi (Aster scber Thunb)(4).

n-Nonane's production and use as a solvent, an ingredient for the synthesis of biodegradable detergents, and as a reagent in organic synthesis(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). The presence of n-nonane in gasoline and petroleum based products(2) may result in its release through the use of these substances as well(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8.0X10+4(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 5.65(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-nonane is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-nonane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.45 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 22 mg/L)(5). n-Nonane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Evaporation was considered to be the primary removal mechanism during a study where n-nonane was completely removed from both sterile and non-sterile soils after 5 days(6). Under conditions where volatilization is hindered, biodegradation of n-nonane is expected to be an important fate process based on 100% degradation after 5 and 25 days in screening tests using seawater sediment and activated sewage sludge inocula, respectively(7,8), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8.0X10+4(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 5.65(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-nonane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.45 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 22 mg/L)(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.3 hours and 4.5 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 155 days if adsorption is considered(7). According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 100(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Based on 100% degradation after 5 days in water inoculated with seawater sediment(9) and 100% degradation after 25 days in water inoculated with activated sewage sludge(10), biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process for n-nonane in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-nonane, which has a vapor pressure of 4.45 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-nonane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.02X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). n-Nonane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: n-Nonane was degraded by 27% within 5 days and 100% within 15 days during a test where 1 ml of crude oil was added to a 100 ml simulated seawater solution inoculated with sediment samples from Fukae of Kobe harbor, Japan(1). n-Nonane was degraded by 18% within 5 days and 58% within 15 days after 1 mL of crude oil was added to a 100 mL seawater soln collected at Fukae of Kobe harbor, Japan(1). Complete recovery was reported for all the control samples(1). n-Nonane was completely degraded after a 25 day incubation period in gasoline (400 mg/L) inoculated with activated aerobic sewage sludge (100 mg dry wt/L)(2). The initial concentration of n-nonane was not provided. The concentration of n-nonane in an abiotic flask 25 days after gasoline was added was 0.41 mg/L(2). n-Nonane degradation was observed in active and sterile sandy loam treated with JP-4 jet fuel (10 uL per gram of soil)(3). The concentration of n-nonane at 0 time was 0.118 ug/mL in the active soil and 0.110 ug/mL in the sterile soil while the concentrations in both soils were 0 ug/mL when they were tested a second time after 5 days(3). Evaporation was considered to be the primary removal process(3). Biodiesel B20 (20% soybean fatty acid methyl esters and 80% petroleum diesel) exhibited a half-life of <30 days using an acclimated aquatic inocula from a rainwater detention pond; a half-life of 2.1 days was calculated for n-nonane, a component of this fuel(4). n-Nonane, present at 1.2 ug as a component in gasoline, was incubated in a New Jersey rainwater retention pond. The median half-life of total detectable gasoline hydrocarbons was 5.0 days(5).

The degradation of n-alkanes by microorganisms is similar to the degradation of fatty acids. The terminal methyl group is enzymatically oxidized by incorporation of a molecular oxygen by a monooxygenase producing a primary alcohol with further oxidation to an acid group, although involvement of a dioxygenase is also postulated. Once the fatty acid is produced, it is degraded into 2-carbon units via the beta-oxidation pathway. ... Another pathway for n-alkane degradation that is encountered less often is the oxidation of both terminal carbons to form a dioic acid with subsequent beta-oxidation. Subterminal oxidation of the 2-carbon atom is seen mainly in C3-C6 alkanes, although it does occur in longer chain alkanes also. ... A dehydrogenation of the n-alkane may also occur yielding an alkene which is then converted to an alcohol, although there is little evidence for this theory. Some microorganisms have been shown to have both terminal and subterminal oxidation, each having different rates of activity. The different chain lengths of n-alkanes are degraded to different extents ... . At chain lengths greater than C6 the degradability generally increases until about C11-C12. ... /n-Alkanes/

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of n-nonane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 1.02X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). n-Nonane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). n-Nonane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 100 was calculated in fish for n-nonane(SRC), using a log Kow of 5.65(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

The Koc of n-nonane is estimated as 8.0X10+4(SRC), using a log Kow of 5.65(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that n-nonane is expected to be immobile in soil. Freundlich absorption coefficients of log 4.50 and log 4.01 were measured in Oberlausitz lignite (11.1% moisture content; 53.5 wt% carbon content; 0.6 wt % nitrogen content) and Pahokee peat soil (10.2% moisture content; 46.1 wt% carbon content; 3.3 wt % nitrogen content), respectively(4).

The Henry's Law constant for n-nonane is estimated as 3.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 4.45 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 22 mg/L)(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that n-nonane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4.5 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 155 days if adsorption is considered(4). n-Nonane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of n-nonane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon the vapor pressure(1).

DRINKING WATER: n-Nonane was identified in 10 of 14 treated water supplies in England(1). n-Nonane was listed as one of the many organic chemicals identified in drinking water in the USA as of 1974(2) and as of 1982(3). The drinking water supply for the District of Columbia was found to contain n-nonane; the concentration was estimated to be 0.01 ppm(4). n-Nonane was detected in New York City drinking water at a concentration of 0.02 ug/L(5).

SURFACE WATER: The average n-nonane concentration of 6 water samples from both Little Britain Lake and Welsh Harp Lake, England were 5.2 and 6.5 ppb, respectively(1). The n-nonane average concentration of weekly samples taken over an approximate period of 1 year for Luton Brook, England was 7.2 ppb(1). The average n-nonane concentration for water samples taken from the River Pinn at Brunel University, England was 3.0 ppb(1). The mean concentration of n-nonane measured in samples from the Besos and Llobregat Rivers which flow through Barcelona, Spain were 4,500 and 490 ng/L, respectively(2). The compound was detected, not quantified in Tinteirol and Chavasqueira thermal water spring samples from a resort in Orense, Galicia, north-west Spain(3).

SEAWATER: The Besos and Llobregat Rivers which flow through Barcelona, Spain into the Mediterranean Sea; the mean concentration of n-nonane in the adjacent marine coastal water samples was 5.1 ng/L(1). n-Nonane was detected in 7 of 8 surface water samples in the Gulf of Mexico ranging in concentration from 0.2 to 2.3 ng/L with an average concentration of 1.0 ng/L(2). The n-nonane concentration of 3 surface water samples from an unpolluted coastal area of the north central Gulf of Mexico ranged from trace levels to 2 ng/L(2). The n-nonane concentration also ranged from trace levels to 3 ng/L for 6 surface water samples collected at coastal areas of the north central Gulf of Mexico under anthropogenic influence(3).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: The n-nonane concentration of rain water collected at Brunel University, England was 45.1 ppb(1). Snow samples from 6 locations in Russia and 4 locations in Finland were analyzed for n-nonane(2). It was only detected in snow from a summer cottage area in the Moscow region at a concentration of 0.41 ug/kg(2). n-Nonane has been detected in both surface and deep snow samples collected near the Ross Sea in Antarctica at concentrations ranging from below the detection limit (5 ng/L) to 26 ng/L(3). N-Nonane vapor sorption to snow samples from Davos, Switzerland has been reported to be log -4.21 cu m/sq m(4).

n-Nonane has been detected in 4 of 63 industrial wastewater effluents at concentrations less than 10 ug/L(1). Underwater hydrocarbon vents and formation water discharges from offshore oil production platforms were found to contain n-nonane concentration in the vapor phase at 1 umol/L and in the liquid state at 50 ng/L(2). Formation water contained n-nonane at a concentration of 520 ug/L(2). n-Nonane was detected in influent samples collected at the Jones Island, Akron, OH, Gary, IN, and Wadottee public-owned treatment works at concentrations ranging from <1-9 ppb(3). It was detected in only one effluent sample (Jones Island) at a concentration of <1 ppb(3).

n-Nonane has been identified as a trace component (0.064% vol) of landfill gas from a municiple landfill in Palos Verdes, CA(1). The average concentration of n-nonane measured in landfill gas samples from the Fresh Kills Municipal Solid-Waste Landfill in New York City has been reported as 3.57 ppmv(2). The concentration of n-nonane in the active compost blower exhaust from the Peninsula Composting Facility in Virginia has been measured to be 19 ug/cu m(3). n-Nonane was detected in greater than 25% of air samples collected at three sites at a municipal landfill in Dupont-Alpha Oxon, UK(4). The actual concentrations were not specified(4). n-Nonane has been detected in waste disposal site landfill gas in the UK; however, concentrations were not provided(5). A clay pit landfill in England that received municipal, industrial and liquid wastes emitted n-nonane gas at a concentration of 116 mg/L(4). The percentage of n-nonane in the emissions of volatile organic compounds in the UK during 1990 has been reported as 1.1%(6). The concentrations of n-nonane in the biogas released from a waste disposal site in Augsburg, Germany, a waste disposal site in Munich, Germany, and two sewage treatment plants in Munich, Germany were 14.9-18.3, 15.8-17.8, 0.8-1.3 mg/cu m, respectively(7). The concentration of n-nonane in the emissions of a municipal waste incineration plant located in Germany was 0.57 ug/cu m(8). The annual emission rate of n-nonane from the city of Athens, Greece has been calculated to be 1.396 kt/yr(9).

n-Nonane is emitted during the combustion of plastics(1). Building materials such as petroleum based solvents such as floor adhesives and waxes, wood stains, polyurethane finish and air fresheners emit n-nonane to indoor air(2). The concentrations of n-nonane released from tufted textile floor covering with styrene-butadiene rubber backing at 23 and 30 °C were 14.6 and 14.0 g/L, respectively(3). The average gaseous concentration of n-nonane in emissions from simulated asphalt roofing kettle tests ranged from not detected to 0.0854 mg/cu m(4). The emissions of n-nonane per area ranged from 36-1311 mg/sq m-hr for the tests in which n-nonane was detected(4).

Data collected from Aug 25 to Sept 7, 1979 showed that for a speed of 80 km/hr on straight and level highway, gasoline powered vehicles emitted n-nonane at an average rate of 3.6 mg/km, and diesel trucks emitted n-nonane at an average of 5.1 mg/km(1). The average exhaust from 67 gasoline fueled vehicles was found to contain n-nonane at a concentration 0.2% by weight(2). The concentrations of n-nonane measured in the tailpipe emissions of catalyst-equipped and noncatalyst-equipped gasoline-powered motor vehicles were 430 and 45,300 ug/km, respectively(3). The concentration of n-nonane measured in the emissions of diesel-powered medium duty trucks was reported to be 160 ug/km(4). The mean concentration of n-nonane in six car exhaust samples collected in the UK was 262 ppbV(5). n-Nonane concentrations measured in the emissions of diesel engines and petrol vehicles have been reported as 17 and 520 ug/cu m, respectively(6). The concentrations of n-nonane in samples of exhaust air from the Elbtunnel in Hamburg, Germany ranged from 2.04-2.44 ug/cu m(7). Motorboats emitted n-nonane to canal water with resultant concentration ranging from 1 to 14 ng/L with an average of 6 ng/L in 8 samples(8). The average mass emission rate of n-nonane from ten four-stroke lawnmower engines was 0.50-0.58% of total organic gases(9).

For more Effluent Concentrations (Complete) data for N-NONANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SOIL: n-Nonane was detected (unspecified concentrations) in the soil surrounding an earthen disposal pit for produced water in the Duncan Oil Field, NM(1).

SEDIMENT: The average n-nonane concentration in 5 sediment samples from Lake Pontchartrain, a shallow oligohaline estuary located in the deltaic plain of the Mississippi River near New Orleans, was 0.07 ppb(1). n-Nonane has been detected (unspecified concentrations) in sediment collected from the Manora Channel of Karachi, Pakistan(2).

Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substances may be transported hot. /Nonanes/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Nonanes/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Nonanes/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Nonanes/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for N-NONANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1920; Nonanes

IMO 3.3; Nonanes

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III