1,2,4-trichlorobenzene

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (11.5%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 52 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P318, P319, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P301+P317, P304+P340, P319, P330, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P301+P317, P304+P340, P319, P330, P332+P317, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash - If this chemical contacts the skin, wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Small fires: dry chemical, CO2, water spray or foam; large fires: water spray, fog or foam. (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. If solid: sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a POTW is acceptable only after review by the governing authority. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must meet Hazardous Material Criteria for disposal.

If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies.

Absorb the spills with paper towels or like materials. Place in a hood to evaporate. Dispose by burning the towel.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Land spill. Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Apply universal gelling agent to immobilize spill. Apply appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard. Water spill. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. Air spill. Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Combustion products include corrosive or toxic vapors.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An alkali scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. Recommendable method: Incineration.

In the powdered activated carbon treatment (PACT) process, powdered activated carbon is used with the activated sludge method for wastewater treatment. Primary treatment consists of neutralization with lime and settling followed by combined powdered activated carbon-activated sludge for secondary/tertiary treatment. Primary sludge consisting of metal salts and unreacted lime is dewatered before disposal in a lined landfill. Powdered activated carbon and return powdered activated carbon treatment sludge are added to the primary effluent as it is fed to aeration tanks. Treated effluent is discharged after first passing through a settling lagoon. Consistency and efficiency of removal varies greatly among cmpd reported and ranges from 44% for 1,2-dichlorobenzene to 99% for a number of volatile organic compounds. For 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 66% was removed giving an average powdered activated carbon treatment effluent of 169 ppb.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene: biological treatment, stripping, solvent extraction, activated carbon, and resin adsorption.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. ... Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under ambient temperatures, and keep it away from oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from strong oxidants, acids and food and feedstuffs.

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzenes are liquids at room temperature and are shipped in bulk in aluminum tank trucks and steel or stainless steel tank cars.

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene must be stored to avoid contact with oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates and nitrates) since violent reactions occur. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard.

0.5 [ppm]

3.4 [ppm]

37 [ppm]

150 [ppm]

5 ppm (40 mg/m³)

C 5 ppm (40 mg/m3)

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

5.0 [ppm]

Ceiling Limit: 5 ppm

5 ppm as STEL.

5 ppm [1975]

15.1 mg/m

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3.

Australia: peak limitation 5 ppm; Federal Republic of Germany: 5 ppm, short-term level 50 ppm, 30 minutes, once per shift, pregnancy Group D, data insufficient for final evaluation; United Kingdom: 5 ppm, 10-minute STEL 5 ppm.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking. The substance may have effects on the liver.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift. (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material.

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Important additional information about respirator selection

NO open flames.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

1,2,4-trichlorobenzene appears as colorless liquid or white solid with a sharp chlorobenzene odor. Melting point 16.95 °C (62.5 °F). (USCG, 1999)

Liquid; CBI

Colorless liquid or crystalline solid (below 63 degrees F) with an aromatic odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID OR WHITE CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid or crystalline solid (below 63 °F) with an aromatic odor.

Colorless liquid

Orthorhombic crystals

Colorless liquid or crystalline solid (below 63 degrees F).

Aromatic odor

415 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

213.5 °C

213.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

63 °F (NTP, 1992)

16.92 °C

230 °F (NTP, 1992)

105 °C (222 °F)

105 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

Sparingly soluble in alcohol. Miscible with ether, benzene, petroleum ether, carbon disulfide

In water, 49.0 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water, mg/l: 34.6

1.454 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.459 g cu cm at 20 °C/4 °C

Liquid density: 1.44829 kg/L

Critical density: 0.447 kg/L

Relative density (water = 1): 1.5

1.459 @25 °C

6.26 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

6.26 (Air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 6.26

1 mmHg at 101.1 °F ; 5 mmHg at 153.1 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.46 [mmHg]

0.46 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: 40

0.46 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 4.02

Henry's Law constant = 1.42X10-3 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

Stable at room temperature

Volatile with steam

1060 °F (USCG, 1999)

Insoluble in water.

Aryl Halides

1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE can react vigorously with oxidizing materials (NTP, 1992). Yields hydrogen chloride and phosgene when heated to decomposition (USCG, 1999).

... On contact with acids or acid fumes they evolve highly toxic /hydrogen chloride/ fumes. /chlorides/

... Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.

Acids, acid fumes, oxidizers, steam.

Acids, acid fumes, oxidizers, steam

Trichlorobenzene may uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, inducing potassium ion release and inhibiting respiratory control. It's metabolites may covalently bind to cellular proteins and alkylate DNA. (A154, A155)

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

Endocrine

1 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) (Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC))

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group D Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity

CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: A dermal exposure study in mice was found inadequate for drawing conclusions as to carcinogenicity in humans. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate.

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

High levels of trichlorobenzene may damage the liver, kidney, and thyroid. (A153)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (T38) ; inhalation (T38) ; dermal (T38)

Cough. Sore throat. Burning sensation.

Dry skin. Redness. Roughness.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Sore throat. Vomiting.

irritation eyes, skin, mucous membrane; In Animals: liver, kidney damage; possible teratogenic effects

Trichlorobenzene irritates the eyes and respiratory tract. (T20)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, reproductive system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

9 x 10^-2 mg/kg-day

2 x 10^-3 mg/m^3

2 x 10^-2 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Likely to be carcinogenic to humans

PPRTV Current

IRIS Current

ATSDR Final

LD50: 756 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T22)

LD50 Rat oral 756 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 766 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 1223 mg/kg

LD50 Rat percutaneous 6100 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The halogenated benzenes, inducers of xenobiotic metabolism, were studied for their effects on the metabolism of malathion, malaoxon (lindane), and paraoxon and on the toxicity and lethality of these organophosphorus insecticides and parathion. One mmol/kg of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (p-dichlorobenzene), 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 1,4-dibromobenzene, 1,2,4-tribromobenzene, or hexabromobenzene or 0.1 mmol/kg hexachlorobenzene was administered po to male mice daily for 7 days. In general, the trihalogenated benzenes increased the LD50 of all 4 insecticides 2- to 6-fold. These increases were larger than those observed with the di- or hexahalogenated isomers. The bromide-substituted benzenes were usually more active than the chlorinated ones with the exception being hexabromobenzene. There was a good correlation between their effects on lethality and increases in in vitro carboxylesterase activity with either malathion or malaoxon as the substrate. The trihalogenated benzenes decreased the inhibitory effect of malathion on cholinesterase activity in the brain and to a lesser degree in the red blood cells, but not in liver or plasma. There was also a good correlation between protection against parathion and paraoxon lethality, protection against inhibition of cholinesterase in the brain and liver by paraoxon, and increases in the dealkylation of paraoxon by microsomal mixed-function oxidases but not by hepatic or plasma esterases. It appears that the halogenated benzenes are able to protect against organophosphorus insecticide toxicity. With malathion, increases in carboxylesterase activity may be important, and with paraoxon, increases in microsomal mixed-function oxidase dealkylation and tissue binding cannot be excluded from contributing to the protection seen.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

LC50; Species: Allolobophora tuberculata (Earthworm, adult) multiple environmental routes (using filter paper) 23 ug/sq cm for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 16-32 ug/sq cm)

LC50; Species: Allolobophora tuberculata (Earthworm, adult) direct application (artificial soil, 69% sand, 20% clay, pH 6.0, and 10% organic matter, 35% moisture) 251 mg/kg for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 167-378 mg/kg)

LC50; Species: Eisenia fetida (Earthworm, adult) multiple environmental routes (using filter paper) 27 ug/sq cm for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 24-32 ug/sq cm)

LC50; Species: Eisenia fetida (Earthworm, adult) direct application (artificial soil, 69% sand, 20% clay, pH 6.0, and 10% organic matter, 35% moisture) 197 mg/kg for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 137-282 mg/kg)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE (41 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ For ... 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCBz), lethal body burdens (LBB) of ... 14 +/- 4.5 mmol/kg (ww) ... were determined in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). LBBs ... were found to increase with increasing lipid content and time-to-death of fish within the same aquarium. The correlation with time-to-death suggests that besides lipid content at least one other factor causes intraspecies variation in LBBs. When intraspecies variation is excluded by comparing mean LBBs from different aquaria and exposure regimes, LBBs still vary with time-to-death. In contrast to the situation within one aquarium, between different aquaria and exposure regimes often a decrease in LBB with time-to-death is found ...

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effects and fate of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were studied in fish. The high levels of biotransformation products found in rainbow trout (Salmo gardneri) bile during & after exposure in these studies support the possible use of bile sampling in pollutant-modeling programs.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The cytotoxicity of 12 chem to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) cells (RTG-2) was determined in culture. The indicator of cytotoxicity was the inability of cells to attach to a growth surface after chem exposure. From most toxic to least toxic, these chem were pentachlorophenol, p-methylaminophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, p-chlorophenol, p-cyanophenol, p-nitrophenol, benzene, p-methylphenol, aniline, phenol, p-methoxyphenol, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. The cytotoxicity of these cmpd was significantly correlated to their water-borne toxicity to rainbow trout.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effective concn of 15 chemicals, inhibiting the cell growth of Scenedesmus subspicatus by 10 and 50% during 96 hr, were investigated in a static test under controlled lab conditions. The most toxic compounds were pentachlorophenol and atrazine, whereas benzene, trichloroethylene, styrene-7,8-oxide, hexachlorobenzene, 1,1-dichloroethylene, and 4-nitrophenol were only slightly toxic. Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, thiourea, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 4-chloroaniline, lindane, and 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile were of intermediate toxicity. The potential for using this alga as a model test organism is indicated.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2.40e+01

1.10e+02

2.10e+00

8.80e+00

1.20e+00

7.00e+01

3.40e-03

2.00e-01

2.90e-02

1.00e-02

2.00e-03

Volatile

4.04e+02

1.70e+02

7.70e+02

6.30e+00

2.60e+01

1.20e+01

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in fish.

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene's production and use as a solvent in chemical manufacturing, dyes and intermediate, in dielectric fluid, synthetic transformer oils, lubricants and heat-transfer mediums and its use as a coolant in electrical equipment and glass tempering may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's former use as an insecticide may have resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.46 mm Hg at 25deg C indicates 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 30 days. The half-life of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in surface waters, when exposed to summer sunlight at 40 deg latitude, was calculated as 450 years, suggesting that the compound is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is expected to have moderate to no mobility based upon Koc values of 440 to 10,715. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.42X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene is expected to biodegrade slowly in soils, with biodegradation half-lives ranging from several weeks to a few months. If released into water, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. The aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation half-lives of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in natural waters was reported as 28 and 110 days, respectively. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4.8 hours and 5.6 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The volatilization half-life from a model pond is up to 86 days when adsorption is considered. Measured BCF values of 120 in carp to 57,544 in Atlantic croaker suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high. A hydrolysis half-life was given as 3.4 years for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. Occupational exposure to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1,2,4-1,2,4-trichlorobenzene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound or other products containing 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. (SRC)

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene's production and use as a solvent in chemical manufacturing, dyes and intermediate, in dielectric fluid, synthetic transformer oils, lubricants and heat-transfer mediums(1) and its use as a coolant in electrical equipment and glass tempering(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use as an insecticide(1) may have resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 440(2) to 10,715(3), indicate that 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is expected to have moderate to no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.42X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.46 mm Hg(5). 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene is expected to biodegrade slowly in soils with biodegradation half-lives ranging from several weeks to a few months(6,7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 440(2) 10,715(3), indicate that 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.42X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4.8 hours and 5.6 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The volatilization half-life from a model pond is up to 86 days when adsorption is considered(6). According to a classification scheme(7), BCF values of 120 in carp(8) to 57,544 in Atlantic croaker(2), suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high(SRC). A hydrolysis half-life was given as 3.4 years for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene(2). The aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation half-lives of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in natural waters was reported as 28 and 110 days, respectively(9).

AQUATIC FATE: 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene has estimated half-lives of 0.3-3, 3-30, and 30-300 days in rivers, lakes and groundwater, respectively(1).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, which has a vapor pressure of 0.46 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 30 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.3X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The half-life of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in surface waters, when exposed to summer sunlight at 40 deg latitude, was calculated as 450 years(4), suggesting that the compound is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: A 0% theoretical BOD in sludge over a 2 week incubation period was observed for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene(1). The aerobic biodegradation half-life of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in natural waters has been reported as 28 days(2). An 8-day theoretical BOD of 1% in a benzene acclimated sludge was observed for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene(3). A 20-day theoretical BOD of 0% in municipal wastewater was observed for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene while 20-day theoretical BODs of 78, 100 and 55% were observed for industrial wastewater(4). 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene was dechlorinated 0.3-50.1% after 7 days incubation in soil amended with up to 4 mM bromoethanesulfonate, 2 mM sulfate and 7.5 mM hydrogen(5). After 4 days of incubation 28 uM of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene was biodegraded to 1,4-dichlorobenzene and chlorobenzene(6). 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, under aerobic conditions, degraded 40% in dune sediment taken near Zandvoort, Netherlands after a 2 month lag time(7). 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene was biodegraded 90% in groundwater samples under aerobic conditions(8). 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene had influent concns of 90 and 8100 ug/L and effluent concns of <5.0 and <10 ug/L using an activated sludge with a daily mass loading of COD/bacterial mass ratios of 0.3 and 0.6(9).

... The formation rate of (14)C labeled carbon dioxide through the biodegradation of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) by activated sludge was examined. After 5 days, 13% of the 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene remained, 56% was converted to carbon dioxide, 23% to polar metabolites, and 7% was volatilized. Approximately 80% of the 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene was adsorbed on solids accounting for the low volatility from the system.

ANAEROBIC: 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene was biodegraded by an acclimated anaerobic sediment slurry obtained from the Tsurumi River, Japan(1). The first-order biodegradation rate constant was 0.017/days, corresponding to a half-life of about 41 days(1). The half-life of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in sewage sludge amended soil was 23 days(2). Sediment from freshwater streams in the Netherlands degraded 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, with reported biodegradation half-lives of 50-212 days(3). An enriched microbial culture derived from sediment of the Rhine River reductively dechlorinated 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene to 1,2-dichlorobenzene in about 1 year following a lag period of over 138 days(4). The anaerobic biodegradation half-life of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in natural waters has been reported as 110 days(5). Sediment from the Ise Bay, Japan reductively dechlorinated 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at a rate of 15-35 pmols/day, with the main degradation product reported as 1,2-dichlorobenzene(6). 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, under methanogenic conditions, degraded >99% in Rhine sediment taken near Nieuwegein and dune sediment taken near Zandvoort, Netherlands(7). 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene was biodegraded 11% in groundwater samples under anaerobic conditions(8). Anaerobic biodegradation rates for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene have been given as 0.0062 and 0.0096/day(9). 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene was anaerobically biodegraded 50% in <4 days(10).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 5.3X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 30 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). A hydrolysis half-life was given as 3.4 years for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene(2). The half-life of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in surface waters, when exposed to summer sunlight at 40 deg latitude, was calculated as 450 years(3), suggesting that the compound is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

BCF values of 420 to 1,140 were measured in carp exposed to 50 ug/L of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene during a 6 week incubation period and BCF values of 120 to 1,300 were measured in carp exposed to 5 ug/L of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene during a 6 week incubation period(1). The BCF value of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in fish in a flowing water system was 490 while the BCF value for trout in a static water system was 2400(2). Log BCFs of 3.11, 3.51, 3.36 and 3.57 were measured in 4 rainbow trout samples on a whole body basis, and 4.20, 4.57, 4.54 and 4.71 using lipid basis(3). Log BCFs of 3.10, 2.60, 1.91, 3.19, 3.32 and 3.31 were measured in Atlantic croaker, blue crab, spotted sea trout, blue catfish, fathead minnow and flagfish, respectively, on a whole body basis, and at 4.20, 4.57, 4.76, 4.90, 3.54, 4.68, 3.45, 4.54, 4.71 and 4.25, respectively, using lipid basis(3). 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene had a log BCF of 2.95 in guppy (Poecilia reticulata)(4). A BCF of 491 was given for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in fish(5). 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene at concns of 3.2 and 53 ng/L, in a flow-through system showed BCFs of 1300 and 3200, respectively, in rainbow trout exposed over 119 days(6). Fish continuously exposed to a mean measured aqueous concn of 2.9 ug/L of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene had a estimated equilibrium bioconcentration factor of 182(7). According to a classification scheme(8), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high. Daphnids continuously exposed to a mean measured aqueous concn of 3.1 ug/L of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene had a estimated equilibrium bioconcentration factor of 142(7).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Land spill. Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Apply universal gelling agent to immobilize spill. Apply appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard. Water spill. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. Air spill. Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Combustion products include corrosive or toxic vapors.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An alkali scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. Recommendable method: Incineration.

In the powdered activated carbon treatment (PACT) process, powdered activated carbon is used with the activated sludge method for wastewater treatment. Primary treatment consists of neutralization with lime and settling followed by combined powdered activated carbon-activated sludge for secondary/tertiary treatment. Primary sludge consisting of metal salts and unreacted lime is dewatered before disposal in a lined landfill. Powdered activated carbon and return powdered activated carbon treatment sludge are added to the primary effluent as it is fed to aeration tanks. Treated effluent is discharged after first passing through a settling lagoon. Consistency and efficiency of removal varies greatly among cmpd reported and ranges from 44% for 1,2-dichlorobenzene to 99% for a number of volatile organic compounds. For 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 66% was removed giving an average powdered activated carbon treatment effluent of 169 ppb.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene: biological treatment, stripping, solvent extraction, activated carbon, and resin adsorption.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Trichlorobenzenes, liquid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. ... Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Trichlorobenzenes, liquid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 m (150 ft) for liquids and at least 25 m (75 ft) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Trichlorobenzenes, liquid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Trichlorobenzenes, liquid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2321 153(liquid)

UN 2321; Trichlorobenzenes, liquid or 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene

IMO 6.1; Trichlorobenzenes, liquid or 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 22-38-50/53; S: (2)-23-37/39-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III