anthracene

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.5% (3 of 573) of reports.

H315 (21.1%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (97.7%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H350 (18.5%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H400 (21.1%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (22.2%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P264, P264+P265, P273, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P318, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 573 reports by companies from 18 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 3 of 573 reports by companies.

There are 17 notifications provided by 570 of 573 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P271, P272, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P318, P319, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P261, P264+P265, P271, P272, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Rest. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water, foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

To fight fire, use water, foam, carbon dioxide, water spray or mist, dry chemical.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or alcohol foam extinguishers. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

/Wear/ self contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated under pressure demand or other positive pressure mode. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Personal protection: P2 filter respirator for harmful particles.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Anthracene is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Anthracene (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: You should dampen the solid spill material with acetone, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with acetone to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the adsorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminate area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this chemical from exposure to light. Keep the container tightly closed under an inert atmosphere, and store under refrigerated temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from strong oxidants. Well closed.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non Combustible Solids.

Store in a secure poison location. ... Before entering a confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Anthracene must be stored to avoid contact with strong oxidizers (such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine), chromic acid, and calcium hypochlorite, since violent reactions occur. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where anthracene is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard.

48 [mg/m3]

530 [mg/m3]

3200 [mg/m3]

0.1 mg/m³

0.2 mg/m³ as Coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene soluble fraction)

NIOSH considers coal tar pitch volatiles to be potential occupational carcinogens. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/

8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.2 mg/cu m. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek. BEI: None.; Biological monitoring should be considered for this compound based on the review; however, a specific BEI could not be determined due to insufficient data. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for Anthracene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.2 mg/m³, as benzene soluble aerosol [1984]

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly.

The substance is mildly irritating to the skin and respiratory tract.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis under the influence of UV light.

Dust mask; goggles or face shield; rubber gloves (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Impervious clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: For nuisance exposures use type P95 (US) or type P1 (EU EN 143) particle respirator. For higher level protection use type OV/AG/P99 (US) or type ABEK-P2 (EU EN 143) respirator cartridges. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Anthracene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NO open flames. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use ventilation (not if powder), local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles, face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Anthracene is a white to yellow solid with a weak aromatic odor. Sinks in water. (USCG, 1999)

Other Solid

Colorless or yellow solid with weak aromatic odor; [HSDB] Pure form is colorless with violet fluorescence; If impure, is yellow with green fluorescence; [Merck Index] Colorless or yellow crystalline solid; [MSDSonline]

WHITE CRYSTALS OR FLAKES.

White to yellow solid with a weak aromatic odor.

Monoclinic plates from alcohol recrystallization; when pure, colorless with violet fluorescence

Tablets or monoclinic prisms from alcohol

Yellow crystals with blue fluorescence

Pale yellow leaves

Weak aromatic odor

644 °F at 760 mmHg (corrected); 439.7 °F at 53 mmHg, sublimes (NTP, 1992)

341.3 °C

339.9 °C @760 [mm Hg]

421 to 424 °F (NTP, 1992)

421-424 °F

215.76 °C

250 °F (NTP, 1992)

121.0 °C (249.8 °F) - closed cup

250 °F (121 °C) (Closed cup)

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 4.34X10-2 mg/L at 24 °C

Insoluble in water

1.29 mg/L at 25 °C in distilled water

0.6 mg/L at 25 °C in salt water

For more Solubility (Complete) data for Anthracene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.00013

1.24 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.25 at 27 °C/4 °C

1.25-1.28 g/cm³

1.28 @25 °C

6.15 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

6.15 (Air = 1.0)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 6.15

1 mmHg at 293 °F (sublimes) (NTP, 1992)

0.00000267 [mmHg]

VP: 1 mm Hg at 145 °C (sublimes)

6.56X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C (exptrapolated)

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: 0.08

1 mmHg at 293 °F (sublimes)

log Kow = 4.45

Flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

ANTHRACENE will spontaneously burst into flame on contact with chromic acid, and other strong oxidants.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, hypochlorites.

Anthracene will burst into flame on contact with chromic acid.

Anthracene heats on contact with calcium hypochlorite.

Explodes on contact with fluorine.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Anthracene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Anthracene (ANT) is a solid. It is used as an intermediate for dyes, alizarin, phenanthrene, carbazole, anthraquinone, calico printing, a component of smoke screens, scintillation counting crystals, and in organic semiconductor research. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Melanosis coli is associated with an increased risk of colorectal tumors but is not agreed to be a precancerous lesion. The condition has been associated with the ingestion of ANT laxatives and is believed to be caused by increased epithelial apoptosis. In a longitudinal analysis from 1946 to 2002, a total of 618 employees with exposure to soot, raw paraffin, tar, anthracene, pitch or similar substances were examined. Squamous cell carcinomas, basal cell carcinomas, keratoacanthomas and melanomas were diagnosed. ANT failed in a large number of studies to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in human HeLa cells with metabolic activation, while it gave a marginally positive, nondose-related response in primary human skin epithelial cells. It yielded negative results in tests for forward mutation in human lymphoblastoid cells (36 ug/mL). UV radiation (295 nm) induced covalent binding of ANT to DNA which increased with time and was not affected by oxygen. Irradiation of human serum albumin in the presence of ANT induced covalent binding of the hydrocarbon to the protein accompanied by cross-linking of the protein. Protein cross-linking decreased under anaerobic conditions. ANIMAL STUDIES: Very slight erythema and/or edema was observed in five of six rabbits after skin application. Tests for complete carcinogenicity and initiating activity in mouse skin-painting assays have not shown positive results. ANT has been tested in a number of studies for skin carcinogenicity in combination with UV or visible radiation. The group of mice receiving the combined ANT and UV treatment showed "broadness of the epidermis", but no skin papillomas or carcinomas were observed in either group. ANT has been tested for the induction of genotoxicity (DNA damage and mutations) in a large number of bacterial systems, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus subtilis, with and without metabolic activation, giving negative results in the great majority of cases. ANT has been tested for the induction of sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells with metabolic activation, in a rat liver epithelial cell line and in a combined in vitro/in vivo test using Chinese hamster V79 cells implanted into mice. All studies reported negative results except for one which was marginally positive. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: ANT exposure generated compound-dependent oxidative stress in the tissues of V. decussata. Acute mortality of bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, dosed with ANT at 12.7 ug/L and exposed to natural sunlight conditions was observed during a study of ANT fate in outdoor channel microcosms. No mortality was observed under control conditions (natural sunlight and no ANT). The results obtained in short-term experiments with algae indicate that ANT acts as a photosensitizer causing an oxidative damage of cells.

The ability of PAH's to bind to blood proteins such as albumin allows them to be transported throughout the body. Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (L10, L23, A27, A32)

Anthracene

3 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC) and(or) Waste-water effluent contaminant

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.

CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. /Based on former classification system/

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 92: (2010) Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 133: (2024) Anthracene, 2-Bromopropane, Butyl Methacrylate, and Dimethyl Hydrogen Phosphite

2024 online

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

PAHs are carcinogens and have been associated with the increased risk of skin, respiratory tract, bladder, stomach, and kidney cancers. They may also cause reproductive effects and depress the immune system. (L10)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

Oral (L10) ; inhalation (L10)

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain.

Acute exposure to PAHs causes irritation and inflammation of the skin and lung tissue. (A10)

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - PICD (photoirritant contact dermatitis).

1 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

IRIS Current

PPRTV Current

ATSDR Final

LD50: 1470-2440 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (L910)

LD50: 430 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (L910)

LD50 Rat oral >16 000 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rat dermal >1,320 mg/kg bw

LD50 Mouse ip 430 mg/kg

There is no know antidote for PAHs. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L10)

The toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be enhanced by both biotic and abiotic processes. This is exemplified by light, which, by virtue of the extensive p-orbital systems of PAHs, can be a major factor in PAH toxicity. Light activation of PAHs is known to occur via photosensitization reactions (generation of singlet oxygen and superoxide) and potentially by photomodification of the chemicals (photooxidation and/or photolysis) to more toxic species. To examine the modes of PAH action in the light and determine if the photomodified compounds are hazardous, we investigated the photoinduced toxicity of anthracene, phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene to the aquatic higher plant Lemna gibba (a duckweed). Toxicity end points were inhibition of growth and extent of chlorosis. Light did indeed activate the phytotoxicity of PAHs, with UV radiation more effective than visible light. Dose-response curves based on chemical concentration and light intensity revealed the order of phytotoxic strength to be anthracene > phenanthrene > benzo[a]pyrene. To explore whether photomodified PAHs were contributing to toxicity, the chemicals were irradiated before toxicity testing. The rates of photomodification of the three PAHs were rapid (half-lives in hours), and the relative velocities were coincident with the order of toxic strength. Furthermore, the photomodified PAHs were more hazardous to Lemna than the intact compounds. Because interpretations of the potential impacts of PAHs in the environment are based mostly on measurements of the structurally intact chemicals, the severity of PAH hazards is possibly underestimated.

Cells of Desmodesmus subspicatus 86.81 were used to examine the toxicity of cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)) and anthracene (ANT) applied individually and in combination. The experiments were performed according to standardized ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 8692 protocol (2004). Parameters measured were the number of cells and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. E(r)C(10) and E(r)C(50) values (growth rate [r] inhibition by 10% and 50%, respectively) for single toxicants were determined separately. The effect of mixtures of the substances (Cd + ANT) at concentrations corresponding to E(r)C(10) (E(r)C(10) + E(r)C(10)) and E(r)C(50) (E(r)C(50) + E(r)C(50)) values was characterized. The toxicity of individual chemicals after a 72-hr exposure was as follows: ANT (E(r)C(10) = 0.06; E(r)C(50) = 0.26 mg/L) and CdCl(2) (E(r)C(10) = 0.12; E(r)C(50) = 0.30 mg/L). The combination Cd + ANT decreased the population growth rate more strongly than the substances applied individually. Cadmium at a concentration corresponding to E(r)C(10) slightly influenced the parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence as measured by the OJIP test (O, J, I, and P are the different steps of fluorescence induction curve), whereas the influence of ANT was not statistically significant. In Cd + ANT-treated samples, the photosynthetic "vitality" (PI), the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (phi(Po)), and the fraction of active PS II reaction center (RC) decreased, but the values of ABS/RC, TR(0)/RC, and DI(0)/RC increased. The type of interaction between Cd and ANT depended on the concentration of chemicals used. When the substances were applied at concentrations of E(r)C(10), synergistic effects were observed, whereas the mixture of chemicals used at an E(r)C(50) concentration showed an antagonistic interaction.

Intact cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as well as isolated thylakoid membranes and photosystem II complexes were used to examine a possible mechanism of anthracene (ANT) interaction with the photosynthetic apparatus. Since ANT concentrations above 1 mM were required to significantly inhibit the rate of oxygen evolution in PS II membrane fragments it may indicate that the toxicant did not directly interact with this photosystem. On the other hand, stimulation of oxygen uptake by ANT-treated thylakoids suggested that ANT could either act as an artificial electron acceptor in the photosynthetic electron transport chain or function as an uncoupler. Electron transfer from excited chlorophyll to ANT is impossible due to the very low reduction potential of ANT and therefore we propose that toxic concentrations of ANT increase the thylakoid membrane permeability and thereby function as an uncoupler, enhancing electron transport in vitro. Hence, its unspecific interference with photosynthetic membranes in vitro suggests that the inhibitory effect observed on intact cell photosynthesis is caused by uncoupling of phosphorylation.

Individual toxicity of heavy metals (HM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to plants living in water bodies is well-documented. In view of frequent joint occurrence of these compounds in the environment, plants are subjected to damage from their combined action. Cadmium and anthracene can generate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We have recently detected elevated activity of Fe- and Mn-SOD isoforms, indicating chloroplast and mitochondrion as the main sites of combined toxicity of HM and PAH. In the present paper, short-term (1-24 hr) experiments on the mechanism of combined toxicity of anthracene and cadmium to the photosynthesis of three Desmodesmus species are reported. Inhibition, stimulation or no effect on the oxygen evolution was observed following the treatment with the contaminants when applied either separately or jointly. The response pattern was both strongly species- and time-dependent. In contrast, the photosynthetic activity of cells, expressed by chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, was substantially unaffected, since no effect or, in several cases, a slight stimulation of PS II quantum efficiency (Phi PS II) were noted. A characteristic relationship between the SOD activity and the non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (qN) values was observed. The treatment of Desmodesmus cells with anthracene or cadmium had either no effect or slightly enhanced either the SOD activity or the qN value, whereas the mixture of the contaminants resulted in a multifold increase in both the SOD activity and the qN values. The results suggest that chloroplasts of algae are well protected against the combined action of the two contaminants the toxicity of which should be attributed to nucleocytoplasmic compartments and reproductive processes of the cell cycle.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for Anthracene (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Aedes aegypti (Mosquito); Concentration: = <0.001 mg/L for 24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Aedes aegypti (Mosquito); Concentration: 0.027 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Aedes taeniorhynchus (Mosquito); Concentration: 0.26 mg/L for 24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Culex quinquefasciatus (Mosquito); Concentration: 0.037 mg/L for 24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Anthracene (62 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The relative CYP1A induction potencies, determined as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and the cytotoxicities of 19 compounds with one to six benzene rings, mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and contaminated landfill leachates have been determined in the permanent fish hepatoma cell line PLHC-1. No CYP1A induction was observed with benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, acenaphthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, and fluorene and low induction was found with fluoranthene and phenanthrene.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... This study aims to apply an integrated approach including several multi-level biological responses (accumulation levels, biochemical responses important for different physiological functions and behavioral alterations) to assess the ecological relevance of the effects induced by sub-lethal concentrations of anthracene (ANT) in Palaemon serratus (common prawn). ANT accumulation was assessed by measuring the levels of ANT-type compounds in prawn digestive gland, muscle and eye; biochemical responses were determined using biomarkers involved in biotransformation, oxidative damage, energy production and neurotransmission processes; and behavioral alterations through swimming performance after 96 h exposure bioassay (ANT:16-1,024 ug/L). The rationale behind this approach is to assess the ecologically relevant effects induced by ANT in prawn, given by the association between behavioral alterations with biochemical responses, in search for more efficient tools for environmental risk assessment. Results show a significant decrease of swimming velocity (LOEC=128 ug/L) along with increased levels of ANT-type compounds in digestive gland (LOEC=128 ug/L), muscle (LOEC=256 ug/L) and eye (LOEC=32 ug/L) in prawn exposed to ANT. Increased activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT), involved in anti-oxidant defense system, were also observed (LOEC=256 ug/L; 1024 ug/L, respectively) in the digestive gland of prawn, induction of oxidative damage in lipids (LPO) also occurred (LOEC=32 ug/L). The inhibition of swimming velocity showed a correlation with some biochemical parameters measured, including the levels of ANT-type compounds in tissues and LPO, and thus these may be considered sensitive and ecologically relevant criteria as well as early warning endpoints for assessing polycyclic aromatic compounds exposure effects on marine organisms.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The feeding rate, growth rate and gross conversion efficiency were studied in milkfish Chanos chanos for 28 days of exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of anthracene (1.00, 2.00, 3.00, 6.00 and 12.0 ug/L) and benzo[a]pyrene (0.30, 0.70, 1.40, 2.80 and 5.60 ug/L) under continuous flow through bioassays. Based on survival and growth data, No Observed Effect Concentration; Lowest Observed Effect Concentration were estimated after 28 days, the values for anthracene were 2.03 and 3.09 ug/L, and the values for benzo[a]pyrene were 0.82 and 1.46 ug/L, respectively. Anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene exposure caused reduction in feeding and growth rate.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... The response of Chlamydomonas cells to Cd and ANT at concentrations that markedly reduced the growth of algal population was investigated in this study. At such concentrations, both cadmium and anthracene were recognized as oxidative stress inducers, since high concentration of H2O2 in treated cultures was observed. Therefore, as a part of the "molecular phase" of the cell response to this stress, ...the time-dependent expression of genes encoding the main antioxidative enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) /was examined/, as well as the activity of these enzymes in cells, with special attention paid to chloroplastic and mitochondrial isoforms of SOD. To characterize the cell response at the "physiological level", ... the photosynthetic activity of stressed cells /was examined/ via analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence in vivo. In contrast to standard ecotoxicity studies in which the growth end-points are usually determined, ...time-dependent changes in algal cell response to Cd- and ANT-induced stress /are presented/. The most significant effect(s) of the toxicants on photosynthetic activity was observed in the 6th hour, when strong depression of PI parameter value, an over 50% reduction of the active reaction center fraction (RC0) and a 3-fold increase in non-photochemical energy dissipation (DI0/RC) were noted. At the same time, the increase (up to 2.5-fold) in mRNA transcript of SOD and CAT genes, followed by the enhancement in the enzyme activity was observed. The high expression of the Msd 3 gene in treated Chlamydomonas cells probably complements the partial loss of chloroplast Fe-SOD and APX activity, while catalase and Mn-SOD 5 seem to be the major enzymes responsible for mitochondrion protection. The progressive increase in SOD and CAT activities seems to be involved in the recovery of photosynthesis within 12-24 hr after the application of the toxicants.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Anthracene (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.80e+04

2.30e+05

1.80e+03

5.00e-01

5.80e+01

3.00e-01

Volatile

5.40e+04

6.80e+05

5.30e+03

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

Anthracene is a member of a group of chemicals called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It occurs in fossil fuels and is also released to the environment as a ubiquitous product of incomplete combustion, occurring in exhaust from coke ovens, motor vehicles, emissions from cigarette smoke, coal-, oil-, and wood-burning stoves and furnaces. It is also resent in some edible oils. If released to air, anthracene's extrapolated vapor pressure of 6.56X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates this compound will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase anthracene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.2 hours. Particulate-phase anthracene will be physically removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Rapid photolysis of anthracene in aqueous solutions has been reported; therefore, anthracene may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, measured Koc values ranging from 2600 to 8600 indicate anthracene is expected to have slight to no mobility. Anthracene is expected to volatilize from moist soil surfaces based upon its measured Henry's Law constant of 4.88X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to organic matter may attenuate this process. Volatilization of anthracene from dry soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based on its extrapolated vapor pressure. Biodegradation in soil is expected to be an important fate process based upon half-lives in unacclimated soils ranging from 50 to 134 days. More rapid biodegradation rates were observed in soils contaminated with coal tar or oil. If released into water, anthracene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to occur given this compound's Henry's Law constant. However, volatilization is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.2 and 13 days, respectively, when adsorption is not considered. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is about 89 months when adsorption is considered. Measured BCFs ranging from 162 to 9200 indicate bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to very high; however, humic substances in water may reduce the bioavailability of anthracene to aquatic organisms. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important process due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Direct photolysis in water is expected to be an important environmental fate process in sunlit, shallow surface waters based on photolysis half-lives of less than 1 hour measured in aqueous solutions. Occupational exposure to anthracene may occur through inhalation of air contaminated with products of incomplete combustion and dermal contact with soot, motor oil and coal tar. The general population will be exposed to anthracene through the smoking of tobacco, inhalation of air and ingestion of food and water. (SRC)

Anthracene occurs in fossil fuels(1). It has also been detected in some plants(2).

Anthracene's production and use in the manufacture of dyes, alizarin, phenanthrene, carbazole, anthraquinone, calico printing, a component of smoke screens, scintillation counting crystals, and in organic semiconductor(1) and applications in nuclear physics(2) research may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

The last known U.S. anthracene producer is believed to have stopped production in 1982(1). Anthracene occurs ubiquitously as a product of incomplete combustion(1). It has been identified in the mainstream smoke of cigarettes, cigar and pipe smoke, mainstream smoke of marijuana cigarettes, exhaust emissions from gasoline engines, samples of charcoal-broiled steaks, edible oils, surface water, tap water, waste water, and dried sediment of lakes(1). In addition, anthracene has been identified in emissions from open burning of scrap rubber tires, in high octane gasoline, in coke oven emissions, and in emissions from asphalt processes(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values ranging from 2600(2) to 8600(3) indicate that anthracene is expected to have slight to no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of anthracene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 4.88X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Anthracene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 6.56X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Biodegradation half-lives of 134 days in unacclimated Kidman sandy loam soils(6) and 19 days in soil at an old oil reclamation facility(7) indicate that the extent of biodegradation will be affected by the nature of the soil, and whether resident microbial populations have been acclimated(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values ranging from 2600(2) to 8600(3) indicate that anthracene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.88X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 24 hrs and 12 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 89 months if adsorption is considered(6). According to a classification scheme(7), BCFs ranging from 162 in goldfish(8) to 9200 in rainbow trout(9) suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to very high(SRC). Aqueous soil humic acid solution Koc values ranging from 7.1X10+4 to 1.3X10+5(10) indicate that humic substances in water may reduce the bioavailability of anthracene to aquatic organisms(11). Anthracene is also susceptible to direct photolysis in sunlit surface waters(12,13). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 1.9% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). The overall biotransformation (both degradation to carbon dioxide and intermediate metabolite formation) half-life of anthracene in petroleum contaminated sediment was reported to be 12 days(15). In pristine sediments, the overall biotransformation half-life was 10 fold higher. The overall biotransformation half-life of anthracene in sediments contaminated with a coal coking wastewater was 2 days. The anthracene transformation rate was 20 times lower in the water(15).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), anthracene, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 6.56X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase anthracene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.2 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.79X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Particulate-phase anthracene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Rapid photolysis of anthracene in aqueous solutions has been reported(4,5); therefore, anthracene may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Half-lives for the biodegradation of anthracene in soils ranged from 108 to 175 days, average 139 days; a half-life of 3.3 days was also reported(1). Anthracene was reported as being slightly susceptible to oxidation by benzene-acclimated sludge at 20 °C(2). Approximately 175 mg/L oxygen uptake was observed over 72 hours, the sludge alone accounted for approximately 100 mg/L oxygen uptake(2). 5% conversion to CO2 was observed in 18 hr in Third Creek water (Knox Co, TN), no degradation of anthracene was observed in water from Walker Branch (Anderson Co, TN)(3). No degradation of anthracene was observed in estuarine water collected in April from the Skidway River, GA, after 24 hours(4). 8.3 to 19.0% and 37.2 to 58.1% degradation of anthracene was observed after 10 weeks incubation in fresh and ripe composts of municipal waste, respectively, from 6 cities in Germany(5). Degradation with gradual adaptation was reported for anthracene (5 and 10 mg/L) incubated with sewage seed, 43% and 26% degradation after 7 days, 92% and 51% degradation after 28 days and 3 weekly subcultures(6). Anthracene reached 2% of its theoretical BOD (BOD5 tests) using inoculum from 3 polluted surface waters(7). Anthracene was confirmed to be poorly or non-biodegradable in MITI tests(8). Anthracene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 1.9% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test(9). An initial anthracene concentration of 4.7 ug/mL was reduced to 0.5 ug/mL after 14 days incubation in shake flasks containing creosote contaminated groundwater and surface soil(10). In a pilot-scale treatability study, 100% of the anthracene present in contaminated groundwater was biodegraded over a period of 36 days in a publicly owned treatment works employing activated sludge treatment(11).

AEROBIC: Half-lives derived for anthracene in four soils amended with sewage sludge ranged from 48 to 210 days, with a mean half-life of 141 days(1). 8.2 to 84.7% of(14)C-anthracene was mineralized to (14)CO2 in four soils obtained from a manufactured gas plant(2). The dissipation (probably through biodegradation; microbial numbers were greater in the vegetated soils) of anthracene in soil was enhanced by the presence of vegetation(3). The degradation rate of anthracene in Georgia coast sediment with crude oil added was observed to be 2.0 to 2.6%/wk(4). 31% degradation of anthracene was observed after 5 hrs of incubation in sediment collected 0.5 km below coking plant discharge(5). 13% degradation in 24 hours was observed in sediment contaminated by oil; 66% degradation was observed in 7 days(6). The biodegradation rate of anthracene in flooded soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under aerobic conditions was observed to be 0.38 ppm/day; under denitrifying conditions the biodegradation rate ranged from 0.28 to 0.29 ppm/day(7). A half-life of 3.0 weeks was estimated for anthracene in sludge-treated Caledon sandy loam soil (730 g/kg sand, 200 g/kg silt, 70 g/kg clay)(8). Following an acclimation period of 2 weeks, anthracene was degraded by the indigenous microbial consortium in soil at an old oil reclamation facility with an estimated half-life of 19 days(9). In a soil column study containing sandy soil samples from a site contaminated with creosote, an initial anthracene concentration of approximately 800 mg/kg was reduced to less than 400 mg/kg following 170 days incubation(10). Anthracene mineralization rates ranged from 10 to 60% following 64 days incubation in soils collected from an abandoned coal tar refinery(11). Biodegradation half-lives of 134 and 50 days were observed for anthracene in Kidman and McLaurin sandy loam soils, respectively(12). Approximately 70% biodegradation of anthracene was observed after a period of 5 weeks incubation in a town gas soil-water slurry reactor using a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-acclimated mixed culture(13).

AEROBIC: Using the Warburg method as a means for estimating the rate of biodegradation and activated sludge from three municipal treatment plants as microbial inoculum, only 0.3% carbon dioxide formation (relative to applied dose) was reported after 5 days; anthracene was reported to be appreciably resistant to biodegradation with the third activated sludge. The mineralization half-life of anthracene has been reported to be 57 to 21 days in unacclimatized sediments and 5 to 7 days in oil treated sediments. The mineralization half-life of anthracene was also reported to be 200 days in oil-treated water and 20 fold higher in uncontaminated water. The overall biotransformation (both carbon dioxide and intermediate metabolite formation) half-life of anthracene in petroleum contaminated sediment was reported to be 12 days. In pristine sediments, the overall biotransformation half-life was 10 fold higher. The overall biotransformation half-life of anthracene in sediments contaminated with a coal coking wastewater was 2 days; the transformation rate was 20 times lower in the water. The biodegradability of anthracene with natural sediments and natural estuarine waters has been studied. The biodegradation of anthracene in aquatic media is controlled by the temperature, oxygen content and acclimatization or nonacclimatization of the microorganisms. Higher biodegradation rates were observed at 30 °C than at 20 and 10 °C. The biodegradation process was found to be aerobic and higher oxygen concentration up to a certain optimum value tended to increase the oxidation rates. Similarly, the biodegradation rates were reported to be faster with acclimatized microorganisms. The incubation of anthracene with intertidal sediment slurries for a reasonable period of time (approximately 1 month) not only produces the mineralization product carbon dioxide but also produces intermediate metabolites. A large portion of the initial material or its intermediate metabolites (which could not be identified because (14)C counting of the combustion products of residue was used as the method of quantification) remained cellular bound(1).

AEROBIC: The biodegradability of anthracene with mixed microorganisms was studied. Anthracene is biodegradable in sewage treatment plants provided suitable acclimatization can be achieved with settled domestic wastewater as microbial inoculum and a static culture flask screening procedure, 43% of anthracene was found to be biodegradable in 7 days at an initial concentration of 5 ppm. After 7 days of acclimatization, the same solution showed 70% degradaton in 7 days. The corresponding degradation was only 26 and 30% at an initial anthracene concentration of 10 ppm. Activated sludge from three municipal treatment plants was used as microbial inoculum and the Warburg method as a means for estimating the rate of biodegradation. Anthracene was reported to be appreciably resistant to biodegradation with the third activated sludge. Only 0.3% carbon dioxide formation (relative to applied dose) on incubation of anthracene for 5 days with activated sludge was reported(1).

For more Environmental Biodegradation (Complete) data for Anthracene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of anthracene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured to be 1.79X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Anthracene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). The photolysis rate constant for a 3X10-7 M aqueous solution of anthracene was measured to be 5.16X10-4 1/sec(4). This corresponds to a half-life of about 22 minutes(SRC). The following photolysis degradation products were identified when anthracene was irradiated by simulated sunlight in aqueous solutions: anthracene-9,10-endoperoxide; anthracene-9,10-dione; anthracene-1,4-dione; anthrone; 10-hydroxyanthrone; 9,10-dihydroxyanthracene; 1,4-dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione; 1-hydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione; 2-hydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione(5). Photolysis of anthracene adsorbed onto silica and irradiated at 300 to 350 nm led to the formation of anthraquinone as the major photoproduct(6). Anthracene irradiated with UV light under various salinity conditions (0-2.4%) resulted in the formation of photoproducts 2-, 9- and 9,10-dichloroanthracene(7). Photodegradation of anthracene in the environment is considered relevant only under conditions of very shallow, clear waters and within the first few centimeters of the water column(8). Abiotic processes accounted for 17.4 and 14.2% anthracene removal from Kidman and McLaurin sandy loam soils, respectively(9).

... Anthracene in distilled water was rapidly degraded under exposure to natural sunlight, with a photolysis half-life of about 35 minutes under midday sunlight in midsummer at 35 deg north latitude. Under average winter solar conditions at the same latitude coordinates, anthracene's photolytic half-life was 4.8 hr and 1.6 hr for summer conditions.

BCFs were measured in the following aquatic species: Goldfish, 162(1); Gambusia (fish), 1029(2); Rainbow trout, 4400 to 9200(3); Daphnia pulex, 759 to 912(4,5); Chlorella fusca variety vacuolata (green algae), 7760(6); Golden orfe, 912(7); Pontoporeia hoyi (scud), 17,000(8); and midge (Chironomousiparius), 46.7(9). A BCF of 7300 was measured in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in static bioconcentration experiments(10). BCF values of 1660 to 2820 and 903 to 2710 were determined in carp (Cyprinus carpio) using flow-through conditions and anthracene concentrations of 15 and 1.5 ug/L, respectively(11). According to a classification scheme(12), these BCFs suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms ranges from moderate to very high(SRC). The BCF in Daphnia magna was found to decrease with increasing concentration of Aldrich humic acids: BCF (dissolved organic carbon, mg/L), 607 (0.2) and 319 (2.0); however, this difference was not considered significant due to the large sample variance(13). Aldrich humic acids in water did not significantly alter Daphnia magna accumulation of anthracene: BCF (dissolved organic carbon, mg/L), 389 (0.3), 362 (1.5), and 340 (5.7)(13). Depuration half-lives of 57 and 63 hours relative to contaminated and clean water, respectively, were measured in zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, exposed to (14)C-labeled anthracene adsorbed on sediment(14).

Uptake, depuration, and biotransformation rates of (14)carbon-labeled anthracene were determined for Pontoporeia hoyi, the dominant benthic invertebrate in the Great Lakes, at 4, 7, 10, and 15 °C(1). The uptake rate constants increased from 136/hr to 215/hr over the temp range studied and were seasonally dependent(1). The depuration rate constant at the apparent optimum temp of 7 °C was 0.015/hr for anthracene(1). The biotransformation ability of Pontoporeia hoyi is low, and degradation of anthracene was undetectable even after exposures of 48 hr(1). The bioconcentration factor can be predicted from the uptake and depuration kinetics to be approx 16,800 at 4 °C(1). The effects of temperature and anthracene concentration on uptake and depuration rate constants and bioconcentration factors were determined for larvae of the midge, Chironomus riparius(2). At 25 °C, the uptake rate constant estimated from 10 hr and 30 hr exposure and by the initial rate methods increased with concentration between 1.7 and 30.5 ug/L(2). At a constant concentration (22 ug/L), the uptake rate constant was max at 25 °C and less at 16 and 30 °C(2). Bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) were exposed to (14)C-labeled anthracene in water. Rates of uptake and biotransformation within the fish were followed by (14)C counting and thin layer and liquid chromatography(3). The initial uptake rate coefficient for anthracene was independent of exposure concentration(3). Biotransformation of the anthracene was constant at 0.22 nmol/g/hr, with approx 92% of the residue unmetabolized at 4 hr., 6% of the anthracene was found in liver and gall bladder(3). Depuration rates were first-order and yielded a half-life of 17 hrs for anthracene(3). The estimated bioconcentration factor for anthracene in whole fish (Kuptake/Kdepuration) was 900, for total (14)carbon activity, but only 675 for parent material(3). This bioconcentration factor was considerably lower than that predicted from the octanol water partition coefficient, because of biotransformation(SRC).

Koc values ranging from 7.0X10+4 to 1.3X10+5 mL/g were measured for anthracene in an aqueous soil humic acid solution(1). A Koc of 2.86X10+4 mL/g was calculated for anthracene from its sorption coefficient in humic acid solutions(2). Sediment-porewater partition coefficients (log Koc) measured in sediments from an intertidal marsh ranged from 4.73 (fractional organic content (foc) 0.0039) to 5.86 (79.2% sand, 13.7% silt, 7.1% clay, and foc 0.0076)(3). Koc values ranging from 5000 to 3.5X10+4 were measured for anthracene on hematite and kaolinite coated with either peat humic acid or Suwanee humic acid(4). A Kp value (equilibrium-sorption coefficient) of 7.46 was determined in Borden soil (88% sand, 1% silt, 1% clay, 0.29% organic carbon)(5); this corresponds to a Koc of 2600(SRC) using a regression derived equation(6). A Ks value (equilibrium sorption constant) of 33.65 was measured in Eustis fine sand (13 g/kg clay, 32 g/kg silt, and 955 g/kg sand, organic carbon content of 3.9 g/kg)(7); this corresponds to a Koc of 8600(SRC) using a regression derived equation(6). According to a recommended classification scheme(8), these Koc values suggests that anthracene is expected to have slight to no mobility in soil(SRC).

The possibility of leaching of anthracene from soil to groundwater will depend on soil type. The Koc value for anthracene is 26,000. This indicates that anthracene will be adsorped strongly to soil and the compound may degrade before it reaches groundwater. Filtration of polluted surface water containing anthracene through sandy soil at a residence time of 100 days did not completely eliminate anthracene in the filtered water. The passage of anthracene through the soil was explained as a breakthrough of the chemical because of the saturation of active sorption sites.

The Henry's Law constant for anthracene is 4.88X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that anthracene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 24 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 12 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 89 months if adsorption is considered(3). Anthracene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Anthracene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based on an extrapolated vapor pressure of 6.56X10-6 mm Hg(4).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Anthracene is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.