2,4-dichlorophenol

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (13.7%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H302 (99.6%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (100%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (47.8%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (20.1%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411 (99.6%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 278 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P361+P364, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P361+P364, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. To remove substance use polyethylene glycol 400 or vegetable oil. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Phenols are very toxic poisons AND corrosive and irritating, so that inducing vomiting may make medical problems worse. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water or foam may cause frothing.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water, foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide.

Alcohol foam, foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.

Cool exposed containers with water.

Wear goggles, self-contained breathing apparatus, and rubber overclothing (including gown); /when fighting a fire involving 2,4-Dichlorophenol/

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. /Trichlorophenol/

Fire extinguishing agents: water or foam may be used even though frothing occurs.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Activated carbon is a good method for removing chlorophenols from water. Competitive adsorption occurs between chlorophenols & humic substances present in nearly all municipal water supplies. This competition decr the capacity of carbon for chlorophenols. /Chlorophenols/

Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner/ to contain liquid or solid material. Cover solids with plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /Trichlorophenol/

Water Spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Trichlorophenol/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U081, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for 2,4-dichlorophenol: biological treatment, solvent extraction, and resin adsorption.

Dissolve in a combustible solvent and incinerate in a furnace equipped with afterburner and scrubber. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable method: Discharge to sewer. Peer-review: Incinerate at high temp. PCDDs may be formed. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Keep material out of water sources and sewers; Build dikes to contain flow as necessary; Keep upwind; Avoid breathing vapors or dusts; Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Trichlorophenol/

Immediately wash contaminated areas of skin with concentrated soap solution. Contaminated gloves, clothing, shoes should be removed without delay and disposed by incineration.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material at ambient temperatures and keep it away from oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

Fireproof. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Ventilation along the floor.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

...Store in tightly closed containers in a refrigerator away from oxidizers, acid, acid fumes, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, caustics...

0.20 [ppm]

2.0 [ppm]

20 [ppm]

ERPG-1: 0.2 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or objectionable odor [AIHA]

ERPG-2: 2 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 2 = impaired ability to take protective action [AIHA]

ERPG-3: 20 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 3 = life threatening health effects [AIHA]

Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL): 8-hr Time-weighted Average (TWA) 1 ppm,skin (Absorbed rapidly through the skin in molten or heated liquid form in amounts that have caused rapid death in humans).

Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG): ERPG(1) 0.2 ppm (no more than mild, transient effects) for up to 1 hr exposure; ERPG(2) 2 ppm (without serious, adverse effects) for up to 1 hr exposure; ERPG(3) 20 ppm (not life threatening) up to 1 hr exposure.

A harmful contamination of the air will not or will only very slowly be reached on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; when in molten form, however, evaporation will be much faster.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion. The hot liquid may cause severe skin burns. Exposure to the molten substance may result in extensive skin absorption and rapid death. Inhalation of the vapour may cause lung oedema. Medical observation is indicated. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

Bureau of Mines approved respirator, rubber gloves, chemical goggles. (USCG, 1999)

Wear boots, protective gloves, and goggles. /Trichlorophenol/

/Wear/ approved dust respirator for toxic dusts; Protective clothing to prevent contact with skin. /Trichlorophenol/

NO open flames. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e.g., by grounding).

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS! AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

2,4-dichlorophenol is a colorless crystalline solid with a medicinal odor. Melting point 45 °C. Sinks in water. Strong irritant to tissues; toxic by ingestion.

Colorless to pale yellow solid with a strong medicinal odor; Melts at 45 deg C; [HSDB] Crystalline solid; mp = 65-68 deg C; [MSDSonline]

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

COLORLESS CRYSTALS OR NEEDLES

Hexagonal needles from benzene

White ... solid

Pale yellow solid

Strong medicinal

410 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

210.0 °C

210 °C @760 [mm Hg]

113 °F (NTP, 1992)

237 °F (NTP, 1992)

200 °F (open cup); 237 °F (closed cup)

237 °F (114 °C) (open cup)

113 °C o.c.

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 64 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in carbon tetrachloride

Soluble in ethanol, benzene, chloroform and ethyl ether.

Soluble in aqueous alkali, oxygenated and chlorinated solvents.

In water, 4.50X10+3 mg/L at 20 °C

4.5 mg/mL at 20 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.45 (poor)

1.4 at 59 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.4 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.00

5.62 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.6

1 mmHg at 127 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.11 [mmHg]

0.09 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 10

0.09 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 3.06

When heated to decomposition ... it emits highly toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/.

13,230.4 cal/mole

Odor detection in water: 2.10X10-1 ppm (chemically pure)

In air: 0.21 ppm /Purity not specified/

Detection in water: 0.04 mg/L; 0.002 mg/l; 0.0003 mg/L /Purity not specified/

In air: low 1.4007 mg/cu m; high 1.4007 mg/cu m /Purity not specified/

Insoluble in water.

Phenols and Cresols

Acids, Weak

Aryl Halides

2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL can react vigorously with oxidizing agents. Can also react with acids or acid fumes. Incompatible with acid chlorides and acid anhydrides. (NTP, 1992)

... Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.

... On contact with acid or acid fumes, it emits highly toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/.

Quickly corrodes aluminum; slowly corrodes zinc, tin, brass, bronze, copper and its alloys.

Chlorophenols have moderately high lipophilicity. Absorption through the gastrointestinal tract is by simple diffusion and is expected to be both rapid and virtually complete. The chlorophenols are also readily absorbed after dermal exposure. Chlorophenols uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and produce convulsions. At low concentrations, uncoupling produces stimulation of state 4 (resting state) respiration as a result of increased adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in the absence of a phosphate acceptor. Inhibition of state 3 (active) respiration is also observed. At moderate concentrations, resting respiration is neither stimulated nor inhibited. Significant inhibition of respiration, associated with a breakdown of the electron transport process and decreased ATPase activity, occurs at very high concentrations. (L159)

2,4-Dichlorophenol

3 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: There is limited evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of combined exposures to polychlorophenols or to their sodium salts. There is evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity of 2,4-dichlorophenol in experimental animals. ... Overall evaluation: Combined exposures to polychlorophenols or to their sodium salts are possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). /Polychlorophenols and their sodium salts/

TR-353: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 2,4-Dichlorophenol (CASRN 120-83-2) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies) (1989 )

04/18/88

No Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year feed studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity for male F344/N rats fed diets containing 5,000 or 10,000 ppm 2,4-dichlorophenol or for female F344/N rats fed diets containing 2,500 or 5,000 ppm 2,4-dichlorophenol. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity for male or female B6C3F1 mice fed diets containing 5,000 or 10,000 ppm 2,4-dichlorophenol.

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Dermally absorbed doses of chlorophenols are potentially more toxic than orally absorbed doses. Within 20 minutes of being accidentally splashed with 2,4-DCP on his right arm and leg, a worker experienced seizures, collapsed, and died shortly thereafter. Lethargy, tremors, convulsions, and/or central nervous system depression have been reported in chlorophenol-exposed animals. (L159)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion. Serious local effects by all routes of exposure.

Oral (L159) ; dermal (L159)

Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation behind the breastbone. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Further see Ingestion.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain. Blisters. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain. Severe burns.

Burns in mouth and throat. Abdominal pain. Tremor. Convulsions. Shock or collapse.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Other Poison - Uncoupler

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

2 x 10^-2 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

IRIS Current

PPRTV Current

ATSDR Final

LD50 Rat oral 580 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 430 mg/kg

LD50 Rat sc 1730 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 153 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... Topical application of 0.3% dimethylbenzanthracene in benzene as an initiator & 20% (312 mg/kg) 2,4-dichlorophenol for 39 wk promoted papillomas & carcinomas in mice.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and its metabolite 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) are used extensively in agriculture as herbicides, and are suspected of potential endocrine disruptor activity. In a previous study, we showed that these compounds exhibited synergistic androgenic effects by co-treatment with testosterone in the Hershberger assay. To elucidate the mechanisms of the synergistic effects of these compounds on the androgenicity of testosterone, the androgenic action of 2,4-D and DCP was characterized using a mammalian detection system in prostate cancer cell lines. In in vitro assay systems, while 2,4-D or DCP alone did not show androgenic activity, 2,4-D or DCP with 5alpha-dihydroxytestosterone (DHT) exhibited synergistic androgenic activities. Co-treatment of 10 nM 2,4-D or DCP with 10 nM DHT was shown to stimulate the cell proliferation by 1.6-fold, compared to 10 nM DHT alone. In addition, in transient transfection assays, androgen-induced transactivation was also increased to a maximum of 32-fold or 1.28-fold by co-treatment of 2,4-D or DCP with DHT, respectively. However, 2,4-D and DCP exerted no effects on either mRNA or protein levels of AR. In a competitive AR binding assay, 2,4-D and DCP inhibited androgen binding to AR /(androgen receptor)/, up to 50% at concentrations of approximately 0.5 microM for both compounds. The nuclear translocation of green fluorescent protein-AR fusion protein in the presence of DHT was promoted as the result of the addition of 2,4-D and DCP.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Phenols and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Do not use emetics. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . Maintain body temperature. /Phenols and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDER ONLY ... Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam. ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Phenols and related compounds/

Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) Pseudomonas putida (bacteria) 6 mg/L

Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) Entosiphon sulcatum (protozoa) 0.5 mg/L /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) Uronema parduczi Chatton-Lwoff (protozoa) 1.6 mg/L /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) Scenedesmus quadricauda (green algae) 3.6 mg/L /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL (50 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ /In a study using fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) the/ affected fish lost schooling behavior, were hypoactive, swam upside down, had deformities, and lost equilibrium prior to death. The dosage was between 0 mg/L for control groups and 15.0 mg/L for the highest dosed group.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The relative toxic responses to 27 selected phenols in 96 hr acute flow through Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) and 48-60 hr chronic static Tetrahymena pyriformis (ciliate protozoan) test systems were evaluated. Log Kow-dependent linear regression analyses revealed that the data from each test system consisted of 2 linear equations. The less toxic chem form a relation which models polar /depression/; these chem are slightly more active than the baseline toxicity of nonionic /depressant/ chem. The more toxic chem form a relation which model uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Regression analysis of fathead minnow toxicity (log median lethal concentration (mol/L)) vs Tetrahymena pyriformis toxicity (log of the 48-60 hr 50% inhibitory concentration (BR), mmol/L) showed good correlation between the 2 systems.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Embryos of Fathead minnows were more resistant to phenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol than were larval or juvenile life stages. Growth of 28-day-old fish was the most sensitive indicator of stress during exposures to phenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, and pentachlorophenol, whereas survival was the most sensitive indicator of toxic effects from 2,4-dichlorophenol. Based on these effects, the estimated max acceptable toxicant concentration for Fathead minnows in Lake Superior water lies between 290 and 460 ug/L for 2,4-dichlorophenol.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Studies of the acute toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenol, trichlorophenols, tetrachlorophenols, & pentachlorophenol to grass shrimp at known stages of the molt cycle showed that, with the exception of 2,4-dichlorophenol, the various chlorophenols were more toxic to molting shrimp than to non-molting, inter-molt shrimp. In general, the toxicity of chlorophenols could not be correlated to either the number of chlorine atoms or to the pKa values of these chlorophenols.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.90e+02

2.50e+03

4.60e+01

1.00e+02

2.30e-02

3.00e-03

Volatile

5.70e+02

7.40e+03

1.40e+02

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

2,4-Dichlorophenol's production and use in organic synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. However, the major source of 2,4-dichlorophenol in the environment is the degradation of the phenoxy herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.09 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates that 2,4-dichlorophenol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,4-dichlorophenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 15 days. The direct photolysis half-life of 2,4-dichlorophenol in the protonated form (pH = 5) was determined to be 25 minutes and in the anion form (pH = 9) was determined to be 3 minutes. If released to soil, 2,4-dichlorophenol is expected to have low to moderate mobility based upon Koc values of 263, 661, and 708. The pKa of 2,4-dichlorophenol is 7.89, indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces should not be important given the vapor pressure of this compound. At 0-4 °C, 79-82% of initial 2,4-dichlorophenol was degraded in a clay loam soil during 12-14 days of aerobic incubation, suggesting that biodegradation may be an environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, 2,4-dichlorophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based on the Koc. Using a freshwater inoculum, 39-84% degradation was observed in 40 days (35-60% degraded in sterile controls), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces may be an important fate process based on its Henry's Law constant. Estimated half-lives from a model river and model lake are 14 days and 103 days, respectively. The pKa indicates 2,4-dichlorophenol will exist partially in the anion form which may affect its transport and reactivity in water and sediment. A BCF range of 7.1 to 69 in carp suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenol may occur through inhalation and adsorption with this compound at workplaces where 2,4-dichlorophenol is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenol via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of drinking water, ingestion of fish and vegetables, and dermal contact with vapors and other products containing 2,4-dichlorophenol. (SRC)

PHENOL PRESENT IN WASTE OR SURFACE WATERS CONTAINING CHLORINE ADDED AS A DISINFECTANT IS CHLORINATED TO FORM, AMONG OTHER CHLOROPHENOLS, 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL.

2,4-Dichlorophenol is present in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid manufacturing wastes.

Contamination of cocoa powder by chlorophenols and chloroanisoles adsorbed from packaging materials was investigated. Aq suspensions prepared from cocoa powder were sour and had an intense moldy off odor and a strong disinfectant aftertaste. 2,6-dichlorophenol was one of the 5 chlorophenols found in contaminating sack. Concn of 2,6-dichlorophenol in cocoa powder and packaging materials of contaminating sack and normal sack were, for: contaminating sack: 7 ug/kg cocoa powder, 100 ug/kg glued seams, & 41 ug/kg paper sacking; normal sack: less than 1 ug/kg cocoa powder, 4 ug/kg glued seams, less than 1 ug/kg paper sacking /2,6-dichlorophenol/. 2,6- & 2,4-Dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, & 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol were present in the tainted cocoa powder in such high concn that they would be expected to taint beverages & other food items prepared from it. The packaging material was the most likely source of the contamination. However, it is possible that the 2,6-dichlorophenols in the cocoa powder were derived from the microbial metabolism of chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides, which are still used in some cocoa-producing countries.

Biologically treated effluent samples from nine Canadian bleached softwood kraft mills were analyzed for chlorinated phenolic content. Chlorinated phenols, including 2,4-DCP, present in effluent discharged from bleached kraft mills are not expected to contribute an off-odor to recipient waters. the effluents from a hazardous waste inciner

For more Artificial Pollution Sources (Complete) data for 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 263 in lake sediment, 661 in river sediment and 708 in aquifer material(2) indicate that 2,4-dichlorophenol is expected to have low to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2,4-dichlorophenol from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated using a vapor pressure of 0.09 mm Hg(4) and a water solubility of 5,547 mg/L(5). 2,4-Dichlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on a vapor pressure of 0.09 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). The pKa of 2,4-dichlorophenol is 7.89(6), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form in the environment. In highly alkaline soils (pH 10), it has been observed to be poorly adsorbed to soil under such conditions(7). Non-dissociated 2,4-dichlorophenol is expected to undergo more adsorption than the ionized form(7,8). At 0-4 °C, 79-82% of initial 2,4-dichlorophenol was degraded in a clay loam soil during 12-14 days of aerobic incubation(9), suggesting that biodegradation may be an environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 263 in lake sediment, 661 in river sediment and 708 in aquifer material(2) indicate that 2,4-dichlorophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). 2,4-Dichlorophenol may volatilize from water surfaces(3) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated using a vapor pressure of 0.09 mm Hg(4) and a water solubility of 5,547 mg/L both at 25 °C(5). Using this Henry's law constant and an estimation method(3) volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 14 days and 103 days, respectively(SRC). A pKa of 7.89(6) indicates 2,4-dichlorophenol will exist in a partially dissociated state which may affect its transport and reactivity in water and sediment(7). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF range of 7.1 to 69 in carp(8) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC). At 0-20 °C, 39-84% degradation in 40 days was reported using stream water inoculum while 35-60% was degraded in sterile stream water controls(9), suggesting that biodegradation in water is not an important environmental fate process(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: The rates of photolysis and microbial degradation of phenol, p-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol in estuarine water were determined. Photolysis was the primary transformation process for the polychlorinated phenols, with photolysis rate constants in surface estuarine water ranging from 0.3 to 1.2 per hour and half-lives ranging from 0.6 to 3 hr. Dichlorophenol photolysis rates were 20-80% higher in estuarine water than in distilled water, indicating a photosensitized reaction. There was no microbial (dark) degradation of polychlorinated phenols during short incubation periods (up to 3 days). The photoproducts of polychlorinated phenols were rapidly degraded by microbes. Microbial degradation was the primary process for transformation of phenol and p-chlorophenol. In the summer the microbial and photolysis transformation rate constants for phenol were 0.03 (half-life = 28 hr) and 0.016 per hour (half-life = 43 hr), respectively. Winter photolysis and microbial degradation rates were lower than the summer values.

AQUATIC FATE: The consequences of contamination of the aquatic environment by chlorophenols /including ... 2,4-dichlorophenol/, have been evaluated by extensive review of the available scientific data. The chlorophenols generally exert moderate toxic effects to mammalian and aquatic life, although toxicity to fish upon long-term exposure may be considerable, as has been found for 2,4-dichlorophenol. Persistence is low when adapted microflora is present, capable of biodegrading these compounds, but may become moderate to high depending on the environmental conditions. Bioaccumulation is expected to be low. A striking feature of these chlorophenols is their strong organoleptic effect. /Chlorphenols/

For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

AEROBIC: Using a static-culture flask-screening procedure with a settled wastewater inoculum, 2,4-dichlorophenol was found to be degradable with rapid microbial adaptation as 99-100% of initial concentration were degraded within 7 days(1). Using a Warburg respirometer and phenol-adapted bacteria (bacteria isolated from garden soil, river mud, compost and waste lagoon sediment), 95% of initial 2,4-dichlorophenol (200 ppm) was degraded within 7-10 days(2). Based on COD determination, 98% of initial 2,4-dichlorophenol was degraded in a BOD system with an activated sludge inoculum during a 20-day inoculation period(3). When activated sludge was exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenol at levels of 100 mg/L of sludge, 75% of the chemical disappeared in two days, and essentially 100% was gone in five days(4). However, 2,4-dichlorophenol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test(5).

AEROBIC: Sulfate-reducing bacteria produced 80 to 95% degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol at concentration levels of 60 mg/L or lower after 7 days(1). Under aerobic conditions, 2,4-dichlorophenol was completely degraded in the presence of sanitary landfill leachate after 25 days(2). Aerobic cultures of activated sludge, amended with a methanotrophic soil enrichment, were enriched on phenol and toluene and were able to rapidly degrade 2,4-dichlorophenol(3). Soils (clay, clay loam, and sandy loam) were incubated with (14)C-ring-labeled 2,4-D in flasks. Breakdown was > 70% within 10 days, at 20 degree. (14)CO2 accounted for 30-42% of the applied (14)C. 2,4-Dichloroanisole and 2,4-dichlorophenol were formed, accounting for <10% of the applied (14)C(4).

AEROBIC: A manufacturer of resins, plasticizers, antioxidants, and chlorinated paraffins generated wastewater that contained 2,4-dichlorophenol. The 2,4-dichlorophenol-containing effluent was reduced by bacterial digestion from an activated sludge from a local treatment plant (2,4-dichlorophenol content: 11 ug/L to <5 ug/L and 96 ug/L to 23 ug/L)(1).

AEROBIC: At 0-20 °C, 39-84% of initial 2,4-dichlorophenol was degraded in a stream water during 40 days of aerobic incubation while 35-60% was degraded in sterile stream water controls over 40 days(1). At 0-4 °C, 79-82% of initial 2,4-dichlorophenol was degraded in a clay loam soil during 12-14 days of aerobic incubation(1). At a concentration of 100-1000 ppb in aerated and buffered (pH 7) lake water, 97.5-100% degradation occurred in 16-30 days of incubation(2); in unaerated and unbuffered lake water (predominantly anaerobic conditions), 49.4-80% degradation occurred in 43 days of incubation(2). First order disappearance rate was observed in a small stream with respect to either distance or time of flow, average half-life of about 4 hrs; however the absence of seasonal variability over several ecological zones suggests that the rate controlling factor is not biological(3).

For more Environmental Biodegradation (Complete) data for 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,4-dichlorophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been determined to be 1.06X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 15 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). 2,4-Dichlorophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). The direct photolysis half-life of 2,4-dichlorophenol in the protonated form (pH = 5) was determined to be 25 minutes and in the anion form (pH = 9) was determined to be 3 minutes(3). Riboflavin slightly increased the rate of 2,4-dichlorophenol photodecomposition to 7 minutes at pH 7; the rate of this photolysis increased with increasing pH(3). Brief UV (300 nm) photolysis greatly facilitated the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from sewage through accelerated mineralization and binding of polar products; the half-life for 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation was determined to range from 1.68 to 9.63 minutes(4). A quantum yield of approximately 0.10 was observed for the irradiation of an aqueous solution of the anionic form of 2,4-dichlorophenol while the quantum yield for the molecular form was only 0.01-0.02(5); in addition, the absorption max occurred at 304 nm for the anionic form and 282 nm for the molecular form(5). Using a quantum yield of 0.12 (a value determined via measurements of 15 different laboratories), the direct photolysis lifetime of 2,4-dichlorophenol in the top millimeters of a natural aquatic system under mid-day sunlight conditions at a latitude of 40-50 deg N has been calculated to be 0.075 hours(6). 2,4-Dichlorophenol could no longer be detected in an aqueous solution after 10 days of solar irradiation under conditions of good aeration(7).

Based on exposure to midday sunlight for 4 hr in sealed flasks, the photodegradation half-life of 2,4-dichlorophenol has been estimated to be 0.8-3.0 hr (summer-winter) in distilled water and 0.7-2.0 hr (summer-winter) in estuarine water at pH 7.7(1). 2,4-Dichlorophenol was decomposed by ultraviolet light, and the rate of photolysis in distilled water decreased as pH decreased. Degradation of 50% of 2,4-dichlorophenol by ultraviolet light was accomplished in two minutes at pH 9.0, in five minutes at pH 7.0, and in 34 minutes at pH 4.0(2). The rate constant for the reaction of 2,4-dichlorophenol with singlet oxygen in water at 19 °C has been measured to vary from 7X10+5 (pH 5.5) to 1.2X10+8 (pH 9.0) liters/mole-sec, with the rate of reaction increasing as the degree of dichlorophenol ionization increases(3); assuming a singlet oxygen concentration of 4X10-14 M in natural water(3), the half-life at pH 8 under midday sunlight is approximately 62 hr(3); singlet oxygen concentrations of 1X10-12 M can be formed in some natural waters(4). The rate constant for the reaction of 2,4-dichlorophenol with peroxy radicals in sunlit natural water has been estimated to be 1X10+7 liters/mole-hr(4); assuming a peroxy radical concentration of 1X10-9 M in natural water(5), the half-life can be estimated to 69.3 hr(SRC).

IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT 2,4-D (2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID) IS DECOMPOSED TO 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL BY SUNLIGHT & THEN TO SIMPLER CMPD.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U081, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for 2,4-dichlorophenol: biological treatment, solvent extraction, and resin adsorption.

Dissolve in a combustible solvent and incinerate in a furnace equipped with afterburner and scrubber. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable method: Discharge to sewer. Peer-review: Incinerate at high temp. PCDDs may be formed. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols,solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols,solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols,solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols,solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2020; Chlorophenols, solid

IMO 6.1; Chlorophenol, liquid or solid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 22-24-34-51/53; S: (1/2)-26-36/37/39-45-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III