1-nonene

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 1.7% (3 of 177) of reports.

H226 (98.3%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304 (98.3%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (98.3%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (98.3%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (97.7%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 177 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 3 of 177 reports by companies.

There are 7 notifications provided by 174 of 177 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P319, P331, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

INHALATION: remove to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration; administer oxygen; call a physician.

INGESTION: if swallowed, do NOT induce vomiting because of aspiration hazard. (USCG, 1999)

Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water may be ineffective

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

40 [ppm]

800 [ppm]

2000 [ppm]

Respiratory organic vapor canister or air-supplied mask; face splash shield. (USCG, 1999)

1-nonene is a colorless liquid with an odor of gasoline. Floats on water. Flammable, irritating vapor is produced.

Colorless liquid; [HSDB]

Clear colourless liquid, Strong green aroma reminiscent of cucumber

Colorless liquid

Strong, grassy, onion, rancid

Hydrocarbon odor; like gasoline

297 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

146.9 °C

146.00 to 148.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

146-148 º

146.9 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-115 °F (USCG, 1999)

-81.3 °C

78 °F (USCG, 1999)

78 °F; 26 °C (OPEN CUP)

Insol in water, soluble in alcohol

0.00112 mg/mL at 25 °C

Practically insoluble to insoluble

Slightly Soluble (in ethanol)

0.733 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.7310-0.7330

0.7433 @25 °C

4.35 (Air= 1)

10.86 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

5.4 [mmHg]

5.40 mm Hg @ 25 °C

5.4 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow= 5.15

Henry's Law constant = 0.7941 atm cu m/mole

0.851 sq mm/sec @ 20 °C

-441.46X10+5 J/kg

2.88X10+5 J/kg

22.56 dyne/cm @ 77 °F

Index of refraction: 1.4257 @ 20 °C/D

1.4160-1.4180

Boiling point

Composition

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Dielectric constant

Excess enthalpy

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Highly Flammable

1-NONENE may react vigorously with strong oxidizing agents. May react exothermically with reducing agents to release hydrogen gas. In the presence of various catalysts (such as acids) or initiators, may undergo exothermic addition polymerization reactions.

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

VAPOR: IRRITATING TO EYES, NOSE AND THROAT. IF INHALED, WILL CAUSE DIZZINESS OR LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS. LIQUID: IRRITATING TO SKIN & EYES. ... HIGH VAPOR CONCN ... ACT AS AN ANESTHETIC. ... IF SPILLED ON CLOTHING & ALLOWED TO REMAIN, MAY CAUSE SMARTING & REDDENING OF THE SKIN. /NONENE/

BINDING WAS INVESTIGATED OF DIFFERENT 1-ALKENES TO CYTOCHROME P450 IN MICROSOMES FROM F344 RATS.

1-Nonene's production and use in gasoline may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 1-Nonene is also a naturally occurring compound found in raw beef and rapeseed oil and as a volatile organic compound emitted from molds. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 5.40 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-nonene will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-nonene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone; the half-life for these reaction in air is estimated to be 11 and 23 hrs, respectively. Reaction of vapor-phase 1-nonene with nitrate radical may be an important night-time loss process based on its molecular structure. If released to soil, 1-nonene is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 935. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.7941 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Nonene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. 1-Nonene linear hydrocarbon structure would suggest that biodegradation is an important process in soil and water. If released into water, 1-nonene is expected to adsorb to sediment and suspended solids in water based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1 hr and 4.5 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to sediment and suspended solids in the water column. An estimated BCF of 1843 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to 1-nonene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-nonene is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 1-nonene via ingestion of food and dermal contact with gasoline products containing 1-nonene. (SRC)

1-Nonene has been detected in the volatile organic fraction and lipid fraction of beef(1,2) and as a possible volatile organic compound emitted by heating rapeseed oil(3). Another biogenic source is as a volatile organic compound emitted from molds that grow on dust particles(4).

1-Nonene's production and use in gasolines(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Also, companies which process beef(2) and rapeseed oil(3) may be potential sources of 1-nonene contamination into the environment.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 935(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-nonene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). 1-Nonene linear hydrocarbon structure would suggest that biodegradation is an important process in soil(3). Volatilization of 1-nonene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 0.7941 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of 1-nonene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.40 mm Hg(5). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 935(SRC), determined from an estimation method(2), indicates that 1-nonene is expected to adsorb to sediment and suspended solids in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.7941 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1 hr and 4.5 days, respectively(SRC). However, this model underestimates the volatilization half-life of 1-nonene since it does not take into account the effects of adsorption. This is apparent from the results of two EXAMS model runs, one in which the effect of adsorption was considered (half-life = 6.5 days in a model pond) and one in which adsorption was ignored (half-life = 39 hrs in a model pond)(5). 1-Nonene linear hydrocarbon structure would suggest that biodegradation is an important process in water(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 1843(SRC), from its log Kow of 5.15(8) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-nonene, which has a vapor pressure of 5.40 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-nonene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 11 hrs(SRC), from its rate constant of 3.44X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C determined using a structure estimation method(3). Vapor-phase 1-nonene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 23 hrs(SRC), from its rate constant of 1.20X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). Reaction of vapor-phase 1-nonene with nitrate radical may be an important night-time loss process based on its molecular structure(5).

PENTANE THROUGH N-OCTANE WERE OXIDIZED WITH A PROGRESSIVE INCREASE IN SPECIFIC ACTIVITY, FOLLOWED BY A DECREASE AS THE HYDROCARBON CHAIN INCREASED UP TO HEPTADECANE.

Resting cells of Pseudomonas oleovorans PO-1R that had been grown on octane were able to oxidize 1-nonene to produce 1,2-epoxynonane(1). The appearance of the epoxide occurred after only a half hour exposure to 1-nonene(1). In a similar study, Corynebacterium sp (7E1C) bacteria was able to degrade 1-nonene at an optimal temperature of 30 °C and a pH range of 7.0-7.6(2). This study revealed that terminating alkenes were more recalcitrant compared to those alkenes with the double bond located elsewhere on the molecule. Researchers also noted that as the chain length of the alkene increased, so did the susceptibility to microbial attack(2). Alkenes can be utilized by a wide range of microorganisms and are catabolized via several routes(3). These include the oxidation of a terminal methyl group leaving the double bond intact and resulting in unsaturated alcohol, aldehyde and fatty acid or oxidation of the double bond resulting in the formation of epoxide, diol compounds and possibly hydroxyacids(3). 1-Nonene's linear hydrocarbon structure would suggest that biodegradation is an important process in soil and water(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-nonene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.44X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 11 hrs at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-nonene with ozone has been estimated as 3.44X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 23 hrs at an atmospheric concn of 7.0X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). Reaction of vapor-phase 1-nonene with nitrate radical may be an important night-time loss process based on its molecular structure(3). 1-Nonene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(4) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm).

An estimated BCF of 1843 was calculated for 1-nonene(SRC), using a log Kow of 5.15(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 1-nonene can be estimated to be 935(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-nonene is expected to have low mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-nonene is 0.7941 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-nonene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 1 hr(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.5 days(SRC). However, the volatilization half-life does not take into account the effects of adsorption. This is apparent from the results of two EXAMS model runs, one in which the effect of adsorption was considered, yielding an estimated half-life of 6.5 days in a model pond 2 m deep, and one in which the effect of adsorption was ignored, yielding an estimated half-life of 39 hrs in a model pond 2 m deep(3). 1-Nonene's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1-nonene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.15 mm Hg(4).

SURFACE WATER: Water samples collected from fourteen heavily industrialized river basins in the United States were studied for various chemical contaminants(1). Some areas included in the study were the Hudson River, Illinois River Basin, Delaware River Basin, Mississippi River Basin, and Ohio River Basin. Of 204 water samples collected, 1-nonene was detected only once, concn not specified, between July 1, 1975 to December 31, 1976(1). 1-Nonene was detected, concn not specified, within the Lake Michigan water basin from 1975-76(2).

The exhaust gas from 10 small four-stroke lawn mowers using two different gasolines was studied(1). When a 1990 national average blend of gasoline was used, 1-nonene was detected in the exhaust gas as 0.50% of the total organic gases emitted while when a California Phase 2 gasoline was used, 1-nonene was identified as 0.53% of the total organic gases emitted(1). The hydrocarbon content of the exhaust from two different turbojet engines operated at simulated supersonic flight conditions was studied. During the experiment, jet engine model YJ93-GE-3 contained 1-nonene in its exhaust gas ranging from 0.02-17.9 ppm while jet engine model J85-GE-5B contained 1-nonene in its exhaust gas ranging from 0.08-0.54 ppm(2).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The gas-phase hydrocarbons generated by automobiles traveling through the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel of the Pennsylvania Turnpike in 1979, included 1-nonene, concn not specified(1). 1-Nonene was detected, concn not specified, in five urban air analyses carried out in Leningrad, U.S.S.R. from July-October 1976(2). In another urban air study, 1-nonene was detected, concn not specified, in urban air samples taken from Leningrad, Tashkent, Baku, Tbilisi, Kemerovo, and Murmansk U.S.S.R. in 1977(3).

RURAL/REMOTE: Ambient air sampling performed at high ambient temperatures in Whitaker's Forest in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California from June 20-22, 1990 contained 1-nonene, concn not specified(1).

1-Nonene has been detected as one of several volatile hydrocarbons found in beef(1). In a study of the lipid fraction and organic volatile compounds found in raw ground beef, 1-nonene was identified as 6.08% of the lipid fraction volume but was not detected as one of the volatile organic compounds(2). The volatile vapor fraction emitted during the heating of four oils (rapeseed, Canola, peanut and soybean) was analyzed to determine its chemical composition. 1-Nonene was tentatively detected, concn not specified, in rapeseed oil(3).

A study of volatile organic compounds released by three different molds revealed 1-nonene as a volatile constituent from Aspergillus versicolor(1). This mold is commonly found growing on dust in buildings and in the ambient atmosphere. 1-Nonene was identified as a component of three different gasolines, industry average gasoline, EPA certification gasoline, and M-85 (85% methanol, 15% gasoline), as 0.105, 0.119, and 0.016%, respectively, of the total hydrocarbon composition(2).

Occupational exposure to 1-nonene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-nonene is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to 1-nonene via ingestion of food(1-3) and dermal contact with gasoline products(4) containing 1-nonene(SRC).

In a study to detect and quantify the prevalence of chemicals found in the adipose tissue of the general population, n-nonene was found in 8 out of 46 tissue samples collected during 1982. Two samples came from the north central part of the United States, two from the north east and four from the south(1).

1-Nonene's production and use in gasoline may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 1-Nonene is also a naturally occurring compound found in raw beef and rapeseed oil and as a volatile organic compound emitted from molds. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 5.40 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-nonene will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-nonene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone; the half-life for these reaction in air is estimated to be 11 and 23 hrs, respectively. Reaction of vapor-phase 1-nonene with nitrate radical may be an important night-time loss process based on its molecular structure. If released to soil, 1-nonene is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 935. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.7941 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Nonene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. 1-Nonene linear hydrocarbon structure would suggest that biodegradation is an important process in soil and water. If released into water, 1-nonene is expected to adsorb to sediment and suspended solids in water based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1 hr and 4.5 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to sediment and suspended solids in the water column. An estimated BCF of 1843 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to 1-nonene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-nonene is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 1-nonene via ingestion of food and dermal contact with gasoline products containing 1-nonene. (SRC)

1-Nonene has been detected in the volatile organic fraction and lipid fraction of beef(1,2) and as a possible volatile organic compound emitted by heating rapeseed oil(3). Another biogenic source is as a volatile organic compound emitted from molds that grow on dust particles(4).

1-Nonene's production and use in gasolines(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Also, companies which process beef(2) and rapeseed oil(3) may be potential sources of 1-nonene contamination into the environment.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 935(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-nonene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). 1-Nonene linear hydrocarbon structure would suggest that biodegradation is an important process in soil(3). Volatilization of 1-nonene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 0.7941 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of 1-nonene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.40 mm Hg(5). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 935(SRC), determined from an estimation method(2), indicates that 1-nonene is expected to adsorb to sediment and suspended solids in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.7941 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1 hr and 4.5 days, respectively(SRC). However, this model underestimates the volatilization half-life of 1-nonene since it does not take into account the effects of adsorption. This is apparent from the results of two EXAMS model runs, one in which the effect of adsorption was considered (half-life = 6.5 days in a model pond) and one in which adsorption was ignored (half-life = 39 hrs in a model pond)(5). 1-Nonene linear hydrocarbon structure would suggest that biodegradation is an important process in water(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 1843(SRC), from its log Kow of 5.15(8) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-nonene, which has a vapor pressure of 5.40 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-nonene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 11 hrs(SRC), from its rate constant of 3.44X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C determined using a structure estimation method(3). Vapor-phase 1-nonene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 23 hrs(SRC), from its rate constant of 1.20X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). Reaction of vapor-phase 1-nonene with nitrate radical may be an important night-time loss process based on its molecular structure(5).

PENTANE THROUGH N-OCTANE WERE OXIDIZED WITH A PROGRESSIVE INCREASE IN SPECIFIC ACTIVITY, FOLLOWED BY A DECREASE AS THE HYDROCARBON CHAIN INCREASED UP TO HEPTADECANE.

Resting cells of Pseudomonas oleovorans PO-1R that had been grown on octane were able to oxidize 1-nonene to produce 1,2-epoxynonane(1). The appearance of the epoxide occurred after only a half hour exposure to 1-nonene(1). In a similar study, Corynebacterium sp (7E1C) bacteria was able to degrade 1-nonene at an optimal temperature of 30 °C and a pH range of 7.0-7.6(2). This study revealed that terminating alkenes were more recalcitrant compared to those alkenes with the double bond located elsewhere on the molecule. Researchers also noted that as the chain length of the alkene increased, so did the susceptibility to microbial attack(2). Alkenes can be utilized by a wide range of microorganisms and are catabolized via several routes(3). These include the oxidation of a terminal methyl group leaving the double bond intact and resulting in unsaturated alcohol, aldehyde and fatty acid or oxidation of the double bond resulting in the formation of epoxide, diol compounds and possibly hydroxyacids(3). 1-Nonene's linear hydrocarbon structure would suggest that biodegradation is an important process in soil and water(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-nonene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.44X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 11 hrs at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-nonene with ozone has been estimated as 3.44X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 23 hrs at an atmospheric concn of 7.0X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). Reaction of vapor-phase 1-nonene with nitrate radical may be an important night-time loss process based on its molecular structure(3). 1-Nonene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(4) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm).

An estimated BCF of 1843 was calculated for 1-nonene(SRC), using a log Kow of 5.15(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 1-nonene can be estimated to be 935(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-nonene is expected to have low mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-nonene is 0.7941 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-nonene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 1 hr(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.5 days(SRC). However, the volatilization half-life does not take into account the effects of adsorption. This is apparent from the results of two EXAMS model runs, one in which the effect of adsorption was considered, yielding an estimated half-life of 6.5 days in a model pond 2 m deep, and one in which the effect of adsorption was ignored, yielding an estimated half-life of 39 hrs in a model pond 2 m deep(3). 1-Nonene's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1-nonene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.15 mm Hg(4).

SURFACE WATER: Water samples collected from fourteen heavily industrialized river basins in the United States were studied for various chemical contaminants(1). Some areas included in the study were the Hudson River, Illinois River Basin, Delaware River Basin, Mississippi River Basin, and Ohio River Basin. Of 204 water samples collected, 1-nonene was detected only once, concn not specified, between July 1, 1975 to December 31, 1976(1). 1-Nonene was detected, concn not specified, within the Lake Michigan water basin from 1975-76(2).

The exhaust gas from 10 small four-stroke lawn mowers using two different gasolines was studied(1). When a 1990 national average blend of gasoline was used, 1-nonene was detected in the exhaust gas as 0.50% of the total organic gases emitted while when a California Phase 2 gasoline was used, 1-nonene was identified as 0.53% of the total organic gases emitted(1). The hydrocarbon content of the exhaust from two different turbojet engines operated at simulated supersonic flight conditions was studied. During the experiment, jet engine model YJ93-GE-3 contained 1-nonene in its exhaust gas ranging from 0.02-17.9 ppm while jet engine model J85-GE-5B contained 1-nonene in its exhaust gas ranging from 0.08-0.54 ppm(2).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The gas-phase hydrocarbons generated by automobiles traveling through the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel of the Pennsylvania Turnpike in 1979, included 1-nonene, concn not specified(1). 1-Nonene was detected, concn not specified, in five urban air analyses carried out in Leningrad, U.S.S.R. from July-October 1976(2). In another urban air study, 1-nonene was detected, concn not specified, in urban air samples taken from Leningrad, Tashkent, Baku, Tbilisi, Kemerovo, and Murmansk U.S.S.R. in 1977(3).

RURAL/REMOTE: Ambient air sampling performed at high ambient temperatures in Whitaker's Forest in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California from June 20-22, 1990 contained 1-nonene, concn not specified(1).

1-Nonene has been detected as one of several volatile hydrocarbons found in beef(1). In a study of the lipid fraction and organic volatile compounds found in raw ground beef, 1-nonene was identified as 6.08% of the lipid fraction volume but was not detected as one of the volatile organic compounds(2). The volatile vapor fraction emitted during the heating of four oils (rapeseed, Canola, peanut and soybean) was analyzed to determine its chemical composition. 1-Nonene was tentatively detected, concn not specified, in rapeseed oil(3).

A study of volatile organic compounds released by three different molds revealed 1-nonene as a volatile constituent from Aspergillus versicolor(1). This mold is commonly found growing on dust in buildings and in the ambient atmosphere. 1-Nonene was identified as a component of three different gasolines, industry average gasoline, EPA certification gasoline, and M-85 (85% methanol, 15% gasoline), as 0.105, 0.119, and 0.016%, respectively, of the total hydrocarbon composition(2).

Occupational exposure to 1-nonene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-nonene is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to 1-nonene via ingestion of food(1-3) and dermal contact with gasoline products(4) containing 1-nonene(SRC).

In a study to detect and quantify the prevalence of chemicals found in the adipose tissue of the general population, n-nonene was found in 8 out of 46 tissue samples collected during 1982. Two samples came from the north central part of the United States, two from the north east and four from the south(1).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Flammable Liquid