Dianisidine

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P318, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 50 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P318, P319, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, dry powder, carbon dioxide.

WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE, DRY CHEMICAL.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Personal protection: chemical protection suit. Vacuum spilled material with specialist equipment.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U091, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 3,3'-DIMETHOXYBENZIDINE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 3,3'-DIMETHOXYBENZIDINE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If a spill of this chemical occurs, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with acetone and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with acetone to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this chemical from exposure to light. Keep the container tightly closed under an inert atmosphere, and store under refrigerated temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Well closed.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

0.030 [mg/m3]

63 [mg/m3]

380 [mg/m3]

Ca See Appendix ASee Appendix C

See Appendix C

A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

NIOSH considers o-dianisidine to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [N.D.]

See: IDLH INDEX

carcinogen category: 2

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly on spraying or when dispersed, especially if powdered.

This substance is probably carcinogenic to humans.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for o-Dianisidine:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin:

• WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

• DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

USE GLOVES AND GOGGLES TO AVOID CONTACT WITH SKIN AND EYES. USE EFFECTIVE FUME REMOVAL DEVICE OR OTHER RESPIRATORY PROTECTION.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 3,3'-DIMETHOXYBENZIDINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus

(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister having an N100, R100, or P100 filter.

Click here for information on selection of N, R, or P filters.

Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus

Important additional information about respirator selection

NO open flames.

See EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM OR REPEATED EXPOSURE. AVOID ALL CONTACT!

Use ventilation (not if powder), local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine appears as colorless crystals or a light brown powder. Turns violet on standing. Carcinogen.

Colorless crystals that turn a violet color on standing; Note: Used as a basis for many dyes; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS.

Colorless crystals that turn a violet color on standing.

Colorless crystals that turn a violet color on standing. [Note: Used as a basis for many dyes.]

LEAFLETS OR NEEDLES FROM WATER

279 to 280 °F (NTP, 1992)

137.5 °C

403 °F (NTP, 1992)

206 °C (403 °F) (closed cup)

206 °C c.c.

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Sol in alc, benzene, ether

Sol in chloroform, acetone

PROBABLY SOL IN MOST ORG SOLVENTS AND LIPIDS

In water, 60 mg/l @ 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.006

Insoluble

8.5 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

8.43 (air= 1)

negligible

log Kow = 1.81

When heated to decomp it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

WEAK BASE

156.1 Ų [M]+ [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: APCI+; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID1020485]

169.7 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: APCI+; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID1020485]

170.0 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI+; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID3025091]

169.9 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI+; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID1020485]

170.4 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: APCI+; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID3025091]

156.6 Ų [M]+ [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: APCI+; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID3025091]

HAS GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY AROMATIC AMINES

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Carcinogens

Mutagens

Potential endocrine disrupting compound

Nitrogen Compounds -> Amines, Polyaromatic

Finely powdered material is a significant dust explosion hazard. Insoluble in water.

Amines, Aromatic

3,3'-DIMETHOXYBENZIDINE is a weak base. Reacts exothermically with acids. Sensitive to heat, air and prolonged exposure to light.

... Can react with oxidizing materials.

Oxidizers.

Oxidizers

Inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 2B: The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. /3,3'-Dimethoxylbenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3,3'-Dimethoxylbenzidine/

3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine (ortho-Dianisidine)

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 4: (1974) Some Aromatic Amines, Hydrazine and Related Substances, N-Nitroso Compounds and Miscellaneous Alkylating Agents

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Redness.

irritation skin; In Animals: kidney, liver damage; thyroid, spleen changes; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Skin, kidneys, liver, thyroid, liver

[in animals: bladder, liver, stomach & mammary gland tumors]

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

3,3\'-Dimethoxybenzidine

PDF Document

Likely to be carcinogenic to humans

PPRTV Current

LD50 Rat oral 1920 mg/kg

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aniline and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aniline and related compounds/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

NO EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA ON OCCURRENCE OF CANCER IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO O-DIANISIDINE ALONE APPEAR IN LITERATURE. MOST WORKERS EXPOSED ... HAVE ALSO BEEN EXPOSED TO RELATED AMINES SUCH AS BENZIDINE, WHICH HAS BEEN STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH OCCURRENCE OF URINARY BLADDER CANCER IN MAN.

... 30 MG O-DIANISIDINE ... /WAS GIVEN/ BY STOMACH TUBE TO RATS 3 TIMES/WK FOR 13 MO. ... TWO RATS HAD ZYMBAL GLAND TUMORS, ONE AN OVARIAN TUMOR AND ONE A FIBROADENOMA OF MAMMARY GLAND. NONE OF THE 50 RATS IN A CONTROL GROUP DEVELOPED TUMORS AT THESE SITES. /DIAMINE WAS GIVEN/ ... BY STOMACH TUBE TO 30 MALE AND 30 FEMALE FISCHER RATS IN DOSES RANGING FROM 0.1-30 MG/ANIMAL IN A STEROID SUSPENDING VEHICLE (SODIUM CHLORIDE, SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE, POLYSORBATE 80, BENZYL ALCOHOL, & WATER) 5 DAYS/ WK FOR 52 WK. TUMORS APPEARED IN 293 DAYS, BUT MOST WERE FOUND ON AUTOPSY AT 18 MO. SIX RATS GIVEN THE 1 MG DOSES & 6 ... GIVEN THE 3 MG DOSES HAD A TOTAL OF 8 TUMORS; 29 ANIMALS RECEIVING THE 10 MG DOSES HAD A TOTAL OF 19 TUMORS; AND 6 RATS GIVEN 30 MG DOSES HAD A TOTAL OF 5 TUMORS. TUMORS OCCURRED AT VARIOUS SITES INCLUDING THE BLADDER (2 PAPILLOMAS), INTESTINE (3 CARCINOMAS), SKIN (5 CARCINOMAS) AND ZYMBAL GLAND (3 CARCINOMAS). THESE TUMORS WERE NOT FOUND IN 360 CONTROL ANIMALS GIVEN VEHICLE ALONE.

... 0.1% AND 1.0% ... /WAS FED TO/ GROUPS OF 30 MALE AND 30 FEMALE SYRIAN GOLDEN HAMSTERS. ONE URINARY BLADDER TUMOR OCCURRED IN GROUP RECEIVING ... /0.1%/. NO PRIMARY BLADDER TUMORS, BUT FORESTOMACH PAPILLOMAS, OCCURRED IN 37% ... FED 1% OF THE AMINE. OF CONTROL GROUP ... 2% DEVELOPED STOMACH PAPILLOMAS ... NONE HAD ... BLADDER TUMORS.

3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine test results for heritable genetic effects in Drosophila, tested negative for sex-linked recessive lethal.

The Ames Salmonella/microsome test was used to compare the mutagenic response of Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA98, TA1538, and TA1535 to 12 benzidine derivatives, ie, benzidine, 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine, 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine, and the corresponding N- and N,N'-diacetylated derivatives. With a few exceptions, the mutagenic response to this series of compounds varied in the order TA98 greater than TA1538 greater than TA100 greater than TA1535 = 0, and the N-monoacetylated derivatives were more mutagenic than either the parent diamines or the N,N'-diacetyl derivatives. The relative mutagenicities of the parent amines for TA98, were 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine much greater than 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine greater than benzidine greater than 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 3,3'-DIMETHOXYBENZIDINE (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. /3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochloride/ [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=20325-40-0]

Carcinogenesis studies were conducted by administering 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochloride (greater than 97.5% pure) in drinking water /@ 0, 80, 170, or 330 ppm/ to groups of F344/N rats of each sex for 21 months. ... Average amount of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochloride consumed per day was approximately 6, 12, or 21 mg/kg for low, mild, or high dose male rats and 7, 14, or 23 mg/kg for low, mid, or high dose female rats. ... Increased incidences of several nonneoplastic lesions were observed in exposed rats, including hematopoietic cell proliferation in the spleen and cystic and centrilobular degeneration and necrosis of the liver. ... There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochloride for male F344/N rats, as indicated by benign and malignant neoplasms of the skin, Zymbal gland, preputial gland, oral cavity, intestine, liver, and mesothelium. Increased incidences of astrocytomas of the brain may have been related to chemical administration. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochloride for female F344/N rats, as indicated by benign and malignant neoplasms of the Zymbal gland, clitoral gland, and mammary gland. Increases in neoplasms of the skin oral cavity, large intestine, liver, and uterus/cervix were also considered to be related to chemical administration of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochloride. /3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochloride/

7.60e-02

1.40e+00

1.50e-02

5.00e+00

1.60e+00

Volatile

7.60e+00

1.40e+02

1.50e+00

7.60e-02

1.40e+00

1.50e-02

5.00e+00

1.60e+00

Volatile

7.60e+00

1.40e+02

1.50e+00

3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine's production and use as a chemical intermediate in the production of azo dyes may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Although 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is apparently not produced in the United States any longer, it may still be imported into the country. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3 hours. 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine absorbs light greater than 290 nm, and it may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment; however, the rate of this potential reaction is unknown. Particulate-phase 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 230. The first pKa of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is estimated as 4.2, which indicates that 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine will partially exist in the protonated form under acidic conditions and cations have greater adsorption to soils than neutral molecules. Furthermore, 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is an aromatic amine which may form covalent bonds with humic materials resulting in relatively immobile quinone-like complexes. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process for 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine because cations do not volatilize, and the estimated Henry's Law constant of the neutral species is 4.7X10-11 atm-cu m/mole. 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its estimated vapor pressure. No data regarding the biodegradation of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine in soil or natural water were found. However, screening studies using sewage sludge inoculum suggest biodegradation will occur slowly in the environment. Benzidine and its derivatives such as 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine are known to be to be rapidly oxidized by Fe(III) and other cations which are frequently found in soil and environmental waters. If released into water, 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process for either the free base or its conjugate acid based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant and the fact that cations are non-volatile. An estimated BCF of 5 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis due to a lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is used. (SRC)

3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine's production and use as a chemical intermediate in the production of azo dyes(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine is apparently not produced in the US any longer but may still be imported into the country(1).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 230(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.81(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The first pKa of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is estimated as 4.2(SRC), using an estimation method based on perturbed molecular orbital theory and linear free energy (LFER) methods(4). This estimated pKa indicates that 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine will partially exist in the protonated form under acidic conditions and cations have greater adsorption to soils than neutral molecules(SRC). Furthermore, 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is an aromatic amine which may form covalent bonds with humic materials resulting in relatively immobile quinone-like complexes(5). Volatilization of the neutral species of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.7X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(6). The conjugate acid of 3,3-dimethoxybenzidine will not volatilize since cations are non-volatile(SRC). 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-7 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(7). No data were found regarding the biodegradation of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine in soils; however, screening studies using sewage sludge inoculum suggest biodegradation will occur slowly in the environment(8,9). Structurally similar compounds such as benzidine are shown to be rapidly oxidized by Fe(III) and other cations which are frequently found in soil(10), which suggest that 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine may also be degraded by a similar process(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 230(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.81(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). The frist pKa of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is estimated as 4.2(SRC), using an estimation method based on perturbed molecular orbital theory and linear free energy (LFER) methods(4). This estimated pKa indicates that 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine will partially exist in the protonated form under acidic conditions and cations have greater adsorption to suspended solids and sediment than neutral molecules(SRC). Volatilization of the free base from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.7X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(5). The conjugate acid of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine will not volatilize since cations are non-volatile(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 5(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). No information on the biodegradation of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine in natural waters was found(SRC), but this compound was reported to be resistant to biodegradation in the Japanese MITI test(8), suggesting biodegradation in waters will most likely occur slowly(SRC). Structurally similar compounds such as benzidine are shown to be rapidly oxidized by Fe(III) and other cations which are frequently found in environmental waters(9), which suggest that 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine may also be degraded by a similar process(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.3X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C (SRC)determined using a structure estimation method(3). Since 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine absorbs light greater than 290 nm(4), it may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment(SRC). Particulate-phase 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine was reported to be resistant to biodegradation in the Japanese MITI test(1). At low levels of yeast extract, 3,3'-dimethyoxybenzidine showed no consistent degradation in an OECD AFNOR sewage die-away test and it was not classified as readily biodegradable; only high levels of yeast extract (100-200 mg/l) enchanced the biodegradation of this compound(2). 3,3'-Dimethyoxybenzidine at 35 °C and an initial concn of 100 mg/l in the presence of an anaerobic sludge inoculum degraded 100% in 42 days(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.3X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The first pKa of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is estimated as 4.2(SRC), using an estimation method based on perturbed molecular orbital theory and linear free energy (LFER) methods(2). This estimated pKa indicates that 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine will partially exist in the protonated form under acidic conditions(SRC). 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine absorbs light greater than 290 nm(3) and may be susceptible to photolysis in the environment(SRC). Other than the protonation of the 2 amine groups, 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis due to a lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(4).

An estimated BCF of 5 was calculated for 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.81(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is estimated as 230(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 1.81(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The first pKa of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is estimated as 4.2(SRC), using an estimation method based on perturbed molecular orbital theory and linear free energy (LFER) methods(4). This estimated pKa indicates that 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine will partially exist in the protonated form under acidic conditions and cations have greater adsorption to soils than neutral molecules(SRC). Furthermore, 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is an aromatic amine which may form covalent bonds with humic materials resulting in relatively immobile quinone-like complexes(5).

The first pKa of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is estimated as 4.2(SRC), using an estimation method based on perturbed molecular orbital theory and linear free energy (LFER) methods(1). This estimated pKa indicates that 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine will partially exist in the protonated form under acidic conditions and cations will not volatilize from water or soil surfaces(SRC). The Henry's Law constant for the neutral species (free base) of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is estimated as 4.7X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine's Henry's Law constant(2) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected(SRC). 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-7 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4).

Processes in which dried dye is handled have the greatest potential for employee exposure during the manufacture or repackaging of benzidine-based dyes. ... During use of benzidine-based dyes, the greatest potential for exposure would be expected to be among dye-weighers who handle dry powders. /Benzidine-based dyes/

Human exposure ... is possible through inhalation of dye particles from equipment, vent systems; & skin absorption from finished dyed product, textile processing, mixing operations, or packaging processes.

Workers potentially exposed to DMOB /3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine/ are dye makers and o-dianisidine diisocyanate prodn workers. However, current prodn processes for DMOB and dyes made from DMOB are generally closed systems with minimal risk to workers.

It has been estimated that approximately 1,000 workers are exposed to /3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine/ during dye manufacturing and that perhaps as many as 15,000 workers are exposed in the various dye application industries.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,482 workers (866 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine is used(SRC).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U091, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 3,3'-DIMETHOXYBENZIDINE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T; R: 45-22; S: 53-45; Note: E

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III