diphenylamine

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301+H311+H331 (10.1%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H301 (> 99.9%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (> 99.9%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319 (30.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (> 99.9%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351 (11.1%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H373 (100%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (96.2%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1984 reports by companies from 46 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water or foam may cause frothing.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide.

Foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide. ...Water or foam may cause frothing

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Sweep spilled substance into containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting, then remove to safe place

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Burn in admixture with flammable solvent in furnace equipped with afterburner and scrubber. Recommendable methods: Incineration ... .

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this material from exposure to light, and store it in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from strong acids and oxidants. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

In general, materials which are toxic as stored or which can decompose into toxic components...should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated place, out of direct rays of the sun, away from areas of high fire hazard, and should be periodically inspected... Incompatible materials should be isolated from each other.

Keep protected from light.

/Store/ separated from strong acids, oxidants.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Methemoglobin in blood = 1.5% of hemoglobin during or at end of shift. [ACGIH]

5.0 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

6.0 [mg/m3]

37 [mg/m3]

220 [mg/m3]

10 mg/m³

TWA 10 mg/m3

10 mg/m³ (Construction and Maritime only)

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

10.0 [mg/m3]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 mg/cu m.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

10 mg/m³ [1990]

(inhalable fraction): 5 mg/m

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract.

The substance may have effects on the kidneys. This may result in impaired functions. The substance may have effects on the blood. This may result in anaemia.

Tolerances for residues of the plant growth regulator diphenylamine are established in or on the following commodities: apple, wet pomace 30.0 ppm; apple from preharvest or postharvest use, including use of impregnated wraps 10.0 ppm; cattle, fat 0.01 ppm; cattle, liver 0.1 ppm; cattle, meat byproducts, except liver 0.01 ppm; cattle, meat 0.01 ppm; goat, fat 0.01 ppm; goat, liver 0.1 ppm; goat, meat byproducts, except liver 0.01 ppm; goat, meat 0.01 ppm; horse, fat 0.01 ppm; horse, liver 0.1 ppm; horse, meat byproducts, except liver 0.01 ppm; horse, meat 0.01 ppm; milk 0.01 ppm; sheep, fat 0.01 ppm; sheep, liver 0.1 ppm; sheep, meat byproducts, except liver 0.01 ppm; and sheep, meat 0.01 ppm.

A time-limited tolerance is established for the indirect or inadvertent residues of diphenylamine in or on the following commodity: pear 10 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/1/01)

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Diphenylamine:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. (NIOSH, 2024)

Use gloves and goggles to avoid contact with skin and eyes. Use effective fume removal device or other respiratory protection.

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Important additional information about respirator selection

NO open flames. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Diphenylamine is a light tan to brown solid with a pleasant odor. Sinks in water. (USCG, 1999)

Liquid; CBI; Large Crystals; Wet Solid; Dry Powder

Colorless, tan, amber, or brown crystalline solid with a pleasant, floral odor. (fungicide); [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless, tan, amber, or brown crystalline solid with a pleasant, floral odor.

Colorless, tan, amber, or brown crystalline solid with a pleasant, floral odor. [fungicide]

Monoclinic leaflets from dilute alcohol

Crystals

Colorless, tan, amber, or brown crystalline solid.

Pleasant, floral odor.

576 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

302.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

302 °C @760 [mm Hg]

129 to 131 °F (NTP, 1992)

53-54 °C

52 - 54 °C

307 °F (NTP, 1992)

153 °C OC

153 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 61 °F (NTP, 1992)

1 g dissolves in 2.2 ml of alcohol, 4 ml propyl alcohol; Freely sol in benzene, ether, glacial acetic acid, carbon disulfide.

Very sol in ethanol, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, pyridine, ethyl acetate; sol in ether, acetic acid; slightly sol in chloroform

Soluble in oxygenated and aromatic solvents

In water, 53 mg/liter @ 20 °C

0.053 mg/mL at 20 °C

Solubility in water: very poor

1.068 at 141.8 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.2 g/cm³

1.158 @ 22°C

5.82 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

5.82 (Air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.8

1 mmHg at 226.9 °F ; 60 mmHg at 404.4 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.00067 [mmHg]

6.70X10-4 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure at 20 °C: negligible

1 mmHg at 227 °F

(227 °F): 1 mmHg

log Kow = 3.50

Henry's Law constant: 2.69X10-006 atm-cu m/mole @ 25 °C /Estimated/

Dust may be explosive if mixed with air in critical proportions and in the presence of a source of ignition (USCG, 1999). Insoluble in water.

Amines, Aromatic

DIPHENYLAMINE discolors in light. This chemical can react violently with hexachloromelamine and trichloromelamine. It is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong acids. It is also incompatible with iron and silver salts. It reacts with nitrogen oxides. (NTP, 1992)

Can react with oxidizing materials

Oxidizers, hexachloromelamine, trichloromelamine.

Oxidizers, hexachloromelamine, trichloromelamine

Diphenylamine uncouples mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in a decrease in hepatocellular ATP content and consequently hepatocyte injury (A15350). Short-term and long-term exposure in animal models results in altered haematological parameters, splenic erythropoiesis, splenic congestion and haemosiderosis (L2078).

Diphenylamine

2.5 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

Cancer Classification: Not Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 130: (2022) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and Four Other Industrial Chemicals

2022 online

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Sore throat.

irritation eyes, skin, mucous membrane; eczema; tachycardia, hypertension; cough, sneezing; methemoglobinemia; increased blood pressure, heart rate; proteinuria, hematuria (blood in the urine), bladder injury; In Animals: teratogenic effects

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, blood, bladder, reproductive system

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as primary toxic effect.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

0.025 MG/KG

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

PPRTV Current

General Population

Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides - 2021 Update

LD50 Guinea pig oral 300 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 1750 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 2 g/kg

Diphenylamine (5 mg) together with sodium nitrite (15 mg) fed to rats greatly decreased growth of animals. Kidney and liver toxicities and papillomatous hyperplasia of bladder observed in rats fed diphenylamine and sodium nitrite.

The toxicity of halogenated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride, hexachlorophene, and bithionol sulfoxide, used in veterinary medicine was diminished by the prior or simultaneous administration of diphenylamine (0.1-10% of the admin hydrocarbon).

...Dimethyl sulfoxide lessened the incidence of papillary lesions from diphenylamine.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ May be irritating to mucous membranes. ...Symptoms similar to aniline, but diphenylamine is less toxic.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Incidents of occupational human poisoning have been reported with bladder symptoms, tachycardia, hypertension, and eczema. Sensitization is unlikely and has been observed only as a consequence of cross sensitization to p-phenylenediamine. Exposure has also reportedly caused anorexia in humans.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A study of dermatological effects of diphenylamine was conducted by use of routine patch tests of 1.0% diphenylamine on approximately 1000 eczema patients. Positive reactions were noted in only three patients which were attributed to cross sensitivities to paraphenylenediamine.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ...One report of poisoning of industrial workers by inhalation of diphenylamine fumes and dust and by skin penetration describes the clinical signs of poisoning as bladder disorders, tachycardia, hypertension and eczema.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Diphenylamine produces symptoms similar to aniline. It may irritate the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes and may produce methemoglobinemia or urinary symptoms in humans.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Within 1 hr after a single dose from 200-600 mg/kg bw there was a dose-dependent decrease in renal cortical glutathione, but significant changes in medullary or papillary glutathione were not seen.

LC50 Brachydanio rerio (Zebrafish) 2.2 mg/L/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Oryzias latipes (Japanese medaka) 5.1 mg/L/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, 31 day old) 3.79 mg/L/96 hr @ 24.9 °C (95% CI: 3.47-4.14 mg/L); flow through, dissolved oxygen 7.3 mg/L, hardness 48.0 mg/L as calcium carbonate, alkalinity 43.1 mg/L as calcium carbonate, pH 7.8 /99+% pure/

EC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, 31 day old) affected fish lost schooling behavior, were hypoactive, swam near the tank bottom and were darly colored. 3.63 mg/L/96 hr @ 24.9 °C (95% CI: 3.31-3.99 mg/L); flow through, dissolved oxygen 7.3 mg/L, hardness 48.0 mg/L as calcium carbonate, alkalinity 43.1 mg/L as calcium carbonate, pH 7.8 /99+% pure/

6.30e+03

8.20e+04

1.30e+03

2.30e+00

1.00e-01

Volatile

1.90e+04

2.50e+05

3.80e+03

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

N,N-Diphenylamine's production and use as a post-harvest fungicide and in the manufacture of dyes, stabilizing nitrocellulose explosives, and celluloid may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 6.7X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates N,N-diphenylamine will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase N,N-diphenylamine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.9 hours. If released to soil, N,N-diphenylamine is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1,900. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.7X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. If released into water, N,N-diphenylamine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. N,N-Diphenylamine was found to be not readily biodegradable in aqueous screening tests. N,N-Diphenylamine, present at 30 mg/l, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge innoculum at 100 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 9.4 and 107 days, respectively. BCFs ranging from 51 to 253 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to N,N-diphenylamine may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where N,N-diphenylamine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to N,N-diphenylamine via ingestion of food, and dermal contact with consumer products containing N,N-diphenylamine. (SRC)

N,N-Diphenylamine's production and use in the manufacture of dyes, stabilizing nitrocellulose explosives, and celluloid(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,900(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.50(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that N,N-diphenylamine is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of N,N-diphenylamine from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.7X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 6.7X10-4 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 53 mg/liter(5). N,N-Diphenylamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). N,N-Diphenylamine is not expected to biodegrade in soil based on aqueous screening tests(6). N,N-Diphenylamine, present at 30 mg/l, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge innoculum at 100 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,900(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.50(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that N,N-diphenylamine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.7X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 6.70X10-4 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 53 mg/l(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 9.4 and 107 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), BCFs ranging from 51 to 253(7), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). N,N-Diphenylamine was found to be not readily biodegradable in aqueous screening tests(7). N,N-Diphenylamine, present at 30 mg/l, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge innoculum at 100 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), N,N-diphenylamine, which has a vapor pressure of 6.7X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase N,N-diphenylamine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.9 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3).

AEROBIC: N,N-Diphenylamine, present at 30 mg/l, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge innoculum at 100 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of N,N-diphenylamine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.9 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). N,N-Diphenylamine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm)(SRC).

BCFs ranging from 101 to 242 and 51 to 253 (species unidentified) were measured using 0.1 and 0.01 mg/liter of N,N-diphenylamine, respectively, and a 8-week study period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCFs suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

The Koc of N,N-diphenylamine is estimated as 1,900(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.50(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that N,N-diphenylamine is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for N,N-diphenylamine is estimated as 2.7X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 6.7X10-4 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 53 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that diphenylamine is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 9.4 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 107 days(SRC). N,N-Diphenylamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUNDWATER: N,N-Diphenylamine was detected in 4 groundwater samples (1 up-flow and 3 down-flow) at an abandoned ammunition site in Germany(1).

N,N-Diphenylamine had been detected as a volatile organic compound released from textile floor coverings(1). N,N-Diphenylamine was detected in 3 samples of municipal landfill leachate from Gryta, Vasteras, Sweden at concns of 2.3, 3.5, and <2 ug/liter (quantification limit = 2 ug/liter)(2).

N,N-Diphenylamine was found in domestic and imported apples at avg concns of 0.275 ppm (max, 8.1 ppm; detections, 223 out of 769) and 0.232 ppm (max, 5.9 ppm; detections, 402 out of 1,062), respectively(1). N,N-Diphenylamine was detected in fruits and vegetables (15 of 3,962 sample) at concns between <0.01 and <5 ug/g from samples collected in Ontario, Canada between the years 1991 to 1995(2). As part of the Danish Pesticide Monitoring Program conducted between the years 1995-96, N,N-diphenylamine was detected in 5 of 96 apples and 1 of 33 pear samples(3). In selected agricultural commodities available in Canada, the concn of N,N-diphenylamine ranged from <0.05 to 2.0 ppm in 16 of 676 samples analyzed(4).

Aqueous extracts of four brands of rubber nursing nipples purchased in the open market were analyzed for ... diphenylamine ... . ... Diphenylamine was continuously released into aqueous extracts from most brands.

Gas chromatography was used to detect amounts of chemicals leached from rubber stoppers into large volume parenteral solutions. ... Cmpd were found in both stoppers and solutions. Larger quantities of some components such as diphenylamine and tetrachloroethylene leached into 1 l bottles than into 250 ml bottles with the same type of solution. The smaller bottles contained higher relative concn of the substance.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 155,673 workers (20,837 of these are female) are potentially exposed to N,N-diphenylamine in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to N,N-diphenylamine may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where N,N-diphenylamine is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to N,N-diphenylamine via ingestion of food, and dermal contact with consumer products containing N,N-diphenylamine (SRC).

Based on a FDA Total Diet Study analysis conducted between the years 1986 to 1991, the avg daily intake of N,N-diphenylamine was determined for eight age groups as follows (all ug/kg body wt/day): 6-11 month old (0.0034), 2 year old (0.0410), 14-16 year old female (0.0073), 14-16 year old male (0.0099), 25-30 female (0.0074), 25-30 male (0.0051), 60-65 year old female (0.0079), and 60-65 year old male (0.0065)(1,2).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Burn in admixture with flammable solvent in furnace equipped with afterburner and scrubber. Recommendable methods: Incineration ... .

Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T, N; R: 23/24/25-33-50/53; S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 9; UN Pack Group: III; UN Pack Group: II