dimefox

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

P262, P264, P270, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (100%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 42 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Warning: Effects may be delayed up to 12 hours. Caution is advised.

Note: Dimefox is a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Signs and Symptoms of Dimefox Exposure: Acute exposure to dimefox may produce the following signs and symptoms: sweating, pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, profound weakness, muscle spasms, seizures, and coma. Mental confusion and psychosis may occur. Excessive salivation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, and abdominal pain may also occur. The heart rate may decrease following oral exposure or increase following dermal exposure. Chest pain may be noted. Hypotension (low blood pressure) may be observed, although hypertension (high blood pressure) is not uncommon. Respiratory symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), pulmonary edema, respiratory depression, and respiratory paralysis.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to dimefox exposure may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to dimefox.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to dimefox.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of dimefox is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of dimefox may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3- 1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(Non-Specific -- Insecticide, Liquid, Poisonous, n.o.s.) Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

Extinguish with dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, NOS/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

In some situations where personnel may become accidently contaminated ... it is necessary to provide shower bath in addition to the usual washing facilities. Special arrangements for cleaning clothing & overalls may be necessary ... /Pesticides/

Special aircraft should preferably be used for spraying or dusting toxic organophosphorus pesticides. ... aerial spraying or dusting gives rise to clouds which spread over larger surfaces than clouds produced by ground application. Aerial spraying should therefore be carried out on windless days only. Residential areas, water supply sources, etc must be avoided. ... When aircraft approaches, signalmen /guiding the aircraft/ should leave the windward side. ... The local population should be informed about the site & time of aerial pesticide treatment. Access of unauthorized persons & especially children to the area to be treated must be ... forbidden. Warning signs should be placed at the limits of the area. Ground spraying must be carried out with compressed-air spraying equipment towed by tractors with closed cabs. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for DIMEFOX (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(Non-Specific -- Insecticide, Liquid, Poisonous, n.o.s.) Avoid inhalation. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors.

Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

... Must be stored in its sealed original containers, in well-aired, fresh & dry storehouses or in shaded & possibly well-aired places. It is recommended that the product's temperature ... not exceed 25-30 °C, & keep ... away from sources of heat, free flames or spark-generating equipment. Containers must be stacked in such a way as to permit free circulation of air ... at bottom & inside of piles. Storage areas must be located at suitable distance from inhabited buildings, animal shelters, & food stores; moreover, they must be inaccessible to unauthorized persons, children, & domestic animals. /Prothoate/

Rooms used for storage only should be soundly constructed & fitted with secure locks. Floors should be kept clear & pesticides clearly identified. If repacking is carried out in storage rooms, adequate light should be available; floors should be impervious & sound ... . /Pesticides/

Pesticides containers must be provided with labels indicating the degree of toxicity of the product they contain. The labels must not only give a short description of how to use the prepn, but also state basic precautions to be taken when applying it. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

Pesticides of any degree of toxicity should be transported in containers which are clearly labelled, leak-proof, and not easily damaged. They should never be transported /or stored/ beside, or above any type of food, and all spillages should be immediately reported. /Pesticides/

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

0.091 [mg/m3]

1.0 [mg/m3]

4.1 [mg/m3]

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

It has high vapor pressure & should be handled in enclosed places with respirator.

Workers handling and applying organophosphate pesticides (OPP) must ... be given personal protective equipment comprising overalls made of a tight fabric or polyvinyl chloride, gloves, and rubber boots. They must wear a respirator with an activated-carbon gas filter cartridge affording protection for a determined number of working hours. The eyes should be protected by goggles. The signalmen for aerial dusting operations should be equipped with a hat and cape made of polyvinyl chloride or a fabric impregnated with a water repellent. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

Dimefox is a colorless liquid with a fishy odor. Used as an insecticide; is neither produced nor used in the U.S. Not registered as a pesticide in the U.S. (EPA, 1998)

Liquid with a fishy odor; [Merck Index] Yellow liquid; [MSDSonline]

Colorless liquid

Fishy odor

187 °F at 15 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

85 °C at 15 mm Hg; 67 °C at 4.0 mm Hg

Miscible with most organic solvents

Miscible with water at 20 °C.

1.115 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.1151 at 20 °C/4 °C

1.115 @ 20°C

0.36 mmHg at 77 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.11 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure = 48,000 mPa (0.36 mm Hg) at 25 °C; log P= 1.2 (chloroform/water partition coefficient); resistant to hydrolysis by alkali but is hydrolyzed by acids; slowly oxidized by vigorous oxidizing agents, rapidly by chlorine

0.14 mbar (0.11 mm Hg) at 20 °C

0.11 [mm Hg] @20 °C

log Kow = -0.43 /Estimated/

Henry's Law constant = 2.2X10-8 atm cu m/mol at 20 °C /Estimated/

Aqueous solutions are stable.

Dimefox is resistant to hydrolysis by alkali. It is hydrolyzed by acids, slowly oxidized by vigorous oxidizing agents, and rapidly oxidized by chlorine.

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /hydrogen fluoride as well as nitrogen and phosphorus oxides/.

Corrosive to metals

Index of refraction: 1.4257 at 20 °C/D

Resistant to hydrolysis with half-life over ten years at pH 7.

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 6.40X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C

31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Boiling point

Chemical shift

Heat of sublimation

Spin-spin coupling constant

Surface tension

Vapor pressure

Insecticides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticides -> Organophosphate Insecticides

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

Sulfonates, Phosphonates, and Thiophosphonates, Organic

Highly toxic fumes are given off upon decomposition of DIMEFOX with heat. Container may explode in heat of fire. Decomposes rapidly in the presence of chlorine. Oxidizes slowly in strong oxidizing agents. [EPA, 1998]. Organophosphates are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

Other Poison - Organophosphate

The no-effect dosage of dimefox based on the most sensitive criterion, red cell cholinesterase, is 0.002 mg/kg/day in humans.

LD50 Mouse subcutaneous 1 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 2 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 5.0 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 1-2 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for DIMEFOX (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Some phenothiazines may antagonize & some may potentiate the toxic anticholinesterase effects of ... /organophosphorus insecticides/. /Organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors/

Barbiturates are potentiated by anticholinesterases. Although barbiturates may be used cautiously in treating convulsions, extreme care is essential in handling poisonings due to anticholinesterases, particularly organophosphorus pesticides. Echothiophate, a cholinesterase inhibitor used as miotic, potentiates other such inhibitors ... used for other purposes (additive effects) or possibly synergistic. Those exposed to organophosphate insecticides must take strict precautions. ... Organophosphorus insecticides: additive anticholinesterase effects. Hazardous. Patients on Anticholinesterases (even topical, such as eye drops) should avoid areas where organophosphorus insecticides /have/ recently /been/ used. /Anticholinesterase/

Anticholinesterase (organophosphorus) insecticides antagonize polarizing muscle relaxants. Phenothiazines /and thioxanthenes/: ... May enhance toxic effects of organophosphorus insecticides. /Organophosphorus insecticide/

A comatose patient who is diaphoretic, has pinpoint pupils and the odor of an insecticide on clothing or breath, and is noted to have muscle fasciculations represents the classic presentation of organophosphate poisoning. ... Specific steps in management include the following. 1. Decontamination. ... 2 Airway. Establish an airway if necessary. ... 3. Respiratory Status. Respiratory distress, in fact, is commonly found in these patients from multiple causes. ... 4. Cardiac Monitoring. ... 5. Cholinesterase Level. ... 6. Pralidoxime. Pralidoxime is the treatment of choice for organophosphate poisoning and should be used for nearly all patients with clinically significant orgnophosphate poisoning, particularly whose patients with muscular fasciculations and weakness. ... 7. Atropine. Atropine is the physiologic antidote for organophosphate poisoning. A trial dose of atropine should be instituted on clinical ground when one suspects organophosphate intoxication. /Organophosphate poisoning/

For immediate first aid: ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If victim is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep victim quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organophosphates and related compounds/

For basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Aggressive airway control may be needed. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer ... water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... /Organophosphates and related compounds/

Preservative-free atropine should be used to avoid toxicity from preservative agents. Mydriasis may occur early in the administration of atropine; however the endpoint for atropine administration is the drying of pulmonary secretions. /Organophosphates and related compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for DIMEFOX (25 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Workers handling & applying pesticides must undergo an annual medical examination at the beginning of each agricultural season. Contraindications /meaning further clinical evaluations/ for work with /organophosphorus pesticides/ are organic diseases of the central nervous system, mental disorders & epilepsy, pronounced endocrine & vegetative disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases & circulatory disorders, gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer), gastroenterocolitis, diseases of liver & kidneys, eye diseases (chronic conjunctivitis & keratitis). The blood cholinesterase activity must be determined before work starts. In the event of prolonged work periods, this activity should be determined at intervals of 3-4 days. Persons exhibiting a fall in cholinesterase activity of 25% or more must be transferred to other work where they are not exposed to organophosphorus pesticides until this activity is completely restored. Persons with initial signs of indisposition should /be protected from exposure from/ pesticides. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

... Surveillance of workers could be carried out through measurement of blood or urinary levels of the cmpd to which they are exposed, or through measurement of a metabolite. /Organic phosphorus pesticides/

... There is no change in red blood cell cholinesterase activity in adults associated with age. ... Activity of this enzyme increases progressively during the first year of life, it is higher in children under 3 yr of age than in older children, and it is markedly higher in 5 yr old children than in 3 yr olds. /Organic phosphorus pesticides/

Cholinesterase activity of plasma is significantly higher in men than in women, and this is true no matter which of several choline esters are used as substrate in measuring the enzyme activity. According to some, the difference is confined to young people. There is no sex difference in the red cell enzyme activity. Serum cholinesterase activity of blacks tends to be lower than whites of the same sex. /Organic phosphorus pesticides/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Amount too small for chem detection can cause blurred vision. Predominant effects are on peripheral tissue & not on CNS.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In a study lasting 70 days, whole blood cholinesterase was not inhibited in a total of four men and women who ingested the compound at a dosage of 0.002 mg/kg/day, but it was reduced about 25% by a dosage of 0.0034 mg/kg/day. In another study, a dosage of 0.004 mg/kg/day gradually caused a 40% reduction in whole blood cholinesterase by the 49th day of exposure when inhibition stabilized until dosing ended on the 95th day. This effect was entirely due to lowering of red cell cholinesterase since the plasma enzyme remained unchanged. Whole-blood activity recovered to 90% of normal within 56 days after dosing stopped ... .

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A follow-up study of 232 people three years after a history of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning disclosed only one person with slight residual blurring of vision that might have been related to the earlier poisoning, though at the time of poisoning over one third of the people had blurring, which lasted only a day or two after exposure was discontinued. The possile exceptional case had findings suggestive of basilar artery insufficiency, rather than effects of poisoning. /Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The effects of acute intoxication by anti-cholinesterase agents are manifested by muscarinic and nicotinic signs and symptoms and, except for compounds of extremely low lipid solubility, by signs referable to the CNS. Local effects are due to the action of vapors or aerosols at their site of contact with the eyes or respiratory tract, or due to the local absorption after liquid contamination of the skin or mucous membranes, including those of the gastrointestinal tract. Systemic effects appear within minutes after inhalation of vapors or aerosols. In contrast, the onset of symptoms is delayed after gastrointestinal and percutaneous absorption. The duration of effects is determined largely by the properties of the compound: its lipid solubility, whether it must be activated, the stability of the organophosphorus-AChE bond, and whether "aging" of the phosphorylated enzyme has occurred. /Anticholinesterase agents/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for DIMEFOX (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Some organic phosphorous compounds produce an immediate /CNS depressant/ effect, ranging from incoordination to deep anesthesia following iv injection. At the same time respiration may be affected. A large dosage is required for all compounds for which the effect has been demonstrate and, by necessity, all of them are of low toxicity. /Organic phosphorous pesticides/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Repeated intraperitoneal administration of dimefox to rats at a rate of 0.5 mg/kg/day killed half of them within 10 doses; 0.1 mg/kg/day produced marked inhibition of cholinesterase, but no deaths following 30 injections. The no-effect dosages of dimefox based on the most sensitive criterion, red cell cholinesterase, are 0.003 /and/ 0.006...mg/kg/day in rat /&/ pig...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ For 28 days female rats were fed 0.024 mg/kg/day, 0.095 mg/kg/day & 0.475 mg/kg/day, respectively resulting in about 50% inhibition of rbc cholinesterase che & no effect on plasma che, 75% redn of rbc che & 25% redn of plasma che; alm complete inhibition of rbc che & 75% reduction of plasma cholinesterase respectively. /From table/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Neurotoxicity/ Studies were performed on three commercially produced insecticides: Terra Systam (dimefox; bis-(diethylamino)-phosphoryl-fluoride); phosdrin (Mevinphos; O,O-dimethyl-O-(1-methyl-2-carbomethoxy)vinyl phosphate); and DDVP (dichlorvos; 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate). Compounds were administered to mice subcutaneously in acute toxicity tests, topically for detection of miosis, and intracerebrally to test for the induction of tremors. Dimefox, the compound with the greatest acute subcutaneous toxicity, produced neither miosis nor tremor, whereas both phosdrin and dichlorvos did produce both.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for DIMEFOX (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Young persons under 18 yr, expectant or nursing mothers, /alcoholics/, or persons for whom work with toxic chemicals is contraindicated on account of their state of health /are at elevated risk from the toxic effects of organophosphorus pesticides. Those individuals with/ organic diseases of the CNS, mental disorders & epilepsy, pronounced endocrine & vegetative disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and circulatory disorders, gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer), gastroenterocolitis, diseases of the liver & kidneys, eye diseases (chronic conjunctivitis and keratitis) /are at elevated risk from exposure/. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

Those individuals who are exposed to organophosphorus pesticides with pre-existing/ organic diseases of the central nervous system, mental disorders & epilepsy, pronounced endocrine & vegetative disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases & circulatory disorders, gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer), gastroenterocolitis, diseases of liver & kidneys, eye diseases (chronic conjunctivitis & keratitis) /are at elevated risk from exposure/. The blood cholinesterase activity must be determined before work starts. In the event of prolonged work periods, this activity should be determined at intervals of 3-4 days. Persons exhibiting a fall in cholinesterase activity of 25% or more must be transferred to other work where they are not exposed to organophosphorus pesticides until this activity is completely restored. Persons with initial signs of indisposition should cease work with pesticides. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

Dimefox's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an insecticide and acaricide will result in its direct release to the environment. However, dimefox is not currently (2005) registered for use as a pesticide in the US. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.11 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates dimefox will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dimefox will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6.0 hours. Dimefox does not contain chromophores that absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, dimefox is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2.2. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is not expected based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, dimefox is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Dimefox may hydrolyze in aquatic environments, based on a half-life of 8.8 days measured in an ethanol/buffer solution (20:80) at pH 6.0 and 70 °C. Occupational exposure to dimefox may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where dimefox is produced or used, although it is presently not registered in the US. (SRC)

Dimefox's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an insecticide and acaricide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment. However, dimefox is not currently (2005) registered for use as a pesticide in the US(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.2(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that dimefox is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of dimefox from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.11 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(2). Dimefox is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.2(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that dimefox is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.11 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(2). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -0.43(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Dimefox may hydrolyze in aquatic environments(SRC), based on a half-life of 8.8 days measured in an ethanol/buffer solution (20:80) at pH 6.0 and 70 °C(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dimefox, which has a vapor pressure of 0.11 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dimefox is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6.0 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.40X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Dimefox does not contain chromophores that absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Little oxidation of dimefox occurred when exposed to the green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, at a concentration of 1000 ppm(1). After 8 days of incubation in Chlorella pyrenoidosa culture, dimefox was recovered 84%(2). Chlorella pyrenoidosa did not form any chloroform-soluble metabolites from dimefox(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of dimefox with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 6.40X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6.0 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Dimefox may hydrolyze in aquatic environments(SRC), based on a half-life of 8.8 days measured in an ethanol/buffer solution (20:80) at pH 6.0 and 70 °C(3). Dimefox does not contain chromophores that absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated for dimefox(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -0.43(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of dimefox is estimated as 2.2(SRC), using a water solubility of 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible) (1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that dimefox is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

Dimefox's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an insecticide and acaricide will result in its direct release to the environment. However, dimefox is not currently (2005) registered for use as a pesticide in the US. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.11 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates dimefox will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dimefox will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6.0 hours. Dimefox does not contain chromophores that absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, dimefox is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2.2. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is not expected based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, dimefox is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Dimefox may hydrolyze in aquatic environments, based on a half-life of 8.8 days measured in an ethanol/buffer solution (20:80) at pH 6.0 and 70 °C. Occupational exposure to dimefox may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where dimefox is produced or used, although it is presently not registered in the US. (SRC)

Dimefox's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an insecticide and acaricide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment. However, dimefox is not currently (2005) registered for use as a pesticide in the US(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.2(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that dimefox is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of dimefox from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.11 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(2). Dimefox is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.2(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that dimefox is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.11 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(2). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -0.43(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Dimefox may hydrolyze in aquatic environments(SRC), based on a half-life of 8.8 days measured in an ethanol/buffer solution (20:80) at pH 6.0 and 70 °C(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dimefox, which has a vapor pressure of 0.11 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dimefox is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6.0 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.40X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Dimefox does not contain chromophores that absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Little oxidation of dimefox occurred when exposed to the green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, at a concentration of 1000 ppm(1). After 8 days of incubation in Chlorella pyrenoidosa culture, dimefox was recovered 84%(2). Chlorella pyrenoidosa did not form any chloroform-soluble metabolites from dimefox(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of dimefox with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 6.40X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6.0 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Dimefox may hydrolyze in aquatic environments(SRC), based on a half-life of 8.8 days measured in an ethanol/buffer solution (20:80) at pH 6.0 and 70 °C(3). Dimefox does not contain chromophores that absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated for dimefox(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -0.43(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of dimefox is estimated as 2.2(SRC), using a water solubility of 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible) (1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that dimefox is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for dimefox is estimated as 2.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.11 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that dimefox is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). Dimefox is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

Occupational exposure to dimefox may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this pesticide during and after its application or at workplaces where dimefox is produced(SRC). However, dimefox is not currently (2005) registered for use as a pesticide in the US(1).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

IMO 6.1; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, not otherwise specified; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable, not otherwise specified, flashpoint between 23 °C and 61 °C; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic, not otherwise specified

UN 3018; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, not otherwise specified

UN 3017; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable, not otherwise specified, flashpoint between 23 °C and 61 °C

UN 2784; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, not otherwise specified, flashpoint less than 23 °C

IMO 3.2; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, not otherwise specified, flashpoint less than 23 °C

49 216 74; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, NEC)

49 216 75; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, NEC, liquid)

49 105 44; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, NEC)

49 105 45; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, NEC, liquid)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.