propanal

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302 (19.9%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (91.5%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (19.6%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2074 reports by companies from 31 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting. Thus, the risk of increasing the medical problems by inducing vomiting of a volatile corrosive chemical is very high. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious); polymerization hazard]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

A water spray may dilute to a point where combustion will not be supported. Water may be ineffective. Use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical.

If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame consider evacuation of one-third (1/3) mile radius.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective.

Vapor is heavier than air ... & may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition & flash back.

Can self-ignite if finely dispersed on porous or combustible material such as fabric.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious); polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Eliminate all ignition sources. stop or control the leak, if this can be without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors, protect personnel, and dilute spills to form nonflammable mixtures. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

Absorb the spills with rags or other available absorbing materials. Evaporate in hood and dispose by burning the rag or the absorbing materials.

...Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers...

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Propionaldehyde is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for propionaldehyde: Activated carbon.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to disperse vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid.

Evacuation: If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PROPIONALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious); polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from acids, bases and oxidants. Cool. Keep in the dark. Store only if stabilized.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Store away from heat and oxidizers. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet. Separate from oxidizing materials and other reactive hazards.

...Store in cool, well ventilated area away from oxidizers. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers...Metals containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons or more of this chemical should be grounded or bonded. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical...

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

2070.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

Level of Odor Awareness (LOA)=0.64ppm

AEGLs Status: Interim

45 [ppm]

260 [ppm]

840 [ppm]

20.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 20 ppm

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

20 ppm as TWA

20 ppm [1998]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL): 8-hr Time-weighted Average (TWA) 20 ppm

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached very quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The vapour is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. The substance is severely irritating to the eyes and skin.

Air-supplied mask for high vapor concentrations; plastic gloves; goggles. (USCG, 1999)

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

Air-supplied mask for high vapor concn; plastic gloves; goggles.

Wear rubber gloves, self-contained respirator and protective clothing.

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. ...All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available each day, and put on before work. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn. Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Do NOT use compressed air for filling, discharging, or handling.

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Propionaldehyde appears as a clear colorless liquid with an overpowering fruity-like odor. Less dense than water. Flash point 15 °F. Vapors are heavier than air.

Liquid with a suffocating odor; [Merck Index] Clear colorless liquid with an overpowering fruity odor; [CAMEO]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

colourless, mobile liquid/sharp, pungent odour

A clear colorless liquid with an overpowering fruity odor.

Water-white liquid

SUFFOCATING, FRUITY

CHARACTERISTIC ODOR SIMILAR TO ACETALDEHYDE

Pungent, unpleasant

Choking odor

120 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

48 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-114 °F (NTP, 1992)

15 °F (NTP, 1992)

-30 °C (closed cup)

-22 °F (-30 °C) (Closed cup)

15-19 °F (open cup)

-30 °C c.c.

50 to 100 mg/mL at 64 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in water; miscible with ethanol, ethyl ether

SOL IN CHLOROFORM

In water, 3.06X10+5 mg/L at 25 °C

306 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml: 20

miscible with alcohol, ether, water

(in ethanol)

0.805 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8657 g/cu cm at 25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.8

0.800-0.805

0.8657 @25 °C

2 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

1.8 at 100 °F (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.0

235 mmHg at 68 °F ; 687 mmHg at 113 °F (NTP, 1992)

317.0 [mmHg]

317 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 31.3

235 mmHg

750 [mm Hg] @47.7 °C

Highly flammable. Soluble in water.

Aldehydes

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

Peroxidizable Compound

PROPIONALDEHYDE may form explosive peroxides. Reacts vigorously with oxidizing agents. Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat or flame [Lewis]. Incompatible with strong bases and strong reducing agents. Vigorous polymerization reaction with methyl methacrylate. Polymerization may also occur in the presence of acids or caustics (NTP, 1992).

Reacts vigorously with oxidizing materials.

Following an incident in which a drum containing bulked drainings (from other drums awaiting reconditioning) fumed and later exploded after sealing, it was found that methyl methacrylate and propionaldehyde can, under certain conditions of mixing, lead to a rapid exothermic reaction.

Incompatible with strong acids, amines. Violent reaction with strong oxidizers. Strong caustics, reducing agents can cause explosive polymerization. Can self-ignite if finely dispersed on porous or combustible material such as fabric. Heat or ultraviolet can cause decomposition.

Propanal

D*: Other compounds that may form peroxides

Bretherick's

Propionaldehyde

Respiratory

8 x 10 ^-3 mg/m^3

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

Burning sensation.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IRIS Current

LCLo (rat) = 8,000 ppm/4hr

LD50 Rat oral 800 to 1,600 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation 26,000 ppm/30 min

LD50 Rat sc 820 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit dermal 5040 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for PROPIONALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Guanethidine (G) is currently used in the treatment of essential hypertension. Acetaldehyde (A), acrolein (AR), formaldehyde (F) and propionaldehyde (P) are constituents of cigarette smoke and (A) is also an intermediate oxidative metabolite of ethanol. These aldehydes are known to produce sympathomimetic effects by the release of NE from adrenergic neurons and to exert cardioinhibitory effects. The type of predominant effect is dose-dependent. This study was undertaken to determine if these aldehydes result in sympathomimetic effects in the presence of G (15 mg/kg iv) in anesthetized rats. G enhanced the pressor responses to A and P in dose ranges of 5-20 and 5-10 mg/kg respectively. However, AR and F at dose ranges of 0.05-5 and 0.1-10 mg/kg, respectively, elicited only depressor responses after G. Thus, A and P exerted greater sympathomimetic effects through the release of intraneuronal NE in the presence of G. The adrenergic neuronal blocking action of G changes the blood pressure effects of AR and F. When these two compounds are administered in the absence of G, they cause predominant pressor effects, whereas in the presence of G a depressor response is noted. This depressor response is possibly by vagal stimulation and/or direct vasodilation.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Aggressive airway management may be necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Intubation should be considered at the first sign of upper airway obstruction caused by edema. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

Lung function test. Consider chest x-ray following acute overexposure.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In an experimental study with humans, irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract commenced at 14 to 16 mg/cu m.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Twelve Asian volunteers were patch-tested with propionaldehyde applied to the forearm for 5 minutes. The skin reaction was observed for 60 minutes; all 12 volunteers developed erythema with 5 exhibiting strong erythema and 7 exhibiting weak erythema.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Three Asian subjects who reported experiencing severe facial flushing in response to ethanol ingestion were subjects of patch testing to aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes. An aqueous suspension of 75% (v/v) of each alcohol and aldehyde was prepared and 25 uL was used to saturate ashless grade filter paper squares which were then placed on the forearm of each subject. Patches were covered with Parafilm and left in place for 5 minutes when the patches were removed and the area gently blotted. Sites showing erythema during the next 60 minutes were considered positive. All three subjects displayed positive responses to ethyl, propyl, butyl, and pentyl alcohols. Intense positive reactions, with variable amounts of edema, were observed for all the aldehydes tested (valeraldehyde as well as acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and butyraldehyde).

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The vapor may cause respiratory irritation but is not a strong enough irritant of eyes or respiratory tract to be considered significant factor in smog.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PROPIONALDEHYDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ An acute dermal toxicity test was conducted with New Zealand white rabbits at a dose of 2 mg/kg applied as undiluted test material for 24-hours to the skin under an occlusive dressing. Extensive necrosis and severe edema were seen in all animals at 24 hours. Eschar developed subsequently (day 5) in most animals, fissuring was seen in some rabbits, and an exudate from the application site (considered to represent a secondary infection) appeared from some of the test animals. Necrosis greater than 75% was present on all ten animals. All animals survived through day 8, after which they were sacrificed because of the severity of dermal lesions and evidence of secondary infection.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Undiluted propionaldehyde held in contact with the depilated skin of guinea pigs for a period of 24 hours resulted in severe skin irritation. The material was absorbed directly thought intact skin, as evidenced by death of one animal dosed with 5 mL/kg and weight loss in other animals.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The acute dermal irritation and corrosivity potential of propionaldehyde was investigated by applying 0.5 mL of neat material to the intact skin of white Vienna rabbits for 3 or 4 hours under a semiocclusive dressing. Very slight erythema was observed in two of three rabbits after 4 hours of contact and cleared by 24 hours postexposure. No erythema or edema was reported in three rabbits after 3 hours contact or at 24, 48, or 72 hours postexposure.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Three rats exposed at approximately 60,000 ppm propionaldehyde for a period of 20 minutes died and exhibited signs of gasping, convulsions, and nasal discharge; three rats exposed at approximately 303,000 ppm for 8 minutes (ie, until death) also showed signs of /CNS depression/.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PROPIONALDEHYDE (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae, exponential growth phase, 15000 cells/mL, UTEX 1648); Conditions: static, 24 °C, dissolved oxygen 1-2 mg/L; Concentration: 11380 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: decreased photosynthesis

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae, exponential growth phase, 15000 cells/mL, UTEX 1648); Conditions: static, 24 °C, dissolved oxygen 1-2 mg/L; Concentration: 24950 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: decreased population growth rate

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill, length 33-75 mm); Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C, pH 7.6-7.9, hardness 55 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 130000 ug/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Menidia beryllina (Inland silverside, length 40-100 mm); Conditions: saltwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.6-7.9, hardness 55 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 100000 ug/L for 96 hr

7.50e+01

3.10e+02

8.30e+00

3.50e+01

1.70e+01

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae, exponential growth phase, 15000 cells/mL, UTEX 1648); Conditions: static, 24 °C, dissolved oxygen 1-2 mg/L; Concentration: 11380 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: decreased photosynthesis

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae, exponential growth phase, 15000 cells/mL, UTEX 1648); Conditions: static, 24 °C, dissolved oxygen 1-2 mg/L; Concentration: 24950 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: decreased population growth rate

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill, length 33-75 mm); Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C, pH 7.6-7.9, hardness 55 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 130000 ug/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Menidia beryllina (Inland silverside, length 40-100 mm); Conditions: saltwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.6-7.9, hardness 55 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 100000 ug/L for 96 hr

7.50e+01

3.10e+02

8.30e+00

3.50e+01

1.70e+01

2.00e-01

3.40e-03

8.00e-03

Volatile

3.26e+04

2.20e+02

9.40e+02

2.50e+01

1.10e+02

5.00e+01

Propionaldehyde's production and use in the manufacture of propionic acid, polyvinyl and other plastics; in the synthesis of rubber chemicals; in disinfectant; and in preservatives may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Propionaldehyde was identified as a natural volatile emission of arboreous plants. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 317 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates propionaldehyde will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase propionaldehyde will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 18-20 hours. The direct photolysis rate constant for propionaldehyde in air is about 4X10-5/sec, which corresponds to a half-life of about 4.8 hrs. If released to soil, propionaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 50. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 7.34X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Propionaldehyde may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Propionaldehyde reached 94% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test, suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process. Propionaldehyde degrades by anaerobic biological treatment with 26% utilization being reported in a system with a 20 day hydraulic retention time. If released into water, propionaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 11 hrs and 5.8 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to propionaldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where propionaldehyde is produced or used. Monitoring data and use information indicate that the general population may be exposed to propionaldehyde via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing propionaldehyde. (SRC)

Propionaldehyde was identified as a volatile emission of arboreous plants(1).

Propionaldehyde's production and use in the manufacture of propionic acid, polyvinyl and other plastics; in the synthesis of rubber chemicals; in disinfectant; and in preservatives(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 50(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.59(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propionaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of propionaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 7.34X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Propionaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 317 mm Hg(5). Propionaldehyde reached 94% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test, suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). Propionaldehyde degrades by anaerobic biological treatment with 26% utilization being reported in a system with a 20 day hydraulic retention time(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 50(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.59(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propionaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 7.34X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 11 hrs and 5.8 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Propionaldehyde reached 94% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test(7), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), propionaldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 317 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase propionaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 18 or 20 hrs(SRC), calculated from rate constants of 2.11X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec(3) and 1.96X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec(4), respectively. The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of propionaldehyde with nitrate radical has been experimentally determined to be 6.0X10-13 cu cm/sec(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.3 hrs(SRC). The direct photolysis rate constant for propionaldehyde in air is about 4X10-5 sec-1(5), which corresponds to a half-life of about 4.8 hrs(SRC).

AEROBIC: Propionaldehyde, present at 100 mg/L, reached 94% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(1). Laboratory tests confirm the degradability of propionaldehyde by acclimated sludge and sewage(1-5) with theoretical BODs of 38% in 5 days(2), 100% in 5 hrs(3), and 29% in 24 hrs(4). Propionaldehyde is generally degraded to propionic acid and then further degraded to carbon dioxide and water(5). Six day BOD:ThOD ratios for propionaldehyde ranged from 0.35 to 0.53 using an activated sludge inocula(5). Percentages of ThOD biodegraded after 6, 12, and 24 hrs were 14.4, 24.9, and 28.8, respectively(5).

ANAEROBIC: Propionaldehyde degrades by anaerobic biological treatment with 26% utilization being reported in a system with a 20 day hydraulic retention time(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of propionaldehyde with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 2.11X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec(1) and 1.96X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec(2). These correspond to atmospheric half-lives of about 18 and 20 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of propionaldehyde with nitrate radical has been experimentally determined to be 6.0X10-13 cu cm/sec(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.3 hours at a concn of 2.4X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(3). The direct photolysis rate constant for propionaldehyde in air is about 4X10-5/sec(4), which corresponds to a half-life of about 4.8 hrs(SRC). Propionaldehyde is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(5).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for propionaldehyde(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.59(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of propionaldehyde is estimated as 50(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.59(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that propionaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for propionaldehyde is 7.34X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that propionaldehyde is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 11 hrs(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5.8 days(SRC). Propionaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 317 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: Propionaldehyde was one of the most frequently occurring organic compounds found in drinking water supplies according to the US National Organic Reconnaissance Survey; however, levels were not reported(1). Propionaldehyde was also qualitatively listed as a contaminant of drinking water supplies in the UK(2).

SURFACE WATER: Surface sea water samples from off the coast of Florida contained propionaldehyde at trace concns(1).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: Trace quantities of propionaldehyde were detected in fog, ice fog, cloudwater and rainwater in the air of Los Angeles, CA(1). Propionaldehyde was qualitatively detected in precipitation at Hanover, Germany in 1989-90(2).

Propionaldehyde emission rates from dry-process photocopy machines were detected at concns ranging from <100 to 260 ug/hr(1). Propionaldehyde was detected in non-catalyst and catalyst equipped gasoline engine exhaust at 0.10 and 0.06% by weight of total organic gas emissions, respectively(2). Propionaldehyde was detected in commercial jet aircraft exhaust at 1.0% by weight of total organic gas emissions(2). Propionaldehyde concns from automobile exhaust were 3.4-150 ppbv in models from 1971, 1975, and 1977(3). Propionaldehyde emissions from a two stroke engine (chainsaw) using aliphatic gasoline, regular gasoline, and ethanol were 0.039-0.027, 0.062-0.089, and 0.022-0.038 g/kWhr, respectively(4). Using the same two stroke engine, emissions of propionaldehyde from aliphatic gasoline mixed with ethanol at 15, 50, and 85% were 0.039-0.065, 0.036-0.052, and 0.027-0.042 g/kWhr, respectively, and regular gasoline mixed with ethanol at 15, 50, and 85% were 0.067-0.087, 0.053-0.076, and 0.031-0.044 g/kWhr, respectively(4). Propionaldehyde was measured in the emissions of burnt wood at 255, 153, and 155 mg/kg of pine, oak, and eucalyptus, respectively(5). Propionaldehyde emissions from an automobile running on Swedish environmental classified diesel fuel were 3.2 mg/km and the same automobile running on European program emissions fuel were 3.4 mg/km(6).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: According to the National Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Database, the median urban atmospheric concn of propionaldehyde is 17.4 ppbv for 22 samples(1). Propionaldehyde was qualitatively detected air samples from Houston, TX(2). On Sept 19, Oct 1, Oct 7 and Oct 8, 1980, propionaldehyde was detected in the ambient air of Claremont, CA at concns of 6-10, 0-14, 0-8 and 0-6 ppb, respectively(3). At Pomona College, Claremont, CA on Sept 11-19, 1985, atmospheric concns of propionaldehyde were 0.2-1.6 ppb(4). Propionaldehyde was detected at mean outdoor and indoor concns of 1.27 and 1.15 ppb, respectively, at 6 residential houses located in a suburban New Jersey area during the summer of 1992(5). Propionaldehyde was detected in Los Angeles (UCLA campus, Monterey Park, Newberry Park, La Habra) at 0.10-0.53 ppbv in samples taken Oct 1984(6). Propionaldehyde was detected at 0.08-7.90, 0.08-8.70, 0.02-6.90, and 0.17-9.10 ug/cu m at a fire station, Lathrop Ave, Presidents St, and the waterworks in Savannah, GA in samples taken Dec 1995 to Nov 1996(7). Propionaldehyde was detected in 13 of 13 samples taken across the US (3 in LA, 4 in TX, 5 in VT, 1 in NJ) from Sept 1996 to Aug 1997, 11 samples were <1 ppb and two samples were >1-<5 ppbv(8). Propionaldehyde was detected in 2371 of 2479 samples in urban/suburban and rural/remote locations throughout MN at concns of 0.012-1.39 ug/cu m(9).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Propionaldehyde was detected at 0.04-0.13 ppbv in samples taken at the top of an 11 story building on the campus of Hong Kong University Science and Technology(1). Propionaldehyde was detected at 0.14 ppb in 3 of 13 Helsinki samples tested May to Sep 1997(2). Propionaldehyde was detected in Santiago, Chile atmospheric samples at <0.05-0.61 ppbv in Nov 2003(3). Propionaldehyde was detected at 0.26, 0.48, and 0.51 ug/cu m in Frohnau, Nansenstrasze, and Frankfurter Allea, respectively, in Berlin, Germany from samples taken Jun-Aug 1996(4).

RURAL/REMOTE: The atmospheric concentration of propionaldehyde for Jones State Forest, TX ranged from 1.8 to 39.9 ppb with an avg of 18.8 ppb for 5 samples(1). According to the National Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Database, the median rural atmospheric concentration of propionaldehyde is 0.350 ppbv for 2 samples(2). According to the National Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Database, the median remote atmospheric concentration of propionaldehyde is 0.933 ppbv for 3 samples(2). The average atmospheric concentration of propionaldehyde in the Florida Everglades at sea level was 5.5 ppbC(3). Propionaldehyde was detected at 0.08-6.60 ug/cu m in Fort Morris, GA in samples taken Dec 1995 to Nov 1996(4).

INDOOR: Propionaldehyde was found in 15 of 15 indoor residences at an average concentration of 0.91 ppb and 9 of 9 work places at an average concentration of 0.54 ppb in Helsinki (Finland) samples tested May to September 1997(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: According to the National Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Database, the median source-dominated atmospheric concentration of propionaldehyde was 4.950 ppbv for 4 samples(1). Propionaldehyde was detected in kitchen exhaust at concentrations of 2.07-10.9 ppbv(2).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Propionaldehyde is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for propionaldehyde: Activated carbon.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for PROPIONALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1275 129P

UN 1275; PROPIONALDEHYDE

IMO 3.2; PROPIONALDEHYDE

49 082 70; Propionaldehyde (propyl aldehyde)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Symbol: F, Xi; R: 11-36/37/38; S: (2)-9-16-29

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II