endosulfan

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P317, P320, P321, P330, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300+H330 (33.7%): Fatal if swallowed or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H300 (96.5%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (96.5%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330 (96.5%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 86 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Rest. Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Endosulfan Exposure: Ingestion of endosulfan may result in nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Dizziness, agitation, nervousness, tremor, incoordination, and convulsions may also occur. Central nervous system depression may terminate in respiratory failure. Contact with endosulfan may irritate or burn the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to endosulfan may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to endosulfan.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to endosulfan.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas three times. An initial soap and water wash should be followed by an alcohol wash. The third wash should again be with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of endosulfan is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of endosulfan may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Keep run-off watter out of sewers and water sources. /Endosulfan (organochlorine pesticides, liquid, toxic); Endosulfan (organochlorine pesticides, solid, toxic)/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a POTW is acceptable only after review by the governing authority. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must meet Hazardous Material Criteria for disposal.

A process for removing pollutants from Du Pont's Chambers Works Plant in Deepwater, NJ, is described. The process calls for the treatment of wastes from org chem mfg processes by neutralization and settling, followed by a combined powdered carbon-biol process. Removal of metals and non-metals from wastewater is described. Endosulfan isomers are listed as priority pollutants.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be contained with a flexible impermeable membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. /Endosulfan (organochlorine pesticides, liquid, toxic); Endosulfan (organochlorine pesticides, solid, toxic)/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount . Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Endosulfan(organochlorine pesticides, liquid, toxic); Endosulfan (organochlorine pesticides, solid, toxic)/

Use water spray to reduce vapors. Do not dry sweep.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P050, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820-1600 °C with a residence time for liquids and gases: seconds; Solids: hours.

Peer-review: Large amt should be incinerated @ high temp in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. All contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

Users should wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco, or using the toilet.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from acids, bases, iron and food and feedstuffs. Dry. Well closed.

Do not store in or around home. Do not store near heat, open flame, or hot surfaces.

Storage temperature greater than 20 °F

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.20 [mg/m3]

0.80 [mg/m3]

3.5 [mg/m3]

0.1 mg/m³

TWA 0.1 mg/m3 [skin]

0.1 mg/m³ (Construction and Maritime only)

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

0.1 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m (inhalable fraction and vapor). Skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

0.1 mg/m

0.1 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2008]

EPA Impact Assessments on Endosulfan; Request for Comments and Additional Information on Importance of Use. ... This notice requests public comment on the Agency's endosulfan impact assessments for eight crops (potato, tomato, cotton, apple, cucumber, squash, pumpkin and melons) and additional information on the importance of endosulfan use in agriculture.

Endosulfan; Petitions Requesting Cancellation of All Uses. ... This notice asks the public to comment on requests from the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and the Pesticide Action Network North America (PANNA) that EPA cancel all uses of the organochlorine pesticide endosulfan.

Petitions to Revoke All Tolerances Established for Endosulfan; Notice of Availability. ... This notice asks the public to comment on requests from the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and Pesticide Action Network North America (PANNA) that EPA revoke all tolerances for the organochlorine pesticide endosulfan. In addition, this notice solicits information on commodities consumed by Alaska Natives.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly on spraying or when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system and blood. This may result in irritability, convulsions and renal failure. Exposure at high levels could cause death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the insecticide endosulfan, 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide (alpha and beta isomers), and its metabolite endosulfan sulfate, 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3,3-dioxide, in or on the following food commodities: [Table#1171]

A tolerances of 24 parts per million (ppm) is established for the combined residues of the insecticide endosulfan, 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide (alpha and beta isomers), and its metabolite endosulfan sulfate, 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3,3-dioxide, in or on dried tea (reflecting less than 0.1 ppm residues in beverage tea) resulting from application of the insecticide to growing tea.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Endosulfan:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

All handlers except those using engineering controls must wear a respirator with an organic-vapor removing cartridge with a prefilter approved for pesticides (MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-23C), or a canister approved for pesticides (MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-14G), or a NIOSH approved respirator with an (OV) cartridge or a canister with any N,R,P or HE filter.

Mixers and loaders supporting aerial applications who are not using engineering controls, handlers supporting or using high pressure handwand equipment and flaggers must wear coveralls over long-sleeved shirt and long pants, chemical resistant footwear plus socks, chemical resistant gloves (except when flagging), chemical resistant head gear when exposed overhead, chemical resistant apron when mixing and loading.

All other mixers, loaders applicators and handlers must wear long-sleeved shirt and long pants, socks and shoes, chemical resistant gloves, except for applicators using enclosed cabs or cockpits, chemical resistant apron when mixing and loading, applying dips cleaning up spills or cleaning/repairing equipment, and a respirator of the type specified above for all handlers except for those using engineering controls.

All handlers except for those using engineering controls must wear a respirator with an organic-vapor removing cartridge with a prefilter approved for pesticides (MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-23C), or a canister approved for pesticides (MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-14G), or a NIOSH approved respirator with an (OV) cartridge, or a canister with any N,R,P or HE filter.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Important additional information about respirator selection

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! STRICT HYGIENE! AVOID EXPOSURE OF ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Endosulfan appears as a brown or colorless crystalline solid with a pungent odor. More dense than water and nearly insoluble in water. Toxic by inhalation, skin absorption, or ingestion. Used as a pesticide, fungicide or herbicide.

Brown crystals with a slight, sulfur dioxide odor. [insecticide] [Note: Technical product is a tan, waxy, isomer mixture.]; [NIOSH]

PURE COLOURLESS CRYSTALS. TECHNICAL: BROWN FLAKES WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Brown crystals with a slight, sulfur dioxide odor.

Brown crystals with a slight, sulfur dioxide odor. [insecticide] [Note: Technical product is a tan, waxy, isomer mixture.]

Brown crystals ... [Note: Technical product is a tan, waxy, isomer mixture].

Similar to terpene.

... Slight, sulfur dioxide odor ...

Decomposes (NIOSH, 2024)

106 °C at 0.7 mm Hg (with partial decomposition)

decomposes

Decomposes

158 to 212 °F Range of values given is for a mixture of isomers (a isomer 228.7 °F; b isomer 415.9 °F). (EPA, 1998)

106 °C (pure)

MP: 70-100 °C; stable toward dil mineral acids; hydrolyzed rapidly by alkalies; commercial product is a mixture of alpha-isomer, MP: 108-110 °C, and beta-isomer, MP: 208-210 °C /Technical/

106 °C (pure), 70-100 °C (technical)

less than 1 mg/mL at 73 °F (NTP, 1992)

Solubility at 22 °C and a pH 7.2 in tap water; alpha-Endosulfan: 0.15 mg/l.

Solubility at 22 °C and a pH 7.2 in tap water; beta-Endosulfan: 0.06 mg/l.

Sol in xylene, kerosene, chloroform, acetone, and alcohol

In ethyl acetate 200, dichloromethane 200, toluene 200, ethanol 65, hexane 24 (all in g/L, 20 °C)

In water, alpha-form = 0.32:, beta-form = 0.33 mg/L at 22 °C

In water, 0.53 mg/L at 25 °C /alpha-endosulfan/; 0.28 mg/L at 25 °C /beta-endosulfan/

Solubility in water: none

0.00001%

1.745 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.745 at 20 °C

1.7 g/cm³

1.745 @ 20°C

1e-05 mmHg at 77 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.00001 [mmHg]

VP: 6.2X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C

1.73X10-7 at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 80 °C: 1.2

0.00001 mmHg

(77 °F): 0.00001 mmHg

log Kow = 3.83 (alpha); log Kow = 3.62 (beta)

3.55/3.62

Henry's Law constant = 6.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole at 20 °C

Stable to sunlight

Sightly soluble in water. Slowly hydrolyzes to form sulfur dioxide and a diol; hydrolyzes more rapidly under basic or acidic conditions.

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

ENDOSULFAN is an organochlorine, cyclodiene derivative. It is also a sulfite ester. Halogenated aliphatic or cyclic alkane compounds are moderately or very reactive. Halogenated organics generally become less reactive as more of their hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms. As endosulfan is rather highly substituted it may be resistant to reaction. However, materials in this group are incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Also, they may be incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides. As an ester, it will hydrolyze to form sulfur dioxide and diol; reaction is more rapid under basic conditions.

Alkalis, acids, water [Note: Corrosive to iron. Hydrolyzes slowly on contact with water or decomposes in the presence of alkalis and acids to form sulfur dioxide].

Corrosive to iron in the presence of moisture.

Reacts with bases causing toxic (sulfur dioxides fumes) hazard.

Alkalis, acids, water [Note: Corrosive to iron. Hydrolyzes slowly on contact with water or decomposes in presence of alkalis and acids to form sulfur dioxide.]

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

Endosulfan

Cardiovascular

6 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

Pesticide

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Not Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

TR-062: Bioassay of Endosulfan for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 115-29-7) (1978 )

01/18/78

Inadequate Experiment

No Evidence

In both species high early mortality was observed in the male groups and no conclusions concerning the carcinogenicity of endosulfan can be drawn from this part of the bioassay. However, survival among females of both species was sufficient for meaningful statistical evaluation of the incidence of late-developing tumors. It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, technical-grade endosulfan was not carcinogenic in female Osborne-Mendel rats or in female B6C3F1 mice.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

See Ingestion.

MAY BE ABSORBED! See Ingestion.

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Confusion. Headache. Weakness. Dizziness. Nausea. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Convulsions. Laboured breathing. Unconsciousness.

irritation skin; nausea, confusion, agitation, flushing, dry mouth, tremor, convulsions, headache; In Animals: kidney, liver injury; decreased testis weight

Developmental (effects while organs are developing), Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System)

Skin, central nervous system, liver, kidneys, reproductive system

Chemical: ENDOSULFAN

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Other Poison - Organochlorine

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

FAO/WHO ADI: 0.006 mg/kg

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

IRIS Current

ATSDR Final

Children

General Population

Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides - 2021 Update

LD50 Rat oral 18 mg/kg

LD50 Rat (male albino) oral (gavage) 110 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation 80 mg/cu m/4 hr

LD50 Rat dermal 34 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Citrinin (CIT) (10 mg/kg feed) and endosulfan (1 mg/kg body weight) were administered orally alone and in combination to pregnant Wistar rats from gestational day 6 to 20 and their fetuses were collected to evaluate the histopathological alterations in hepatic and renal tissues. In CIT-fed group fetal liver, the changes were less marked, showing only sinusoidal dilation and mild vacuolar degeneration, whereas the consistent changes in the fetal kidney included tubular degeneration, medullary tubular necrosis, cystic dilatation of tubules, distortion of glomerulur capillary tuft and interstitial fibroblastic proliferation which separated clusters of tubules. In the endosulfan group, the liver was predominantly affected, showing vacuolar degeneration, karyomegaly and severe sinusoidal dilation, whereas the renal changes were mainly confined to tubular degeneration and varying degree of interstitial fibrosis. In the combination group, the hepatic and renal histopathological alterations in the fetus, though of similar nature to those of the individual groups, were more severe.

The protective effects of vitamin E was investigated on the cardiotoxicity induced by endosulfan administration. Male rats in different groups were given endosulfan (2 mg/kg bw/day in corn oil through gavage), vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw twice a week in corn oil through gavage) and endosulfan and vitamin E at the same dose and route, to the control group corn oil is given at the dose rate of 2 mL per rat per day through gavage, for a period of 28 days. The animals were sacrificed and heart tissues were collected and subjected to histopathology. The result indicated, severe congestion, hemorrhages with interstitial edema. In some places there was diapedesis of leukocytes. Myocardium showed different degrees of degeneration, some of the myofibrils were found to be granular with pyknotic nuclei. Thickening of wall of arteries were seen. In the Vitamin E and endosulfan treated group the above mentioned lesions were significantly decreased in their severity.

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail, age 9 days) oral (in food) 805 ppm for 5 days (95% confidence limit: 690-939 ppm)

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite) oral via capsule 42 mg/kg (95% confidence interval: 32-56 mg/kg)

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail, age 14 days) oral (in food) approx 1250 ppm for 5 days

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail, juvenile, age 14 days post hatch) oral in food 2160 ppm for 5 days (95% confidence interval: 1658-2815 ppm)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (82 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Male mallards from three to four-months-old exhibited wings crossed high over their back, tremors, falling, and other symptoms as soon as ten minutes after an acute, oral dose. The symptoms persisted for up to a month in a few animals.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Based on the comparison of parent endosulfan and sulfate degradate acute dietary toxicity with bobwhite quail and mallard duck, endosulfan sulfate appears about equal in toxicity to waterfowl (mallard) and at least a factor of 4 less toxic to game birds (quail).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Effects of four organochlorine pesticides, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dicofol, endosulfan, and lindane, on the reproduction of freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus were studied by 3-d population growth tests. Compared to the control, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.64 mg/L, dicofol at 0.8 and 1.2 mg/L, endosulfan at 7.0 mg/L, and lindane at 14.0 mg/L all significantly decreased the population growth rate of the rotifers. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at concentrations higher than 0.16 mg/L, dicofol at concentrations higher than 0.025 mg/L, endosulfan at concentrations higher than 0.875 mg/L, and lindane at 14.0 mg/L all significantly decreased the mictic rate of the rotifers. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.24 and 0.32 mg/L increased significantly the fertilization rate, but DDT at 0.64 mg/L inhibited completely the occurrence of fertilized mictic females. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.32 and 0.64 mg/L, dicofol at 1.2 mg/L, and endosulfan at 7.0 mg/L all significantly decreased the ratio of ovigerous females to nonovigerous females, but the reverse was true for lindane at 7.0 mg/L. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.0025 and 0.01 mg/L increased significantly the ratio of mictic females to amictic females, but the reverse was true for dicofol at 0.8 mg/L. Both population growth rate and mictic rate of the rotifers were suitable endpoints for assessing the effects of the four organochlorine insecticides on the reproduction of the rotifers, and the latter was more sensitive.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Relative toxicity of technical and commercial formulations of malathion and endosulfan were evaluated by determining LC50 values and their 95% confidence interval end points for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr exposure to Channa punctatus using the "trimmed Spearman-Karber method". The commercial formulation of malathion and endosulfan were 1.176 and 1.88 times more toxic than their technical materials, respectively. 96 hr LC50 values (0% trimming) of technical and commerical formulations of malathion and endosulfan (95% confidence interval in parentheses) were 4.51 (4.11-4.96) and 3.89 (3.46-4.38) mg/L, and 5.78 (4.49-7.44) and 3.07 (2.43-3.84) ug/L, respectively.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (37 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

4.70e+02

7.00e+03

1.00e+02

2.00e+01

1.40e+00

6.00e-03

Volatile

1.40e+03

2.10e+04

3.00e+02

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to birds and soil organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. Avoid release to the environment in circumstances different to normal use.

Endosulfan's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an insecticide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.73X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates endosulfan will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase endosulfan will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 days. Particulate-phase endosulfan will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Endosulfan may undergo direct photolysis, but the kinetics of this reaction are unknown. If released to soil, endosulfan is expected to have moderate to no mobility based upon Koc values of 350 to 19,953. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 6.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole, however, adsorption to soil may attenuate volatilization. Endosulfan is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process with reported half-lives of 32 and 150 days in aerobic and anaerobic soils, respectively. If released into water, endosulfan is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Biodegradation in water is expected to be an important fate process with reported half-lives of 2 and 8 days in aerobic and anaerobic waters, respectively. Volatilization from water surfaces may be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 33 hours and 16 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. Measured BCF values of 2,650 and 11,583 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process with half-lives of 9 to 533 hours in river water. Occupational exposure to endosulfan may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where endosulfan is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to endosulfan primarily via ingestion of food. (SRC)

Endosulfan's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an insecticide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 350 to 19,953(2,3) indicate that endosulfan is expected to have moderate to no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of endosulfan from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 6.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Endosulfan is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure of 1.73X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Endosulfan may undergo hydrolysis in moist soil surfaces based on half-lives of 9-533 hours in river water(3). The half-life of endosulfan in aerobic soil was reported as 32 days and in anaerobic soil was 150 days(6).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Endosulfan was applied 3 times at a rate of 0.5 and 1.5 lb/acre to field tobacco, with max time to zero residue level estimated to be 10 days...

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Fifty percent of residues are lost in 3-7 days (depending on plant species).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The persistence of greater than 0.05 ppm of total endosulfan residues under natural conditions of wet and dry cultivation was studied. When the initial dose of application was the same, the residues persisted for approx 120 days in wet soils and 100 days in dry soils. In 3 dry soils that received low, normal and high initial doses (41.88, 87.5, and 350 g AI/acre), residues persisted for 60, 100, and 160 days, respectively. Endosulfan sulfate was the principal metabolite except in dry soil receiving the high dose, where the endosulfan alc and endosulfan ether were principal metabolites for the first 50 days, after which endosulfan sulfate appeared.

For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

DEGRADATION OF ENDOSULFAN BY SOIL MICROORGANISM OF FAMILY PSEUDOMONAS WAS STUDIED. THE ALCOHOL WAS MAIN METABOLITE FROM EITHER ISOMER, BETA-ISOMER ALSO YIELDED SMALL AMT OF ENDOSULFAN ETHER AS WELL AS ISOMERIZED TO MORE STABLE ALPHA-ISOMER ...

Endosulfan sulfate is the major degradation product of endosulfan /by soil bacteria/.

AEROBIC: Gezira soil from the Sudan was mixed with alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan and incubated at 37 °C for 42 days. The percent recoveries for alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan applied at 125 ppm to unautoclaved moist soil preparations were 50.6% and 29.7%, respectively, and from the sterilized (control) moist soil preparations were 63.8% and 65.3%, respectively(1). The samples were covered and kept in the dark during the experiment. Leachates from Gezira soil columns were incubated with 125 ppm alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan at 37 °C for 42 days(1). Recoveries for alpha-endosulfan from the control and experimental samples were 34.9% and 17.1%, respectively. Only a trace of beta-endosulfan was recovered, compared to a 19.5% recovery from the control sample. Application of 280 ppm of alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan to carbon-based growth medium and incubation with Gezira soil suspensions at 37 °C for 100 days resulted in recoveries of alpha-endosulfan of 54.5% and 42.6%, and recoveries for beta-endosulfan of 91.4% and 69.4% from control and experimental samples, respectively(1). The degradation products obtained in these experiments were not identified(1).

AEROBIC: Aerobic incubation of a soil-endosulfan preparation yielded mainly endosulfan sulfate (30-60%), with some endodiol (2.6%) and endolactone (1.2%)(1). The parenthetical numbers refer to the percentage of the applied endosulfan recovered as a metabolite. Sixteen of 28 soil fungi, 15 of 49 soil bacteria and 3 of 10 actinomycetes metabolized > 30% of the applied C-14 labeled endosulfan(2). Endosulfate was the major metabolite formed by the fungi, and endodiol was the predominant product of bacteria(2). Only a small amount of C-14 labeled carbon dioxide was detected, indicating minimal mineralization(2). Controls showed that chemical hydrolysis was only significant in a limited number of cultures. Biodegradation of alpha- and beta-endosulfan in soil-applied form, after incubation with bacterial cells for 21 days, was 62% and 45%, respectively(3).

For more Environmental Biodegradation (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of endosulfan with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 8.2X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 days at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Hydrolysis rate constants of 19.6X10-3 and 18.5X10-3 days-1 at pH 7 and 4.6X10-3 and 3.7X10-3 days-1 at pH 5.5 were measured for alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan, respectively(2). Hydrolysis half-lives of 35.4 and 37.5 days for alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan at pH 7 and 150.6 and 187.3 days for alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan at pH 5.5 were calculated from these rate constants(SRC). In the presence of ferric hydroxide, a higher rate of hydrolysis was observed at pH 7 and 20 °C. In a solution of ferric hydroxide, the hydrolysis rate constants of alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan were 5.73X10-2 and 4.48X10-2 days-1, respectively(2). Hydrolysis half-lives of 12.1 and 15.5 days were calculated from these rate constants for alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan, respectively(SRC). Hydrolysis rate constants of 5.9X10-4 to 550X10-4 hours-1 were measured for alpha-endosulfan in water obtained from rivers in Australia(3). These rate constants correspond to hydrolysis half-lives of 13-1,174 hours(SRC). Hydrolysis rate constants of 13X10-4 to 800X10-4 hours-1 were measured for beta-endosulfan in water obtained from rivers in Australia(3). These rate constants correspond to hydrolysis half-lives of 9-533 hours(SRC). Irradiation of alpha-endosulfan in hexane solution and a dioxane-water solution of beta-endosulfan with light greater than 300 nm resulted in partial dechlorination of the isomers(4,5). Irradiation of a thin film of alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan using germicidal lamps (254 nm) produced mainly endosulfandiol(6) but this may not be environmentally relevant(SRC). The alpha-hydroxy ether, lactone and ether of endosulfan were produced in lesser amounts(6). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of endosulfan with ozone has been estimated as 3.6X10-20 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 320 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(7).

The hydrolytic half-lives of endosulfan in non-sterile water under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were reported to be about 5 weeks (at pH 7) and about 5 months (at pH 5.3), respectively(1). It was found that hydrolysis of the alpha-isomer was faster than the beta-isomer(1).

The photolysis of endosulfan was examined under different conditions. Two new photometabolites, photo-alpha-endosulfan and photo-beta-endosulfan were isolated from alpha- and beta-endosulfan, respectively. Irradiation in polar solvents gives metabolites formed under biotic conditions. When exposed to sunlight on plant leaves, alpha-endosulfan not only forms the photometabolite but also undergoes isomerization to the beta-isomer. The beta-isomer is relatively more stable.

Persistence in river water in a sealed glass jar under sunlight and artificial fluorescent light initial concentration: 10 ug/l; after 1 hr: 100%; 1 wk: 30%; 2 wk: 5%; 4 wk: 0%.

For more Environmental Abiotic Degradation (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A measured BCF of 2,650 was obtained for zebra fish exposed to 0.3 ug/L of endosulfan for 21 days in a flow-through aquarium(1). A BCF value of 11,583 was measured for endosulfan in yellow tetra fish exposed to 0.3 ug/L of endosulfan for 21 days in a flow-through aquarium(2). It was noted in both sets of experiments that endosulfan depuration by fish was rapid, with approximately 81% total endosulfan elimination within 120 hours when the fish were placed in a tank of pure water containing no endosulfan(1,2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF data suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

After 96 hr, combined residues of alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan and their metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, had concentrated by 81-245X, 1046-1,299X, 620-895X and 1000-1344X in grass shrimp, pinfish, spot, and striped mullet, respectively(1). After 28 days, the combined residues had concentrated 2249X and 2755X in edible tissues and whole fish, respectively(1). Mean endosulfan residues in two species of mussels exposed to the chemical for 36 days were 2.75X and 2.85X the level in water(2). Prior to 36 days, no beta-endosulfan was detected. The authors suggested this was due to the differential uptake of the isomers. Endosulfan accumulated 600X in the Pelecypod, Mytilus edulis after 50 hr(3). From these results, bioconcentration of alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan and the metabolite endosulfan sulfate may be important in aqueous species(SRC).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P050, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820-1600 °C with a residence time for liquids and gases: seconds; Solids: hours.

Peer-review: Large amt should be incinerated @ high temp in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NA 2761; Endosulfan

UN 2761; Organochlorine pesticides, solid, toxic

IMO 6.1; Organochlorine pesticides, solid, toxic

49 215 16; Endosulfan (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, liquid)

49 215 17; Endosulfan (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, liquid)

49 215 18; Endosulfan (insecticides, other than agricultural, not elsewhere classified)

49 215 19; Endosulfan mixture, liquid (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, liquid)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Severe marine pollutant.

Symbol: T, N; R: 24/25-36-50/53; S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II