Decane

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.1% (2 of 1869) of reports.

H226 (91.6%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304 (92.5%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P331, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1869 reports by companies from 18 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 2 of 1869 reports by companies.

There are 17 notifications provided by 1867 of 1869 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226 (100%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304 (100%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

The GHS information provided by 1 company from 1 notification to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P280, P303+P361+P353, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Rest. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use powder, AFFF, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Conditions to avoid: Heat, flames and sparks.

To fight fire, use foam, CO2, dry chemical.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable metal or glass containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas.; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Cool.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Store under inert gas.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

38 [mg/m3]

420 [mg/m3]

2500 [mg/m3]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

If this liquid is swallowed, aspiration into the lungs may result in chemical pneumonitis.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking.

Approved self-contained respirator, safety glasses, impervious gloves, and chemical protective clothing. (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Personnel protection: ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Above 46 °C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment.

Use ventilation.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

N-decane appears as a colorless liquid. Flash point 115 °F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. In high concentrations its vapors may be narcotic. Used as a solvent and to make other chemicals.

Colorless liquid with a gasoline-like odor; [CHEMINFO]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid

345.4 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

174.1 °C

173.00 to 175.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

174.2 °C

174.15 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-21.5 °F (NTP, 1992)

-29.7 °C

-31.00 to -28.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

-29.6 °C

115 °F (NTP, 1992)

46.0 °C (114.8 °F) - closed cup

115 °F (46 °C)(Closed cup)

46 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 5.20X10-2 mg/L at 25 °C

In distilled water, 0.009 mg/L at 20 °C; in salt water, 0.087 mg/L at 20 °C

Miscible with ethanol; soluble in ether; slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride

Solubility in water: none

0.73 at 60 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.7255 g/cu cm at 25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.7

0.7266 @25 °C

4.9 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.90 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.9

1 mmHg at 61.7 °F ; 2.7 mmHg at 68 °F; 10 mmHg at 131.7 °F (NTP, 1992)

1.43 [mmHg]

1.43 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 25 °C: 0.17

1.43 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 5.01

5.98 (estimated)

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

410 °F (USCG, 1999)

410 °F (210 °C)

2.188 mPa s at -25 °C; 1.277 mPa s at 0 °C; 0.838 mPa s at 25 °C; 0.598 mPa s at 50 °C; 0.453 mPa s at 75 °C; 0.359 mPa s at 100 °C

Flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Saturated

Highly Flammable

N-DECANE is incompatible with oxidizing agents. (NTP, 1992)

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents.

Can react with oxidizing materials.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Decane is a colorless liquid. It is used in organic synthesis, as a solvent, standardized hydrocarbon, and in jet-fuel research. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: In tests with human subjects, solutions as strong as 30% produced no irritation when applied to skin and left for 24 hr. Decane is a simple asphyxiant and causes CNS depression in high concentrations. ANIMAL STUDIES: Rats exposed to decane vapor have been examined for lens opacities, but no cataracts were found. Rats exposed to 0.2 mL of decane by inhalation died within 24 hr by pulmonary edema and hemorrhaging. Decane is highly lipid-soluble and causes pulmonary pneumonitis when aspired into lungs. Animals showed signs of dyspnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis. In rats exposed by inhalation decane caused some limited, but statistically significant neurobehavioral effects at 5 g/cu m, with no effects at 1.5 g/cu m. Exposure of rats to 540 ppm of decane 18 hr/day, 7 days/week for 57 days stimulated weight gains and decreased the total white blood count, but no bone marrow changes or other organ changes were noted. Dermal application of undiluted decane to mice (0.1-0.15 g per mouse, 3 times a week for 50 weeks) caused fibrosis of the dermis, pigmentation, and some ulceration. Some animals also showed kidney effects and lung hemorrhaging. Mice treated with decane developed tumors on the backs, after exposure to ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths longer than 350 nm, generally considered noncarcinogenic. In rats no statistically significant treatment-related effects were observed at any dose level in any of the reproductive or developmental parameters. The following genotoxicity studies were negative: Ames assay - with and without metabolic activation - on Salmonella typhimurium; forward mutation on Chinese hamster (V79) lung cells; chromosomal aberrations cytogenetics assay on Chinese hamster (V79) lung cells; cell transformation and cotransformation with benzo(a)pyrene on Syrian hamster embryo cells; and intercellular communication on Syrian hamster embryo cells.

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Dry skin. Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

n-Decane

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

PPRTV Current

LC50 (rat) > 1,369 ppm/8h

LC50 Mice inhalation 72.3 mg/L/2 hr

Decane, at low concns (<10 mM), enhanced the mutagenic and recombinogenic effect of triethylene melamine in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MP1 strain. At higher concns (>10 mM), decane was corecombinogenic and antimutagenic.

Decane, at a concn of 0.12 mM, enhanced the mutagenic effect of methylazoxymethanol by 24% at the ouabain-resistant locus in cultured V79 Chinese hamster cells. No mutagenic activity was observed per se.

...Repeated topical applications to mice of ...n-decane... on the carcinogenic potential of UV light at three wavelength regions: 254 nm, 290-320 nm, and greater than 350 nm /produced/...a cocarcinogenic effect at 254 nm... Radiation at wavelengths longer than 350 nm, generally considered noncarcinogenic, produced tumors on the backs of mice treated with n-decane...

Jet fuels are complex mixtures of aliphatic (ALI) and aromatic (ARO) hydrocarbons that vary significantly in individual cytotoxicity and proinflammatory activities in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). In order to elucidate the dermatotoxicity of a complex mixture like jet fuels, structural differences, exposure time and dosage were investigated on HEK toxicity assessed by mortality and IL-8 release. ALI and ARO hydrocarbons were grouped into 4 categories: highly cytotoxic (octane, nonane, decane for aliphatics and cyclohexalbenzene, trimethylbenzene, xylene for aromatics), low cytotoxic (tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane for aliphatics and benzene for aromatics), high IL-8 release (decane, undecane, dodecane for aliphatics and dimethylnapthalene, cyclohexylbenzene, ethylbenzene for aromatics) and low IL-8 release (tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane for aliphatics and benzene, toluene, xylene for aromatics). The 4 categories of ALI hydrocarbons were mixed with each other, or cross-mixed with each of the 4 categories of ARO hydrocarbons. The resulting cytotoxicity and IL-8 production from HEK were evaluated at 24 hr. The results showed an antagonistic cytotoxic effect between ALI and ARO hydrocarbons in which ALI attenuated the degree of HEK mortality caused by the ARO hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the ARO hydrocarbons reduced the significant increase of IL-8 induced by ALI hydrocarbons. Synergistic effects between low IL-8 inductive and low cytotoxic hydrocarbons were found and the highest cytotoxic and IL-8 inductive responses did not completely correspond to the mixture of highly cytotoxic and highly IL-8 inductive hydrocarbons. This study supports the concept that the ARO dictate the degree of HEK mortality, while the ALI are the major contributor to inciting the proinflammatory response. Mixture effects must be considered when evaluating cytotoxicity to HEK.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for n-Decane (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat as necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orortracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Emergency and supportive measures. 1. General. Provide basic supportive care for all symptomatic patients. Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer supplemental oxygen. Monitor arterial blood gases or oximetry, chest radiographs, and ECG and admit symptomatic patients to an intensive care setting. Use epinephrine and other beta-adrenergic medications with caution in patients with significant hydrocarbon intoxication because arrhythmias may be induced. 2. Pulmonary aspiration. Patients who remain completely asymptomatic after 4-6 hours of observation may be discharged. In contrast, if the patient is coughing on arrival, aspiration probably has occurred. Administer supplemental oxygen and treat bronchospasm and hypoxia if they occur. Do not use steroids or prophylactic antibiotics. 3. Ingestion. In the vast majority of accidental childhood ingestions, less than 5-10 mL is actually swallowed and systemic toxicity is rare. Treatment is primarily supportive. Injection. For injections into the fingertip or hand, especially those involving a high-pressure paint gun, consult with a plastic or hand surgeon immediately, as prompt wide exposure, irrigation, and debridement are often required. /Hydrocarbons/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for n-Decane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A dose-response study of human reactions to the indoor air pollutant n-decane was performed in a climate chamber. Sixty-three healthy subjects, randomly selected from the normal population, were exposed to n-decane concns of either 0, 10, 35, or 100 uL/L in a controlled, double blind study using a latin square exposure design. The most significant findings were dose-dependent changes in irritation of mucous membranes, increased sensation of odor intensity, and reduced air quality. Adaptation was seen at the highest exposure levels, but not at the levels relevant for a non-industrial environment. The physiological measurements showed decreased tear film stability at all exposure concns. The number of conjunctival polymorphonuclear leucocytes increased in a dose-related manner. Predictors of the sensitivity to exposure, i.e. mucous membrane irritation threshold and skin irritation (Stingers test), were correlated to subjective ratings of odor intensity and irritation of mucous membranes. ...

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In tests with human subjects, solutions as strong as 30% produced no irritation when applied to skin and left for 24 hr.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Jet fuels are complex mixtures of aliphatic (ALI) and aromatic (ARO) hydrocarbons that vary significantly in individual cytotoxicity and proinflammatory activities in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). In order to elucidate the dermatotoxicity of a complex mixture like jet fuels, structural differences, exposure time and dosage were investigated on HEK toxicity assessed by mortality and IL-8 release. ALI and ARO hydrocarbons were grouped into 4 categories: highly cytotoxic (octane, nonane, decane for aliphatics and cyclohexalbenzene, trimethylbenzene, xylene for aromatics), low cytotoxic (tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane for aliphatics and benzene for aromatics), high IL-8 release (decane, undecane, dodecane for aliphatics and dimethylnapthalene, cyclohexylbenzene, ethylbenzene for aromatics) and low IL-8 release (tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane for aliphatics and benzene, toluene, xylene for aromatics). The 4 categories of ALI hydrocarbons were mixed with each other, or cross-mixed with each of the 4 categories of ARO hydrocarbons. The resulting cytotoxicity and IL-8 production from HEK were evaluated at 24 hr. The results showed an antagonistic cytotoxic effect between ALI and ARO hydrocarbons in which ALI attenuated the degree of HEK mortality caused by the ARO hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the ARO hydrocarbons reduced the significant increase of IL-8 induced by ALI hydrocarbons. Synergistic effects between low IL-8 inductive and low cytotoxic hydrocarbons were found and the highest cytotoxic and IL-8 inductive responses did not completely correspond to the mixture of highly cytotoxic and highly IL-8 inductive hydrocarbons. This study supports the concept that the ARO dictate the degree of HEK mortality, while the ALI are the major contributor to inciting the proinflammatory response. Mixture effects must be considered when evaluating cytotoxicity to HEK.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Jet fuels are complex mixtures of aliphatic (ALI) and aromatic (ARO) hydrocarbons that vary significantly in individual cytotoxicity and proinflammatory activity in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). In order to delineate the toxicological interactions among individual hydrocarbons in a mixture and their contributions to cutaneous toxicity, nine ALI and five ARO hydrocarbons were each divided into five (high/medium/low cytotoxic and strong/weak IL-8 induction) groups and intra/inter-mixed to assess for their mixture effects on HEK mortality and IL-8 release. Addition of single hydrocarbon to JP-8 fuel was also evaluated for their changes in fuel dermatotoxicity. The results indicated that when hydrocarbons were mixed, HEK mortality and IL-8 release were not all predictable by their individual ability affecting these two parameters. The lowest HEK mortality (7%) and the highest IL-8 production were induced with mixtures including high cytotoxic and weak IL-8 inductive ARO hydrocarbons. Antagonistic reactions not consistently correlated with ALI carbon chain length and ARO structure were evident and carried different weight in the overall mixture toxicities. Single addition of benzene, toluene, xylene or ethylbenzene for up to tenfold in JP-8 did not increase HEK mortality while single addition of ALI hydrocarbons exhibited dose-related differential response in IL-8. In an all ALI environment, no single hydrocarbon is the dominating factor in the determination of HEK cytotoxicity while deletion of hexadecane resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in IL-8 production. Overall, decane, undecane and dodecane were the major hydrocarbons associated with high cytotoxicity while tetradecane, pentadecane and hexadecane were those which had the greatest buffering effect attenuating dermatotoxicity. The mixture effects must be considered when evaluating jet fuel toxicity to HEK.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Decane is a simple asphyxiant and causes CNS depression in high concentrations.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Rats exposed to 0.2 mL of decane by inhalation died within 24 hr by pulmonary edema and hemorrhaging. Decane is highly lipid-soluble and causes pulmonary pneumonitis when aspired /SRP: into lungs/. Animals showed signs of dyspnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Despite widespread exposure to military jet fuels, there remains a knowledge gap concerning the actual toxic entities responsible for irritation observed after topical fuel exposure. The present studies with individual hydrocarbon (HC) constituents of JP-8 jet fuel shed light on this issue. To mimic occupational scenarios, JP-8, 8 aliphatic HC (nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane) and 6 aromatic HC (ethyl benzene, o-xylene, trimethyl benzene, cyclohexyl benzene, naphthalene, dimethyl naphthalene) soaked cotton fabrics were topically exposed to pigs for 1 day and with repeated daily exposures for 4 days. Erythema, epidermal thickness, and epidermal cell layers were quantitated. No erythema was noted in 1-day in vivo HC exposures but significant erythema was observed in 4-day tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, and JP-8 exposed sites. The aromatic HCs did not produce any macroscopic lesions in 1 or 4 days of in vivo exposures. Morphological observations revealed slight intercellular and intracellular epidermal edema in 4-day exposures with the aliphatic HCs. Epidermal thickness and number of cell layers significantly increased (p < 0.05) in tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, and JP-8-treated sites. No significant differences were observed in the aromatic HC-exposed sites. Subcorneal microabscesses containing inflammatory cells were observed with most of the long-chain aliphatic HCs and JP-8 in 4-day exposures. Ultrastructural studies depicted that jet fuel HC-induced cleft formation within intercellular lipid lamellar bilayers of the stratum corneum. The degree of damage to the skin was proportional to the length of in vivo HC exposures. These data coupled with absorption and toxicity studies of jet fuel HC revealed that specific HCs (tridecane and tetradecane) might be the key constituents responsible for jet fuel-induced skin irritation.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Male WAG/Rij/CrlBR rats were exposed by inhalation for 8 hr on 3 consecutive days /to hydrocarbon solvents in the C5-C11+ carbon range/ and evaluated daily for changes in motor activity, functional observation measures, and learned performance of a visual discrimination task ... n-Decane caused some limited, but statistically significant neurobehavioral effects at 5 g/cu m, with no effects at 1.5 g/cu m.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /Rats were exposed to/ 0, 85, 260, or 860 ppm /n-decane/; 8 hr/day for 3 consecutive days. Increased gross motor activity and aggression, Short-term high-level exposure to n-decane induced mild reversible neurobehavioral effects on functional observations and measures of learned performance. (From table)

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for n-Decane (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA has released the first beta version (version 0.5) of the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The beta version of the iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays; Click on the "Chemical Explorer" button on the tool bar to see the data./[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of October 14, 2015: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

EC50; Species: Thalassiosira pseudonana (Diatom) clone W; Conditions: saltwater, static, 80 °C; Concentration: 16 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: physiology, decreased photosynthesis

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age 4-6 days, length 1.5 mm; Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C, pH 6-7, dissolved oxygen 5-9 mg/L; Concentration: 0.2 mmol/cu m for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 0.1-0.3 mmol/cu m); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /> or =97% purity/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 7.4-9.4, dissolved oxygen 6.5-9.1 mg/L; Concentration: 23000 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 18000-31000 ug/L) /> or =80% purity/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 7.4-9.4, dissolved oxygen 6.5-9.1 mg/L; Concentration: 18000 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 13000-24000 ug/L) /> or =80% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for n-Decane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

n-Decane's production and use from the refining of petroleum, as a component of engine fuel, use in organic synthesis and as a solvent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. n-Decane may be released to the environment via the manufacture, use, and disposal of many products associated with the petroleum, gasoline, and plastics industries. n-Decane is a constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas. It has been identified in the emissions from volcanoes. The compound also occurs naturally in plants such as catmint, safflower and oreganos. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.43 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-decane will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-decane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 35 hours. n-Decane has been detected in rain and snow samples suggesting that n-decane may be removed from the air by wet deposition. n-Decane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, n-decane is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1500. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.15 atm-cu m/mole. n-Decane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation studies in soil have observed volatilization to be a more important removal process than biodegradation. Utilizing the OECD 301F test, 77-85.5% of Theoretical BOD was reached in 28-38 days indicating that n-decane is readily biodegradable and that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, n-decane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Die-away tests using sea-water from the Narragansett Bay and radio-labeled decane showed that 71-82% of the radio-labeled n-decane was mineralized to 14CO2 after 2.5 weeks. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.7 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 40 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to n-decane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-decane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-decane via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing n-decane. (SRC)

EC50; Species: Thalassiosira pseudonana (Diatom) clone W; Conditions: saltwater, static, 80 °C; Concentration: 16 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: physiology, decreased photosynthesis

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age 4-6 days, length 1.5 mm; Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C, pH 6-7, dissolved oxygen 5-9 mg/L; Concentration: 0.2 mmol/cu m for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 0.1-0.3 mmol/cu m); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /> or =97% purity/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 7.4-9.4, dissolved oxygen 6.5-9.1 mg/L; Concentration: 23000 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 18000-31000 ug/L) /> or =80% purity/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 7.4-9.4, dissolved oxygen 6.5-9.1 mg/L; Concentration: 18000 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 13000-24000 ug/L) /> or =80% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for n-Decane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

n-Decane's production and use from the refining of petroleum, as a component of engine fuel, use in organic synthesis and as a solvent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. n-Decane may be released to the environment via the manufacture, use, and disposal of many products associated with the petroleum, gasoline, and plastics industries. n-Decane is a constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas. It has been identified in the emissions from volcanoes. The compound also occurs naturally in plants such as catmint, safflower and oreganos. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.43 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-decane will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-decane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 35 hours. n-Decane has been detected in rain and snow samples suggesting that n-decane may be removed from the air by wet deposition. n-Decane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, n-decane is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1500. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.15 atm-cu m/mole. n-Decane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation studies in soil have observed volatilization to be a more important removal process than biodegradation. Utilizing the OECD 301F test, 77-85.5% of Theoretical BOD was reached in 28-38 days indicating that n-decane is readily biodegradable and that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, n-decane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Die-away tests using sea-water from the Narragansett Bay and radio-labeled decane showed that 71-82% of the radio-labeled n-decane was mineralized to 14CO2 after 2.5 weeks. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.7 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 40 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to n-decane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-decane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-decane via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing n-decane. (SRC)

n-Decane is a constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas(1). n-Decane composed 1.8% by volume of a crude oil sample(2). n-Decane was identified in the volcanic gases of the volcanoes of Kunashir Island(3). The compound also occurs naturally in plants such as catmint, safflower and oreganos(4).

n-Decane's production and use from the refining of petroleum, as a component of engine fuel, use in organic synthesis and as a solvent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). n-Decane may be released to the environment via the manufacture, use, and disposal of many products associated with the petroleum, gasoline, and plastics industries(1). n-Decane is obtained mainly from refining of petroleum and is a component of engine fuel(1). The combustion of plastics(2), gasoline and diesel fuels have been shown to release n-decane into the atmosphere(3-5). Vulcanization and extrusion operations during rubber and synthetic production as with shoes, tires and electrical insulation also emit n-decane to the air(6). Other well documented materials that are responsible for the release of n-decane to the environment include solvent based building materials, printing pastes, paints, varnishes, adhesives and other coatings(2, 7-9). Landfills(10-12) and waste incinerators(13) also release n-decane into the environment.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1500(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that n-decane is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-decane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.15 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.43 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 0.052 mg/L(4). n-Decane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation studies in soil have observed volatilization to be a more important removal process than biodegradation for n-decane(5,6). A 77-85.8% of theoretical biodegradation using activated sludge in several OECD 301F tests indicates n-decane is readily biodegradable(7) and suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1500(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that n-decane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.15 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.43 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.052 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.7 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 40(SRC), from its log Kow of 5.01(7) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). A 77-85.8% of theoretical biodegradation using activated sludge in several OECD 301F tests indicates n-decane is readily biodegradable(8) and suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). Die-away tests using sea-water from the Narragansett Bay and radio-labeled decane showed that 71-82% of the radio-labeled n-decane was mineralized to 14CO2 after 2.5 weeks(9); volatilization removed only 6-15% of the hydrocarbon studied(9). n-Decane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-decane, which has a vapor pressure of 1.43 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-decane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 35 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Vapor-phase n-decane is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with nitrate radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 124 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.59X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). n-Decane has been detected in rain and snow samples(5,6) suggesting that n-decane may be removed from the air by wet deposition(SRC). n-Decane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(7) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Using OECD Guideline 301F (Ready Biodegradability: Manometric Respirometry Test) with non-adapted activated sludge, n-decane (at 45 mg/L) was found to be readily biodegradable with 32.3% degradation after 3 days and 85.5% degradation after 28 days. Other OECD Guideline 301F tests found similar results with 77% and 79.8% degradation after 28 and 38 days, respectively(1).

AEROBIC - SEAWATER: A 25% loss of n-decane occurred within 5 days and the compound completely disappeared within 15 days from an inoculum of 1 mL of crude oil added to a 100 mL simulated seawater solution with sediment from Fukae of Kobe harbor, Japan and incubated at 20 °C. Loss of 13 and 52% of n-decane was observed within 5 and 15 days, respectively, from 1 mL of crude oil added to a 100 mL seawater solution collected at Fukae of Kobe harbor, Japan and incubated at 20 °C. Complete recovery was reported for all the control samples(1). Seawater from Narragansett Bay, US was spiked with (1-14C)n-decane; mass balance was calculated after 2.5 week experiments and showed that 71-82% of the radiolabeled n-decane has been mineralized to 14CO2. Volatilization removed only 6-15% of the hydrocarbons studied(2).

AEROBIC: n-Decane is degraded in seawater by oil-oxidizing microorganisms: 100% breakdown is observed after 21 days at 22 °C in stoppered bottles containing 1000 ppm mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics.

AEROBIC - BRACKISH WATER: Bacteria from Colgate Creek sediment cultured in water from both Colgate Creek and Eastern Bay in Chesapeake Bay, MD were able to utilize 30 and 34%, respectively, of the n-decane from a petroleum hydrocarbon mixture after 28 days incubation at 20 °C. Bacteria from Eastern Bay sediment cultured in water from both Colgate Creek and Eastern Bay in Chesapeake Bay, MD were able to utilize 14 and 10%, respectively, of the n-decane from a petroleum hydrocarbon mixture after 28 days incubation at 20 °C(1).

For more Environmental Biodegradation (Complete) data for n-Decane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of n-decane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been experimentally determined to be 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 35 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of n-decane with atmospheric nitrate radicals has been measured as 2.59X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3); this corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 124 days(SRC) at an atmospheric concentration of 2.5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(4). n-Decane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(5). n-Decane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 40 was calculated in fish for n-decane(SRC), using a log Kow of 5.01(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of n-decane can be estimated to be 1500(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that n-decane is expected to have low mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for n-decane is estimated as 5.15 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.43 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 0.052 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that n-decane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4.7 days(SRC). n-Decane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). n-Decane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure(SRC). Biodegradation studies in soil have observed volatilization to be a more important removal process than biodegradation for n-decane(4,5).

First-order evaporation constants of n-decane in 3-mm layer No 2 fuel oil, darkened room, wind speed 21 km/hr: at 5 °C, 1.19X10-3/min; at 10 °C, 1.87X10-3/min; at 20 °C, 3.44X10-3/min; at 30 °C, 6.98X10-3/min

GROUNDWATER: n-Decane was detected in thermal spring spa water collected near Galicia, Spain(1).

DRINKING WATER: n-Decane was identified in 14 of 14 treated water supplies in England(1). n-Decane was listed as one of the many organic chemicals identified in drinking water in the USA as of 1974(2) and as of 1982(3). The drinking water supply for the District of Columbia was found to contain n-decane; the concentration was estimated to be 0.03 ppm(4). n-Decane was detected in New York City and New Orleans drinking water(5). The Torresdale water supply of the City of Philadelphia, PA also contained n-decane(6).

SURFACE WATER: The average n-decane concentration of 6 water samples from both Little Britain Lake and Welsh Harp Lake, England were 1.8 and 12.2 ppb, respectively(1). The n-decane average concentration of weekly samples taken over an approximate period of 1 year for Luton Brook, England was 7.9 ppb(1). The average n-decane concentration for water samples taken from the River Pinn at Brunel University, England was 1.6 ppb(1). Only trace quantities to 2 ng/L of n-decane were detected in open surface waters of the north central Gulf of Mexico(2). The n-decane concentration of 3 surface water samples from an unpolluted coastal area of the north central Gulf of Mexico also ranged from trace levels to 2 ng/L(2). n-Decane was detected in 6 of 8 surface water samples in the Gulf of Mexico ranging in concentration from 0.9 to 1.6 ng/L with an average concentration of 1.3 ng/L(3). n-Decane concentrations (ng/L) in the Beros and Llobregat Rivers and in the adjacent coastal waters in Spain were 26,000 (Beros River), 1700 (Llobregat), 19 (Marine), 2.3 (Barcelona), 31 (La Pineda), and 24 (Vilanova-Sitges)(4).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: The n-decane concentration of rain water collected at Brunel University, Uxbridge, England was 27.4 ppb(1). Eight surface snow samples taken during the 1987/88, 1988/89 and 1990/91 Italian Antarctic Expeditions contained n-decane concentrations ranging from below the detection limit to 95 ng/L(2). Snow samples collected from six sites in Russia and four sites in Finland in early March contained n-decane concentrations of 0.01 to 0.93 ug/kg(3).

n-Decane was identified as a vapor emitted from landfills(1,2). A clay pit landfill in England that received municipal, industrial and liquid wastes emitted n-decane vapor at a concentration of 51 mg/L(3). The combustion of agricultural plastic film emits n-decane(4). Building materials such as petroleum based solvents such as floor adhesives and waxes, wood stains, polyurethane finish and air fresheners emit n-decane to indoor air(5). Average n-decane emissions from 2 ferry boats in the Skagerak-Kattegatt-Oresund (Denmark) Region were 13 and <0.1 mg/cu nm(6). n-Decane was detected in vapor from the Fresh Kills municipal solid-waste landfill in New York City(7). The n-decane concentration was reported in combination with para-dichlorobenzene as 13.97 ppmv(7). n-Decane was identified in the emissions from carpet cushions made of bonded urethane and prime urethane(8). Vapors from 2 domestic waste disposal sites in Augsburg and Munich, Germany and 2 sewage treatment plants in Munich were sampled and n-decane concentrations were 18.0-25.7 and 21.7-27.9 mg/cu m for the wastes disposal sites and 4.6-5.4 and 3.3-3.5 mg/cu m for the sewage treatment plants(9).

n-Decane was detected in 1 of 63 industrial wastewater effluents at a concentration less than 10 ug/L(1). Underwater hydrocarbon vents and formation water discharges from offshore oil production platforms were found to contain n-decane concentration in the vapor phase at trace quantities and in the liquid state at 20 ng/L, respectively(2). Formation water contained n-decane at a concentration of 410 ug/L(2). Data from Sept 2, 1979 identified decane as a gaseous emission of the vehicle traffic through the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel of the Pennsylvania Turnpike(3). Data from Aug 25 to Sept 7, 1979 showed for a speed of 80 km/hr on straight and level highway, gasoline powered vehicles emitted n-decane at an average rate of 1.7 mg/km and diesel trucks emitted n-decane at an average of 7.2 mg/km(4). The average exhaust from 67 gasoline fueled vehicles was found to contain n-decane at a concentration 0.4% by weight of the fuel(5). Motorboats emitted n-decane to canal water with resultant concentration ranging from 4 to 19 ng/L with an average of 13 ng/L for 7 samples(6). Two n-decane concentrations were reported as 0.27 and 0.18 ug/cu m in the emissions of a municipal waste incineration plant(7). Concentrations of n-decane in primer and 3 interior alkyd enamel paints were found to be 30.7, 13.2, 23.4, 4.89 mg/g, respectively(8). The average n-decane emission rate for a copier in the idle and print modes was measured to be 12 and 450 ug/hr, respectively(9). The n-decane emission factor from the combustion of European beech, Pyrenean oak and black poplar in a domestic woodstove and fireplace ranged from 0.395 to 2.26 mg/kg fuel burned dry basis(10). Monitoring of exhaust from various diesel vehicles (model years 2007-2012) in China detected n-decane as 0.92-1.56% of the total VOCs(11). Based on 2004 monitoring (May 5, 8-12AM and May 6, 8-12AM) in road tunnels in Sao Paulo, Brazil, the average n-decane emission factor from motor vehicles was 50.7-421.5 g/kg(12). The n-decane emission from the tailpipe of gasoline-powered California vehicles was reported as 300 ug/km for a catalyst-equipped vehicle and 42,600 ug/km for a non-catalyst-equipped vehicle for a gasoline containing 1,120 ug n-decane/g(13).

SEDIMENT: n-Decane was detected but not quantified in sediments from a port in Niigata, Japan(1). Surface sediments collected from the Shinano River in Niigata, Japan between November 2005 and April 2006 contained n-decane concentrations of <0.2 to 18 ng/g dry weight(2).

SOIL: n-Decane was detected in cover soil at a landfill near Florence, Italy at levels of <2 to 114 ppbv(1).

URBAN: n-Decane occurred in 29% of the indoor air samples and 18% of the outdoor air samples taken in Chicago, IL(1). The average n-decane concentration for 2 samples per 4 sites in Tulsa, OK was 2.7 ppb carbon with a range of 0.6 to 6.9 ppb carbon(2). The ndecane concentration for 6 sites in Rio Blanco, CO averaged 2.6 ppb carbon with a range from 1.3 to 5.4(2). The average concentration of n-decane in 3 samples indoor and outdoor air from Neenah, WI were 0.44 and 0.16 ug/cu m, respectively(3). The average concentration of n-decane in 3 samples indoor and outdoor air from Newark, NJ were 6.21 and 2.23 ug/cu m, respectively(3).

URBAN: The ground level atmospheric concentration of n-decane at 1325 was 0.8 ppb and 4.5 ppb at 0800 for Huntington Park, CA. At 1500 ft the n-decane concentration was 0.4 ppb at 0743 Pacific Standard Time and at 0807 Pacific Standard Time at a height of 2,200 ft the n-decane concentration was 0.3 ppb; Sampling was conducted on October 22, 2968(1). The n-decane concentration ranged from 1 to 9 ppbv at a downtown Los Angeles location for the Fall of 1981(2). The average atmospheric vapor phase concentration of n-decane was 284 ng/cu m for 7 rain events in Portland, Oregon from Feb to Apr 1984(3). According to the National Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Database, the median urban atmospheric concentartion of n-decane is 0.356 ppbV for 790 samples(4).

URBAN: The average n-decane concentration of air samples taken at Brunel University, England was 12.2 ppb(1). n-Decane was also identified in the ambient air of Paris, France at concentration ranging from 4.3 to 11.2 ug/cu m(2). In 1983-4, the respective minimum, maximum and average outdoor air concentration of n-decane in northern Italy were less than 1, 10 and 3.1 ug/cu m(3). The same study determined the respective minimum, maximum and average indoor air concentration of n-decane for 14 homes and an office building were less than 2, 1100 and 92 ug/cu m(3). The concentration of n-decane in the downtown air of Zurich Switzerland was 1.6 ppb(4). At Deuselbach, Hunsruck in Germany, the atmospheric n-decane concentration was less than 0.01 ppb for October 23 1983(5). n-Decane was detected in the atmospheres of 6 industrialized cities of the USSR ranging in size of population from 0.4 to 4.5 million people(6-8). Concentrations of volatile organic compound exposure was measured for students commuting by bus and motorcycle in Taipei, Taiwan from January 24-30, 1992(9); median, maximum, and mean n-decane concentrations for in-bus and on-motorcycle measurements were 32.8, 101.7, and 38.9 ug/cu m and 28.6, 4.74.1, and 62.8 ug/cu m, respectively(9).

URBAN: n-Decane has been detected in urban atmospheres, and concentrations of 1 to 2.7 ppb have been identified in polluted air.

For more Atmospheric Concentrations (Complete) data for n-Decane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

n-Decane was identified as a volatile component of roasted filberts(1), beaufort cheese(2), raw beef(3), and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed(4). n-Decane was detected in the edible Korean chamchwi plant (Aster scaber Thunb)(5).

n-Decane was detected in the edible Korean chamchwi plant (Aster scaber Thunb)(1).

n-Decane occurrence in plants(1).[Table#176]

The average n-decane concentration for the oyster and Rigolets clam population of Lake Pontchartrain, a shallow oligohaline estuary located in the deltaic plain of the Mississippi River near New Orleans, was 21 and 2.5 ng/g of wet weight(1). n-Decane concentrations in fish collected from the Arabian (Persian) Gulf during 1985 ranged from not detected to 0.3 ug/g dry weight(2); fish sampled included 13 species with at least 25 samples of each(2). Alkane residues were measured in 2 fish species, Indian mackerel and Indian scad, collected from local markets in 3 cities in Oman in 1995(3). n-Decane concentrations in samples from February 1995 ranged from not detected in most samples to 5.44 mg/kg (skin), 5.73 mg/kg (gill), and 5.11 mg/kg (muscle)(3). n-Decane concentrations in samples from July 1995 ranged from not detected in most samples to 5.55 mg/kg (skin), 1.20 mg/kg (gill), and 3.41 mg/kg (muscle)(3).

n-Decane was identified as a volatile component of crab and shrimp meat(1). n-Decane concentrations of 46.8, 183, 45.3, and 57.8 ng/g were determined in the volatile component of Korean salt-fermented fish and shrimp pastes from a Korean market that were made from anchovy, big eyed herring, hair tail viscera, and shrimp, respectively(2). n-Decane was detected in the volatile components of the meat of commonly consumed crabs (Charybdis feriatus) in Asia at the following concentrations: (ug/kg dry weight): 0.5 (leg), 0.3 (body), and 26.0 (carapace)(3).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substance may be transported hot. For UN3166, if Lithium ion batteries are involved, also consult GUIDE 147. If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for n-Decane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2247; n-Decane

IMO 3; n-Decane

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. n-Decane is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. n-Decane is included on the dangerous goods list.

Flammable Liquid

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III