Sulfanilic acid

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P272, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315 (98.6%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (98.6%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (99.8%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 442 reports by companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

P261, P264+P265, P272, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P321, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this compound can be extinguished using a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

SLUDGE FROM A MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT WAS ACCLIMATED AS SEED IN A CONTINUOUS FLOW, COMPLETELY MIXED LABORATORY REACTOR. A SUBSTRATE CONTAINING A MIXTURE OF GLUCOSE, PHENOL & SULFANILIC ACID WAS FED AT DIFFERENT FOOD-TO-MICROORGANISM RATIOS. REMOVAL RATE WAS DETERMINED AS TOTAL ORGANIC C (TOC) MEASUREMENTS. ANALYSES FOR EACH SUBSTRATE IN THE INFFLUENT & EFFLUENT SAMPLES WERE MADE.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures and away from mineral acids and bases. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from strong acids and strong bases.

37 [mg/m3]

410 [mg/m3]

2400 [mg/m3]

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is irritating to the eyes. The substance is mildly irritating to the skin.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

NO open flames.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

4-aminobenzene sulfonic acid appears as white powder with faint purple tinge. Grayish-white flat crystals. Becomes anhydrous at around 212 °F. Low toxicity (used medicinally).

Dry Powder

Greyish-white solid; [Hawley] White to grey solid; [ICSC] Light grey fine crystals and fragments; [MSDSonline]

WHITE POWDER OR WHITE-TO-GREY CRYSTALS.

Orthorhombic plates or monoclinic from water

Decomposes without melting at 550 °F (NTP, 1992)

288 °C decomposes without melting

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Insoluble in ethanol and ether

Soluble in fuming hydrochloric acid

Slowly sol in water: about 1% at 20 °C, about 1.45% at 30 °C, about 1.94% at 40 °C

In water, 10.68 g/L at 20 °C; 14.68 g/L at 30 °C

Solubility in water: poor

1.485 at 77 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.485 at 25 °C/4 °C

1.49 g/cm³

1.485 @25 °C

0.0000002 [mmHg]

log Kow = -2.16

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic vapors of /nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides/.

pKa = 3.25 at 25 °C; pKa = 3.34 at 15 °C

134.5 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI-; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID6024464]

Orthorhombic plates from water; decomposes without melting at about 288 °C (Also reported as greater than 360 °C); almost insoluble in ethanol, ether, benzene; slightly soluble in hot methanol; K2 at 25 °C: 5.93x10-4 /Sulfanilic acid monohydrate/

Grayish white, flat crystals /Sulfanilic acid monohydrate/

Nitrogen Compounds -> Aminobenzenesulfonic Acids

FCS -> FDA Inventory of Food Contact Substances Listed in 21 CFR

Environmental transformation -> Pesticide transformation products (metabolite, successor)

Insoluble in water.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

Acids, Weak

4-AMINOBENZENE SULFONIC ACID is an amino acid. Reacts weakly with both acids and bases.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

LD50 Rat iv 6000 mg/kg bw

LD50 Mouse ip ca 6000 mg/kg bw

LD50 Mouse oral >6400 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rat oral >2000 mg/kg bw

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for SULFANILIC ACID (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

WHEN GIVEN ORALLY IN SUFFICIENT AMT (100-500 MG/KG IN RATS), THE CHELATOR /ETHYLENE DIAMINETETRAACETATE/ INCREASES THE RATES OF ABSORPTION OF HEPARIN.../&/ SULFANILIC ACID...ALL LIPID-INSOL SUBSTANCES WHICH ORDINARILY ARE POORLY ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT.

BILE SALTS, DISODIUM EDTA, TETRACYCLINE, OR SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE PRESENT IN THE GUT LUMEN OF THE RAT INCREASED THE TRANSFER OF SULFANILIC ACID FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE TO THE THORACIC DUCT LYMPH.

The effect of mitomycin C (MMC) pre-administration intravenously on the absorption of drugs from rat stomach has been examined by means of the in-situ loop technique. 48 hr after the MMC-treatment, the absorption of salicylic acid, aspirin and sulphanilic acid was not influenced but that of sulphanilamide was significantly increased compared with the control. At 96 hr, a differential effect of MMC on the absorption of each drug was seen: the absorption of weakly acidic drugs was significantly decreased while that of bases and strong sulphonic acid increased. The decreased absorption of salicylic acid and aspirin correlated with the reduced gastric mucosal blood flow. At 96 hr there were severe hemorrhagic lesions in the gastric mucosa. The increase in absorption of poorly absorbed drugs could be ascribed to the increased permeability of the blood-gastric epithelium barrier as was evidenced by leakage of Evans Blue.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Specific and non-specific binding of 4-aminobenzene sulfonic acid to immunoglobulins (lgD) has been detected in patients sensitized to tartrazine from which 4-aminobenzene sulfonic acid can be metabolically liberated. Patients with symptoms of recurrent urticaria have not shown hypersensitivity reactions to 4-aminobenzene sulfonic acid.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT URTICARIA OR ANGIOEDEMA WERE PROVOKED WITH SULFANILIC ACID. NO URTICARIAL REACTION FROM SULFANILIC ACID WAS NOTED.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ... 4-Aminobenzene sulfonic acid is slightly irritating to the skin and moderately irritating to the eye of rabbits. The substance has been shown to induce sensitization in a multitude of test systems in the guinea-pig, and in the mouse earswelling test. Repeated dermal application of a 5% neutral formulation for 4 weeks has caused no skin changes in the guinea-pig; formulations adjusted to pH 4 have led to slight temporary depigmentation. ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ... Various dyes and indicators were fed to partially hepatectomized male rats as supplements in a basal diet for 10 days after surgery. ... Sulphanilic acid, a prominent metabolite of several azo dyes, proved inactive in partially hepatectomized males at a level of 0.20%.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ ... After repeated intraperitoneal application of 4-aminobenzene sulfonic acid to new-born rats there has been an increase in the time required to flee from the effect of an electric shock. The motor activity of the rats, their brain catecholamine concentrations and their learning behavior (shock avoidance time) have not been impaired. ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ CHRONIC DAILY IP INJECTION OF SULFANILIC ACID DURING FIRST POSTNATAL MONTH TO RATS CAUSED HYPERACTIVITY AND IMPAIRED SHOCK ESCAPE PERFORMANCE IN PUPS.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SULFANILIC ACID (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead Minnow) weight 0.3-1 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 7.2-7.9, hardness 40-48 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen >40%; Concentration: 100400 ug/L for 96 hr

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Sulfanilic acid's production and use as an intermediate in the production of dyes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates sulfanilic acid will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase sulfanilic acid may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition. Sulfanilic acid absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, sulfanilic acid is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 10. The pKa of sulfanilic is 3.25, indicating that this compound will exist partially anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.9X10-13 atm-cu m/mole. Based on results of the majority of eight separate laboratory determinations, it can be concluded that sulfanilic acid is not readily biodegradable in soil or water. If released into water, sulfanilic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to sulfanilic acid may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where sulfanilic acid is produced or used. (SRC)

Sulfanilic acid's production and use as an intermediate in the production of dyes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that sulfanilic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of sulfanilic acid is 3.25 at 25 °C(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of sulfanilic acid from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.9X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Sulfanilic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). Based on results of the majority of eight separate laboratory determinations, it can be concluded that sulfanilic acid is not readily biodegradable(5). Sulfanilic acid, present at 100 mg/L, reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(5) which also indicates the compound is not readily biodegradable(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that sulfanilic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.9X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from a log Kow of -2.16(5) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Sulfanilic acid absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and may be susceptible to direct photolysis in sunlit water(SRC). Based on results of the majority of eight separate laboratory determinations, it can be concluded that sulfanilic acid is not readily biodegradable(7). Sulfanilic acid, present at 100 mg/L, reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(8) which also indicates the compound is not readily biodegradable(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), sulfanilic acid, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase sulfanilic acid may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Sulfanilic acid absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm(3), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: In a study assessing biodegradability by manometric respirometry conducted by the Commission of European Communities, five of the eight laboratories employed in the study determined sulfanilic acid was <20% biodegradable(1). A sixth laboratory where the inoculum was adapted to sulphonic acids found sulfanilic acid to be 70% biodegradable at 10 days and 90% biodegradable at 28 days(1). A seventh laboratory found duplicates on one occasion to give no removal while a single determination yielded 12% degradation(1). The eighth laboratory reported 6, 14 and 62% biodegradation after 28 days in three(1). Based on results of the majority of eight separate laboratory determinations, it can be concluded that sulfanilic acid is not readily biodegradable(1). Sulfanilic acid, present at 100 mg/L, reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(2) which also indicates the compound is not readily biodegradable(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of sulfanilic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 17 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Sulfanilic acid absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm(2), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions at pH 7 is 2.9X10+9 L/mol-sec(3); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of 276 days(SRC) at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(4).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for sulfanilic acid(SRC), using a log Kow of -2.16(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of sulfanilic acid can be estimated to be 10(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that sulfanilic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of sulfanilic acid is 3.25(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4).

The Henry's Law constant for sulfanilic acid is estimated as 8.9X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that sulfanilic acid is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Sulfanilic acid's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). Sulfanilic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(1).

GROUNDWATER: Sulfanilic acid was detected in the groundwater leachate plume originating from a landfill in Denmark at concentrations ranging from <20 ug/L to 10.44 mg/L at various sampling points and depths(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of sulfanilic acid is 100 to 999; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 31,593 workers (19,454 of these were female) were potentially exposed to sulfanilic acid in the US(1). Occupational exposure to sulfanilic acid may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where sulfanilic acid is produced or used(SRC).

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead Minnow) weight 0.3-1 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 7.2-7.9, hardness 40-48 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen >40%; Concentration: 100400 ug/L for 96 hr

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Sulfanilic acid's production and use as an intermediate in the production of dyes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates sulfanilic acid will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase sulfanilic acid may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition. Sulfanilic acid absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, sulfanilic acid is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 10. The pKa of sulfanilic is 3.25, indicating that this compound will exist partially anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.9X10-13 atm-cu m/mole. Based on results of the majority of eight separate laboratory determinations, it can be concluded that sulfanilic acid is not readily biodegradable in soil or water. If released into water, sulfanilic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to sulfanilic acid may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where sulfanilic acid is produced or used. (SRC)

Sulfanilic acid's production and use as an intermediate in the production of dyes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that sulfanilic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of sulfanilic acid is 3.25 at 25 °C(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of sulfanilic acid from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.9X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Sulfanilic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). Based on results of the majority of eight separate laboratory determinations, it can be concluded that sulfanilic acid is not readily biodegradable(5). Sulfanilic acid, present at 100 mg/L, reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(5) which also indicates the compound is not readily biodegradable(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that sulfanilic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.9X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from a log Kow of -2.16(5) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Sulfanilic acid absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and may be susceptible to direct photolysis in sunlit water(SRC). Based on results of the majority of eight separate laboratory determinations, it can be concluded that sulfanilic acid is not readily biodegradable(7). Sulfanilic acid, present at 100 mg/L, reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(8) which also indicates the compound is not readily biodegradable(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), sulfanilic acid, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase sulfanilic acid may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Sulfanilic acid absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm(3), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: In a study assessing biodegradability by manometric respirometry conducted by the Commission of European Communities, five of the eight laboratories employed in the study determined sulfanilic acid was <20% biodegradable(1). A sixth laboratory where the inoculum was adapted to sulphonic acids found sulfanilic acid to be 70% biodegradable at 10 days and 90% biodegradable at 28 days(1). A seventh laboratory found duplicates on one occasion to give no removal while a single determination yielded 12% degradation(1). The eighth laboratory reported 6, 14 and 62% biodegradation after 28 days in three(1). Based on results of the majority of eight separate laboratory determinations, it can be concluded that sulfanilic acid is not readily biodegradable(1). Sulfanilic acid, present at 100 mg/L, reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(2) which also indicates the compound is not readily biodegradable(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of sulfanilic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 17 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Sulfanilic acid absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm(2), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions at pH 7 is 2.9X10+9 L/mol-sec(3); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of 276 days(SRC) at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(4).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for sulfanilic acid(SRC), using a log Kow of -2.16(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of sulfanilic acid can be estimated to be 10(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that sulfanilic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of sulfanilic acid is 3.25(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4).

The Henry's Law constant for sulfanilic acid is estimated as 8.9X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that sulfanilic acid is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Sulfanilic acid's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). Sulfanilic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(1).

GROUNDWATER: Sulfanilic acid was detected in the groundwater leachate plume originating from a landfill in Denmark at concentrations ranging from <20 ug/L to 10.44 mg/L at various sampling points and depths(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of sulfanilic acid is 100 to 999; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 31,593 workers (19,454 of these were female) were potentially exposed to sulfanilic acid in the US(1). Occupational exposure to sulfanilic acid may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where sulfanilic acid is produced or used(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Corrosive

Symbol: Xi; R: 36/38-43; S: (2)-24-37