1,4-dioxane

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (> 99.9%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H350 (22.3%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H351 (76.1%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1577 reports by companies from 50 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H313: May be harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P302+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used. CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use powder, alcohol-resistant foam, water spray, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Use water spray, dry chemical. "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Fire fighting: Self contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode.

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary. ...Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

... Vapor is heavier than air ... and may travel considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back. ...

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking liquid in sealable air tight containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

1) Remove all ignition sources. 2) ventilate area of spill or leak. 3) for small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in safe place (such as flame hood). Allow ... to completely clear hood ductwork. Burn in suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be collected and atomized in suitable combustion chamber equipped with appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Dioxane should not be allowed to enter confined space, such as sewer. ...

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... the plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... the sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured and the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed and labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U108, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Good candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820-1,600 °C with residence times for liquids and gases: seconds; solids: hours. Also, a good candidate for liquid injection incineration with a temperature range of 650-1,600 °C with residence times of 0.1-2.0 seconds. Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration with a temperature range of 450-980 °C with residence times for liquids and gases: seconds; solids: longer.

This compound should be susceptible to removal from waste water by air stripping.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds and specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods and recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,4-DIOXANE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas where liquid dioxane is handled, processed, or stored.

Employees who handle liquid dioxane should wash their hands thoroughly before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.

Clothing wet with liquid dioxane should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of dioxane from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the dioxane, the person performing the operation should be informed of dioxane's hazardous properties.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,4-DIOXANE (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids and incompatible materials. Cool. Dry. Well closed. Keep in the dark. Store only if stabilized. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Store away from heat, oxidizing materials, and sunlight. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen and date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Storage class (TRGS 510): Flammable liquids

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

10.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

Level of Distinct Odor Awareness = 1.7 ppm

AEGLs Status: Interim

17 [ppm]

320 [ppm]

760 [ppm]

1 ppm (3.6 mg/m³) [30 minutes]

Ca C 1 ppm (3.6 mg/m3) [30-minute] See Appendix A

100.0 [ppm]

100 ppm (360 mg/m³)

TWA 100 ppm (360 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix G

500 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

500.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Guinea pigs can tolerate 2,000 ppm by inhalation for several hours without serious symptoms; higher concentrations produced eye, nose, and lung irritation [Yant et al. 1930].

NIOSH considers 1,4-dioxane to be potential occupational carcinogen. [500 ppm]

Ca [500 ppm]

See: 123911

20.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 20 ppm, skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

20 ppm as TWA; (skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

20 ppm [1996]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used.

CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Dioxane appears as a clear colorless liquid with a faint ethereal odor. Flash point 55 °F. Slightly denser than water and soluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. Susceptible to autooxidation to form peroxides.

Liquid; Other Solid; Liquid

Colorless liquid or solid (below 53 degrees F) with a mild, ether-like odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid or solid (below 53 °F) with a mild, ether-like odor.

Colorless liquid or solid (below 53 degrees F)

Faint pleasant odor

Mild, ether-like odor

The odor of dioxane in low concentrations is faint and generally inoffensive and has been described as being somewhat alcoholic.

214 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

101.2 °C

101.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

53.2 °F (NTP, 1992)

11.75 °C

54 °F (NTP, 1992)

65 °F (18.3 °C) (Open cup)

12 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, >800 g/L at 25 °C

Miscible with most organic solvents

Miscible with aromatic hydrocarbons and oils.

Solubility in water: miscible

Miscible

1.036 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.0337 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.03

1.0337 @ 20°C

3.03 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.03 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.0

29 mmHg at 68 °F ; 37 mmHg at 77 °F (NTP, 1992)

38.1 [mmHg]

38.1 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 3.9

75 [mm Hg] @39.6 °C

log Kow = -0.27

Henry's Law constant = 4.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions. Test for peroxide formation before distillation or evaporation. Test for peroxide formation or discard after 1 year. Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Stable to light but forms peroxide in air, especially in presence of moisture.

356 °F (USCG, 1999)

Highly flammable. When exposed to air it undergoes autooxidation with formation of peroxides. In the distillation process peroxides will concentrate causing violent explosion. Water soluble.

Highly Flammable

Peroxidizable Compound

CSL00034

THIONYL CHLORIDE + 1,4-DIOXANE

Explosive decomposition when heated in a steel vessel

Explosive

Chlorination

User-Reported

DIOXANE is a flammable liquid; when exposed to air it undergoes autooxidation with formation of peroxides. In the distillation process peroxides will concentrate causing violent explosion. The addition complex with sulfur trioxide (1:1) sometimes decomposes violently on storing at room temperature [Sisler, H. H. et al., Inorg. Synth., 1947, 2, p. 174]. Evaporation of boron trifluoride in aqueous dioxane with nitric acid led to an explosion upon addition of perchloric acid [MCA Guide, 1972, p. 312]. Explosive reaction with Raney nickel catalyst above 210 °C {Mozingo R., Org. Synth., 1955, Coll. Vol. 3, p. 182].

Pure, dry, o- and hydroperoxide-free dioxane rapidly forms hydroperoxide on contact with air.

Decaborane ... forms impact sensitive mixtures with ... dioxane. ...

Since 1:1 addition /of sulfur trioxide-dioxane/ complex sometimes decomposes violently on storing at ambient temp, it should be prepared immediately before use (if refrigerated storage is not possible).

/In the reaction with triethynylaluminium/ the residue from sublimation of the complex with dioxane is explosive, and the complex should not be dried by heating.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for 1,4-DIOXANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers, decaborane, triethynyl aluminum

1,4-Dioxane

B: Compounds that form peroxides on concentration (distillation/evaporation)

18 samples had 0- >100 ppm peroxide; age >1-24 yrs

Moderate peroxides found in new commerically available containers

Burfield - JOC

Dasler,W.etal.,Ind.Eng.Chem.(Anal.Ed.),1946,18,52

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,4-Dioxane is a colorless liquid or solid. It is used as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, particularly, 1,1,1-trichloroethane. 1,4-Dioxane is used as a solvent for cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, resins, oils, waxes, and fats; in spectroscopic and photometric measurements; and in the pulping of wood. Other uses of 1,4-dioxane include the manufacture of adhesives, cements, deodorant fumigants, cosmetics, drugs, cleaning preparations, magnetic tape, plastic, rubber, insecticides, and herbicides, and as a chemical intermediate, as a polymerization catalyst, in the purification of drugs, and in the extraction of animal and vegetable oils. In the laboratory, it is used in the preparation of histological sections for microscopic examination and as a liquid scintillation counting medium. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Short-term inhalation exposure to 1,4-dioxane may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Symptoms of acute exposure include coughing, drowsiness, vertigo, headache, nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, coma, and death. There is a report of a fatal case of acute poisoning by inhalation that led to hepatic and renal lesions, and demyelination and edema of the brain. Workplace exposures to high concentrations of 1,4-dioxane have resulted in death. The deaths occurred 5-8 days after the initial symptoms of illness. Postmortem evaluation revealed extensive liver and kidney damage and in three out of five cases described in one study, kidney disease was considered to be the direct cause of death. A small prospective study of 165 U.S. workers exposed intermittently to low levels of 1,4-dioxane found no excess of death from cancer; however, the study was limited by the small number of cancer deaths (3) among the exposed workers. ANIMAL STUDIES: Oral exposure to 1,4-dioxane caused tumors in several species of experimental animals and at several different tissue sites. Inhalation exposure of male rats to 1,4-dioxane caused benign liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma), nasal cancer (squamous-cell carcinoma), and mesothelioma of the peritoneum. 1,4-Dioxane was not mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium with and without metabolic activation. 1,4-Dioxane has a non-genotoxic, yet unknown, mode of action. 1,4-Dioxane induced meiotic non-disjunction in mature oocytes from 3- and 6-day-old Drosophila melanogaster females. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: A long-term static renewal test (7 days) with Ceriodaphnia dubia has been carried out. A NOEC of 625 mg/L(nominal) was found in this test.

Though the mechanism of toxicity of 1,4-dioxane has not yet been elucidated, it is known that its carcinogenic effects are caused by a non-genotoxic mechanism that is most likely cytotoxic in nature. (L1189, L1881)

1,4-Dioxane

Gastrointestinal

Reproductive

Respiratory

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of 1,4-dioxane. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 1,4-dioxane. Overall evaluation: 1,4-Dioxane is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

1,4-dioxane is characterized as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans." This characterization is based on the following findings: (1) inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans, and (2) sufficient evidence in animals (i.e., hepatic tumors in multiple species [three strains of rats, two strains of mouse, and in guinea pigs] mesotheliomas of the peritoneum, mammary, and nasal tumors have also been observed in rats following 2 years of oral exposure to 1,4- dioxane).

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

1,4-Dioxane: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 11: (1976) Cadmium, Nickel, Some Epoxides, Miscellaneous Industrial Chemicals and General Considerations on Volatile Anaesthetics

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

TR-080: Bioassay of 1,4-Dioxane for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 123-91-1) (1978 )

03/07/78

Clear Evidence

It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, 1,4-dioxane induced hepatocellular adenomas in female Osborne-Mendel rats. 1,4-Dioxane was carcinogenic in both sexes of rats, producing squamous-cell carcinomas of the nasal turbinates, and in both sexes of B6C3F1 mice, producing hepatocellular carcinomas.

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

1,4-Dioxane for short period of time cause eye and nose irritation at low levels, and severe kidney and liver effects and possibly death at very high levels. For long-term exposure, studies in animals have shown that breathing vapors of 1,4-dioxane, swallowing liquid 1,4-dioxane or contaminated drinking water, or having skin contact with liquid 1,4-dioxane affects mainly the liver and kidneys. Studies in workers did not indicate whether 1,4-dioxane causes cancer, but animal studies suggest that it is a probable human carcinogen. (L1189)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and through the skin.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L1189) ; inhalation (L1189) ; dermal (L1189)

Cough. Sore throat. Nausea. Dizziness. Headache. Drowsiness. Vomiting. Unconsciousness. Abdominal pain.

MAY BE ABSORBED!

Redness. Pain.

See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; drowsiness, headache; nausea, vomiting; liver damage; kidney failure; [potential occupational carcinogen]

1,4-Dioxane causes eye and respiratory tract irritation. (L1880)

Cancer, Developmental (effects while organs are developing), Hepatic (Liver), Ocular (Eyes), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys

[in animals: lung, liver & nasal cavity tumors]

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill sunfish); Conditions: freshwater, static bioassay, 23 °C, mild aeration applied after 24 hr; Concentration: 10,000 ppm for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Menidia beryllina (Inland silverside); Conditions: static bioassay in synthetic seawater, 23 °C, mild aeration applied after 24 hr; Concentration: 6,700 ppm for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: /static/; Concentration: 13,000 mg/L for 96 hr (nominal concentration) (95% confidence interval: 10,000-17,000 mg/L) /from table/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: flow through; Concentration: 9,850 mg/L for 96 hr /from table/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,4-DIOXANE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... A long-term static renewal test (7 days) with Ceriodaphnia dubia /water flea/ has been carried out. A NOEC of 625 mg/L(nominal) was found in this test.

5.30e+00

2.40e+01

5.60e-01

2.50e+00

4.60e-01

7.00e+00

1.00e-01

3.00e-02

Volatile

1.16e+05

5.30e+02

2.40e+03

5.60e+01

2.50e+02

4.60e+01

1,4-Dioxane's production and use as a solvent for cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, resins, oils, waxes, spirit-soluble dyes, as well as for many other organic and some inorganic compounds; and its use as a stabilizer in chlorinated solvents may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to the atmosphere, a vapor pressure of 38.1 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates that 1,4-dioxane will exist solely in the vapor phase. Vapor-phase 1,4-dioxane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 33 hours. 1,4-Dioxane is a very weak absorber of UV light though results of aqueous photolysis studies suggest that direct photolysis is not an important environmental fate process. If released to soil, 1,4-dioxane is expected to have very high mobility based upon measured Koc values of 17 and 29. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 1,4-Dioxane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Screening tests have found 1,4-dioxane resistant to biodegradation and slow to biodegrade. Using soil microcosms 1,4-dioxane was not biodegraded within 120 days and, therefore, considered recalcitrant. Acclimated soils have been shown to degrade 1,4-dioxane within 33 days. If released into water, 1,4-dioxane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. 1,4-Dioxane is considered non-biodegradable under conventional bio-treatment technologies based on results of wastewater treatment monitoring data. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7.3 and 56 days, respectively. Measured BCF values in the range of 0.2-0.7 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 1,4-dioxane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,4-dioxane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1,4-dioxane via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing 1,4-dioxane. (SRC)

1,4-Dioxane's production and use as a solvent for cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, resins, oils, waxes, spirit-soluble dyes, as well as for many other organic and some inorganic compounds; and its use as a stabilizer in chlorinated solvents(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 29(2) and 17(3) indicate that 1,4-dioxane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,4-dioxane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 4.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). 1,4-Dioxane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 38.1 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). A 0% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(6) suggests that 1,4-dioxane is not readily biodegradable(SRC). Other screening study results indicate that 1,4-dioxane is resistant to biodegradation and slow to biodegrade(7). Using soil microcosms 1,4-dioxane was not biodegraded within 120 days and, therefore, considered recalcitrant(8). 1,4-Dioxane did not biodegrade in most of 20 environmental samples (rivers waters, soils, activated sludge), but it was degradable in soils collected from drainage areas of a chemical factory within 33 days, presumably due to acclimation(9).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 29(2) and 17(3) indicate that 1,4-dioxane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7.3 and 56 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF range of 0.2-0.7 measured in carp (Cyprinus carpio)(7) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A 0% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(7) suggests that 1,4-dioxane is not readily biodegradable(SRC). Other screening studies have found 1,4-dioxane to be resistant to biodegradation and slow to biodegrade(8) and to be recalcitrant(9). 1,4-Dioxane is considered non-biodegradable under conventional bio-treatment technologies based on results of wastewater treatment monitoring data(10). 1,4-Dioxane is a very weak absorber of UV light(11)and results of aqueous photolysis studies(12) suggest that direct photolyis is not an important environmental fate process(SRC). 1,4-Dioxane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,4-dioxane, which has a vapor pressure of 38.1 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,4-dioxane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 33 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.18X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 1,4-Dioxane is a very weak absorber of UV light(4). Results of aqueous photolysis studies(5) suggest that direct photolysis is not an important environmental fate process(SRC).

AEROBIC: 1,4-Dioxane, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test which classified the compound as not readily biodegradable(1). Using OECD Guideline 301F (Ready Biodegradability: Manometric Respirometry Test) with a non-adapted activated sludge inoculum, 1,4-dioxane degraded <10% over a 29-day incubation period at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L(2). Using OECD Guideline 310 (Ready Biodegradability, CO2 in sealed vessels) with a non-adapted activated sludge inoculum, 1,4-dioxane (at 37.1 mg/L) had <5% degradation (via CO2 evolution) over a 60-day incubation period which classified the compound as poorly biodegradable(2). Other screening studies have found 1,4-dioxane to be resistant to biodegradation(3-6). 1,4-Dioxane (100 mg/L) was not biodegraded within 120 days using microcosms prepared with 20 grams of Nodeway soil and 200 mL of basal salt medium, and was considered recalcitrant in the environment(7). Possibly due to its strong internal chemical bonding, 1,4-dioxane is considered non-biodegradable under conventional bio-treatment technologies based on results of wastewater treatment monitoring data(8). To evaluate the biodegradation potential of 1,4-dioxane in natural environments, a total of 20 environmental samples including river water, activated sludge, soil from the drainage area of a chemical factory and garden soil were subjected to a 1,4-dioxane degradation test(9); 14 of the 20 samples were not able to degrade 1,4-dioxane(9); however, soil samples from the drainage area of a chemical factory were able to degrade 1,4-dioxane (at 100 mg/L) to <0.8 mg/L within 33 days, presumably due to adaptation(9).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,4-dioxane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been experimentally determined as 1.18X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 33 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The major reaction product of the OH-radical initiated oxidation of 1,4-dioxane was found to be ethylene glycol diformate(3). When 1,4-dioxane vapor was mixed with NO at 27 °C and subjected to UV radiation equal to about 2.6 times the intensity of natural sunlight on a summer day in Freeport, TX, 50% of the 1,4-dioxane was degraded after 3.4 hr(4). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,4-dioxane with atmospheric nitrate radicals has been measured as 3.2X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(5); this corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4 minutes(SRC) at an atmospheric concentration of 2.5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(6). 1,4-Dioxane is a very weak absorber of UV light(7). In aqueous studies using visible and UV light, 1,4-dioxane was not degraded presumably due to its weak absorption in the UV-light spectrum(8). The rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions at pH 7 is 2.8X10+9 L/mol-sec(9); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of 286 days at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(10). 1,4-Dioxane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(11).

Using OECD Guideline 305C (Bioaccumulation: Test for the Degree of Bioconcentration in Fish) with 1 and 10 ppm concentrations 1,4-dioxane, BCF values of 0.2-0.7 were measured using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed over a 6-week period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a soil adsorption coefficient (Kd) of 0.17 for 1,4-dioxane measured in a grey clay soil (45% clay, 43% silt, 10% sand) obtained from a landfill site in Ontario, Canada(1), a Koc value of 29 can be derived(SRC) using the soil's organic carbon content of 0.58%(1). A measured Koc value of 17 has also been reported for 1,4-dioxane(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these Koc values suggest that 1,4-dioxane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,4-dioxane is 4.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,4-dioxane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 7.3 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 56 days(SRC). 1,4-Dioxane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 1,4-Dioxane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 38.1 mm Hg(3).

GROUNDWATER: 1,4-Dioxane was detected in 37% of the samples of well water collected near a solid waste landfill located 60 miles southwest of Wilmington, DE(1). No concentrations were presented. Leachates from wells located near low level radioactive waste disposal sites contained 1,4-dioxane, but no quantitative data were presented(2). Groundwater monitoring in the Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan from 1995-1997 detected 1,4-dioxane at 20 groundwater sites at ranges of not detectable-94.8 ug/L (median range of 0.2-0.4 ug/L)(3).

DRINKING WATER: 1,4-Dioxane at 1 ug/L was detected in United States drinking water(1). A Massachusetts drinking water well contained 1,4-dioxane at 2100 ppb(2). 1,4-Dioxane was identified, not quantified, in drinking water from the United Kingdom(3). 1,4-Dioxane is found at a level of 0.2-1.5 ug/L in tap water samples from 6 cities in Kanagawa in Japan in 1995-1996(4). Drinking waters samples collected from two facilities in Germany in 2012 contained 1,4-dioxane concentrations of 600 and 490 ng/L, respectively(5).

DRINKING WATER: The Third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 3; April 16, 2012) requires monitoring for 30 contaminants using EPA and/or consensus organization analytical methods during 2013-2015. EPA, individual States, laboratories and public water systems (PWSs) are participating in UCMR 3 that includes 1,4-dioxane as one of the 30 contaminants. Assessment monitoring uses common analytical method technologies used by drinking water laboratories. For UCMR 3, all PWSs serving more than 10,000 people and 800 representative PWSs serving 10,000 or fewer people will monitor for contaminants from January 2013 through December 2015. The MRL (method reporting limit) for 1,4-dioxane is 0.07 ug/L(1). The data summary for 1,4-dioxane, as of June 2015, reports 28,702 total results with 3,350 results greater than or equal to the MRL(2); in addition, the total number of PWSs with results was 4,394 with 943 PWSs having results greater than or equal to the MRL(2).

SURFACE WATER: Raw water collected from an unspecified river in the United Kingdom contained 1,4-dioxane, but no quantitative data were presented(1). 1,4-Dioxane at 1 ug/L was detected in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Channel in the Lake Michigan basin(2). 1,4-Dioxane was identified, but not quantified, in natural waters of the Kitakyushu area (Japan)(3). Levels of 1,4-dioxane in the range of 0.024-0.69 ug/L, 0.13-0.23 ug/L and 0.42-1.47 ug/L were reported in the Kitakyushu River, Niigata River, and Nagano River, (Japan) respectively(4). Monitoring in the Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan from 1995-1998 detected 1,4-dioxane (detection frequencies only slightly less than 100%) at various rivers sites at ranges of 0.1-16.0 ug/L(5). 1,4-Dioxane was detected at 27 sites in 12 Japanese rivers during 2002 monitoring with concentrations ranging from 0.02-0.49 ug/L(6). Median 1,4-dioxane levels of 440-550 ng/L were detected during 2012 sampling of water from the Rhine, Oder and Main Rivers in German(7).

1,4-Dioxane was detected at 1 ug/L in effluents from the North Side and Calumet sewage treatment plants on the Lake Michigan basin(1). 1,4-Dioxane was detected at 100-1000 ug/L in 51.4 percent of wastewater samples and at levels exceeding 1000 ug/L in 48.6% of wastewater samples from a factory manufacturing polyester resins in Spain(2). The mean concentration of 1,4-dioxane in these wastewaters was 6400 ug/L with a range of 100-31,400 ug/L(2). 1,4-Dioxane was detected in landfill leachate at ranges of 0.12-0.47 ug/L and 0.91-9.87 ug/L at two landfills located in Japan(3). 1,4-Dioxane was detected in the leachate plume from a municipal landfill in Oklahoma during Nov 1995 to April 1996 sampling(4). 1,4-Dioxane was detected in incineration residues produced by incineration of municipal wastes(5). Sampling conducted at four German municipal sewage treatment plants in 2012 detected average 1,4-dioxane influent concentrations ranging from 262-843 ng/L with average effluent concentrations of 267-62,260 ng/L(6). Measured 1,4-dioxane concentrations for 40 US domestic wastewater treatment plants ranged from <0.30 to 3.30 ug/L with a mean concentration of 1.11 ug/L(7).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Air samples at three urban sites in New Jersey were collected from July 6-August 16, 1981. The geometric mean 1,4-dioxane concentrations ranged from 0.01-0.02 ppb. Fifty-one percent of the samples tested positive for 1,4-dioxane(1). The same three sites were also sampled from January 18-February 26, 1982. The geometric means of these samples ranged from 0-0.01 ppb and 20% of samples were positive(1). 1,4-Dioxane was identified, but not quantified, in the air of New Jersey(2) and Leningrad(3). 1,4-Dioxane was detected at an average concentration of 1.029 ppb in outdoor air across the US(4). In the mid-1980s, average levels of 1,4-dioxane in air samples from the United States was about 0.4 ug/cu m for outdoor air(5).

INDOOR AIR: 1,4-Dioxane was detected at levels less than 1 ug/cu m in the indoor air of residential dwellings at unspecified locations(1). In the mid-1980s, average levels of 1,4-dioxane in air samples from the United States was about 4 ug/cu m for indoor air(2). 1,4-Dioxane was detected in indoor air samples collected at six museum painting and conservation studios(3).

The level of 1,4-dioxane in various cooked food samples ranged from not detected to 11 ug/kg according to a result of analysis by GC-MS with a detection limit of 2 ug/kg(1). 1,4-Dioxane was qualitatively detected in the volatile compounds of fried chicken(2).

1,4-Dioxane is a trace contaminant of some chemicals used in cosmetics, detergents, and shampoos(1). During 1992-1997, the average concentration of 1,4-dioxane in some cosmetic products reportedly ranged from 14 to 79 mg/kg(1). In a more recent survey reported by the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, the levels of 1,4-dioxane in cosmetic products were found to be lower (1.5-12 ppm in baby and children's products and 2-23 ppm in adult products) than in the survey done by the FDA in the 1990s(1). Fifteen cleansing products that are sold in the Japanese market, such as shampoo, hand soap, and dishwashing liquid, were analyzed; 1,4-dioxane was detected at a concentration of a few micrograms per gram of the product in nearly all(2).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U108, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Good candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820-1,600 °C with residence times for liquids and gases: seconds; solids: hours. Also, a good candidate for liquid injection incineration with a temperature range of 650-1,600 °C with residence times of 0.1-2.0 seconds. Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration with a temperature range of 450-980 °C with residence times for liquids and gases: seconds; solids: longer.

This compound should be susceptible to removal from waste water by air stripping.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds and specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods and recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,4-DIOXANE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 127 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 127 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 127 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 127 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,4-DIOXANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1165; Dioxane

IMO 3; Dioxane

49 091 55; Dioxane

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped and will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle and the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies and airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Shipment Methods and Regulations (Complete) data for 1,4-DIOXANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Flammable Liquid

Airtight.

Symbol: F, Xn; R: 11-19-36/37-40-66; S: (2)-9-16-36/37-46; Note: D

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II