Carbon Dioxide

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 4.9% (77 of 1570) of reports.

H280 (82%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H281 (20.5%): Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury [Warning Gases under pressure]

P282, P336+P317, P403, and P410+P403 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1570 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 77 of 1570 reports by companies.

There are 9 notifications provided by 1493 of 1570 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 97.4% (38 of 39) of all reports.

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 38 of 39 companies (only 2.6% companies provided GHS information). For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Aggregated GHS information provided per 39 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 38 of 39 reports by companies.

There is 1 notification provided by 1 of 39 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P261, P271, P304+P340, P319, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

P410+P403</a, and a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ghs/#P410+P403">P410+P403 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Administration of oxygen may be needed. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water. Refer for medical attention.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Carbon dioxide:

Eye: FROSTBITE - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin: FROSTBITE - If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Frostbite - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin: Frostbite - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Excerpt from ERG Guide 120 [Gases - Inert (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Fire fighting: self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Do not use water on material itself. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid/

/Carbon dioxide/ is not effective for use on fires involving chemicals that have their own oxygen supply (i.e., cellulose nitrate); or on fires involving reactive metals (such as, potassium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, titanium and zirconium) or their hydrides as these materials decompose carbon dioxide.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Allow substance to evaporate.

· Ventilate the area.

CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 120 [Gases - Inert (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Shut off cylinder if possible. Ventilation.

Accidental release measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas.; Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains.; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Clean up promptly by sweeping or vacuum.

1) Ventilate area of leak to disperse gas. 2) Stop flow of gas. If source of leak is cylinder & leak cannot be stopped in place, remove...to safe place in open air, & repair leak or allow cylinder to empty.

Water spray may be used to convert any form of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid which may then be neutralized with alkali.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.

Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Vent to atmosphere.

Evaporation: Remove leaking /carbon dioxide/ cylinder or scrap solid (snow or dry ice) to a hood with forced ventilation or to a remote outside area. Allow gas to bleed off at a moderate rate or solid to sublime.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

Turn leaking cylinder with the leak up to prevent escape of gas in liquid state.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Carbon dioxide (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 120 [Gases - Inert (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Allow substance to evaporate. Ventilate the area. CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof if in building. Cool. Ventilation along the floor.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Contents under pressure. Avoid heating above: 50 °C.

Dry ice should not be kept in container that is not designed to withstand pressure. Containers of other substances stored over dry ice for extended periods generally absorb carbon dioxide unless they have been carefully sealed. When such containers are removed from storage and allowed to come rapidly to room temperature, the carbon dioxide may develop sufficient pressure to burst the container with explosive violence. On removal of such containers from storage, the stopper should be loosened or the container itself should be wrapped in towels and kept behind a shield.

Store liquid containers in well ventilated areas. Keep cylinders away from sources of heat. Storage should not be in heavy traffic areas to prevent accidental knocking over or damage from passing or falling objects. Valve caps should remain on cylinders not connected for use. Segregate full and empty cylinders. ... Store carbon dioxide cylinders with the valve end up.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

· Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids or solids.

5000.0 [ppm]

5000 ppm (9000 mg/m³)

30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m³)

TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3) ST 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m3)

TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3) See Appendix G

40000 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

40000.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other human data: Signs of intoxication have been produced by a 30­minute exposure at 50,000 ppm [Aero 1953], and a few minutes exposure at 70,000 to 100,000 ppm produces unconsciousness [Flury and Zernik 1931]. It has been reported that submarine personnel exposed continuously at 30,000 ppm were only slightly affected, provided the oxygen content of the air was maintained at normal concentrations [Schaefer 1951]. It has been reported that 100,000 ppm is the atmospheric concentration immediately dangerous to life [AIHA 1971] and that exposure to 100,000 ppm for only a few minutes can cause loss of consciousness [Hunter 1975].

40,000 ppm

See: 124389

30000.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 5000 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 30,000 ppm.

5000 ppm as TWA; 30000 ppm as STEL.

9000 mg/m

· Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Australia: 5000 ppm, STEL 30,000 ppm (1990); Federal Republic of Germany: 5000 ppm, short-term level 10,000 ppm for 60 minutes, 3 times per shift (1989); Sweden: 5000 ppm, 15-minute short-term level 10,000 ppm (1984); United Kingdom: 5000 ppm, 10-minute STEL 15,000 ppm (1987).

On loss of containment this substance can cause serious risk of suffocation when in confined areas.

Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. Inhalation of high levels may cause effects on multiple organs. This may result in acidosis and impaired functions. Exposure at high concentrations could cause asphyxiation.

The substance may have effects on the metabolism. This may result in impaired functions.

Residues of carbon dioxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: propellant. Limit: none.

Residues of carbon dioxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: propellant. Limit: none.

The insecticide carbon dioxide is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used after harvest in modified atmospheres for stored insect control on food commodities.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Carbon dioxide:

Skin: FROSTBITE - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Eyes: FROSTBITE - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact with the liquid that could result in burns or tissue damage from frostbite.

Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift).

Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated.

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift.

Provide: FROSTBITE WASH - Quick drench facilities and/or eyewash fountains should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is any possibility of exposure to liquids that are extremely cold or rapidly evaporating. (NIOSH, 2024)

Carbon dioxide appears as a colorless odorless gas at atmospheric temperatures and pressures. Relatively nontoxic and noncombustible. Heavier than air and may asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Soluble in water. Forms carbonic acid, a mild acid. Under prolonged exposure to heat or fire the container may rupture violently and rocket. Used to freeze food, to control chemical reactions, and as a fire extinguishing agent.

Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid appears as a colorless liquid. Relatively heavier than air and can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Under prolonged exposure to heat or fire the container may rupture violently and rocket. Used as a refrigerant and in making carbonated beverages. Used to freeze food, to control chemical reactions and as a fire extinguishing agent.

Carbon dioxide, solid appears as an odorless, white solid. Can cause damaging frostbite. Noncombustible and nontoxic. Liquefies at -109 °F. Can asphyxiate by displacement of air. Used as a refrigerant.

Liquid; Gas Vapor; Liquid; Gas Vapor; Large Crystals; CBI

A colourless gas under normal environmental conditions with a slight pungent odour. Commercial carbon dioxide is shipped and handled as a liquid in pressurised cylinders or bulk storage systems, or in compressed solid blocks of ‘dry ice’. Solid (dry ice) forms usually contain added substances, such as propylene glycol or mineral oil, as binders

Colorless, odorless gas; Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas. Solid form is utilized as dry ice; [NIOSH]

ODOURLESS COLOURLESS COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS.

Colorless, odorless gas.

Colorless, odorless gas. [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas. Solid form is utilized as dry ice.]

Colorless gas

Liquid: colorless

Solid (dry ice): white, snow-like flakes or cubes

Colorless ... gas [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas. Solid form is utilized as dry ice].

Odorless

Faintly pungent odor

Faint acid taste

Sublimes (NIOSH, 2024)

-78.464 °C (sublimes)

sublimes

-78.464 °C @760 [mm Hg]

Sublimes

-109.3 °F (USCG, 1999)

-109 °F (Sublimes) (NIOSH, 2024)

-56.558 °C (triple point)

-56.5 °C

-109 °F (sublimes)

-26.366 °C

-109 °F (Sublimes)

Not applicable

0.2 % at 77 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

In water, 2.9X10+3 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water (mL CO2/100 mL H2O at 760 mm Hg): 171 at 0 °C; 88 at 20 °C; 36 at 60 °C

Solubility in water: 0.704X10-3 mole fraction of CO2 in the liquid phase at 25 °C (gas at a partial pressure of 101.325 kPa in equilibrium with the solution)

Miscible with water (1.7 v/v at 0 °C, 0.76 v/v at 25 °C at 760 mm Hg partial pressure of CO2).

For more Solubility (Complete) data for Carbon dioxide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.48 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/l: 2 (slightly soluble)

(77 °F): 0.2%

1.56 at -110.2 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

Absolute density: 0.1146 lb/cu ft at 25 °C; density: (gas at 0 °C) 1.976 g/L at 760 mm Hg; (liq at 0 °C) 0.914 at 34.3 atm; (solid) at -56.6 °C) 1.512; critical density: 0.464

Water soluble. Forms carbonic acid, a mild acid in water.

Acids, Weak

Not Chemically Reactive

Dusts of magnesium, lithium, potassium, sodium, zirconium, titanium, and some magnesium-aluminum alloys, and heated aluminum, chromium, and magnesium when suspended in carbon dioxide are ignitable and explosive. This is especially true in the presence of strong oxidizers, such as peroxides. The presence of carbon dioxide in solutions of aluminum hydride in ether can cause violent decomposition on warming the residue, [J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1948, 70, 877]. Dangers arising from the use of carbon dioxide in the fire prevention and extinguishing systems of confined volumes of air and flammable vapors are examined. The hazard associated with its use centers around the fact that large electrostatic discharges may be created that initiate explosion, [Quart. Saf. Summ., 1973, 44(1740, 10]. Contact of very cold liquid/solid carbon dioxide with water may result in vigorous or violent boiling of the product and extremely rapid vaporization due to the large temperature differences involved. If the water is hot, there is the possibility that a liquid "superheat" explosion may occur. Pressures may build to dangerous levels if liquid gas contacts water in a closed container. Forms weak carbonic acid in nonhazardous reaction with water.

Dusts of magnesium, lithium, potassium, sodium, zirconium, titanium, and some magnesium-aluminum alloys, and heated aluminum, chromium, and magnesium when suspended in carbon dioxide are ignitable and explosive. This is especially true in the presence of strong oxidizers, such as peroxides. The presence of carbon dioxide in solutions of aluminum hydride in ether can cause violent decomposition on warming the residue, [J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1948, 70, 877]. Dangers arising from the use of carbon dioxide in the fire prevention and extinguishing systems of confined volumes of air and flammable vapors are examined. The hazard associated with its use centers around the fact that large electrostatic discharges may be created that initiate explosion, [Quart. Saf. Summ., 1973, 44(1740, 10]. Contact with water of very cold liquid/solid carbon dioxide may result in vigorous or violent boiling of the product and extremely rapid vaporization due to the large temperature differences involved. If the water is hot, there is the possibility that a liquid "superheat" explosion may occur. Pressures may build to dangerous levels if liquid gas contacts water in a closed container. With water forms weak carbonic acid in nonhazardous reaction.

Contact of very cold liquid/solid carbon dioxide with water may result in vigorous or violent boiling of the product and extremely rapid vaporization due to the large temperature differences involved. If the water is hot, there is the possibility that a liquid "superheat" explosion may occur. Pressures may build to dangerous levels if liquid gas contacts water in a closed container. With water forms weak carbonic acid in nonhazardous reaction. Dusts of magnesium, lithium, potassium, sodium, zirconium, titanium, and some magnesium-aluminum alloys, and heated aluminum, chromium, and magnesium when suspended in carbon dioxide are ignitable and explosive. This is especially true in the presence of strong oxidizers, such as peroxides. The presence of carbon dioxide in solutions of aluminum hydride in ether can cause violent decomposition on warming the residue, [J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1948, 70, 877]. Dangers arising from the use of carbon dioxide in the fire prevention and extinguishing systems of confined volumes of air and flammable vapors are examined. The hazard associated with its use centers around the fact that large electrostatic discharges may be created that initiate explosion, [Quart. Saf. Summ., 1973, 44(1740, 10].

Incompatible with acrylaldehyde, aziridine, metal acetylides, sodum peroxide.

Dusts of various metals, such as magnesium, zirconium, titanium, aluminum, chromium & manganese are ignitable and explosive when suspended in carbon dioxide. Forms carbonic acid in water.

When heated, cesium monoxide burns in ... carbon dioxide.

When potassium acetylene carbide is warmed with carbon dioxide the mass becomes incandescent.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Carbon dioxide (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless gas and liquid, or solid (dry ice): white, snow-like flakes or cubes. It is registered for pesticide use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. Carbon dioxide is used as a pesticide for insect control in stored grain under modified atmospheres containing approx. 60% carbon dioxide. It is also used as rodenticide (mice and rats). Other uses include refrigeration, carbonated beverages, aerosol propellant, chemical intermediate (carbonates, synthetic fibers, p-xylene, etc.), low-temperature testing, fire extinguishing, inert atmospheres, municipal water treatment, medicine, enrichment of air in greenhouses, fracturing and acidizing of oil wells, mining (Cardox method), miscible pressure source, hardening of foundry molds and cores, shielding gas for welding, cloud seeding, moderator in some types of nuclear reactors, immobilization for humane animal killing, special lasers, blowing agent, as demulsifier in tertiary oil recovery, possible source of methane, (liquid) carrier for powdered-coal slurry. Supercritical or liquid CO2 used in extraction of caffeine and hops aroma; dry cleaning; metal degreasing; cleaning semiconductor chips; paint spraying; polymer modification. Carbon dioxide is used in hydraulic fracturing. CO2 is also used as medication during surgical procedures. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Carbon dioxide is produced by the body's metabolism and is always present in the body at about 6% concentration. An average adult human will produce more than 500 g of carbon dioxide daily under resting conditions, and will produce much more when active. The gas is a weak CNS depressant at 30,000 ppm, giving rise to reduced acuity of hearing and increasing blood pressure and pulse. Exposure at 7%-10% produces unconsciousness within a few minutes. At low concentrations, gaseous carbon dioxide appears to have little toxicological effect. At higher concentrations it leads to an increased respiratory rate, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias and impaired consciousness. Concentrations >10% may cause convulsions, coma and death. Solid carbon dioxide may cause burns following direct contact. If it is warmed rapidly, large amounts of carbon dioxide are generated, which can be dangerous, particularly within confined areas. Carbon dioxide at high concentration in air causes stinging sensation in eyes, nose, and throat. Asphyxiation with CO2 is said to have induced temporary proptosis and mydriasis and caused yellow vision, with transient blindness. Severe damage of CNS and retinal ganglion cells has been reported. ANIMAL STUDIES: Inhalation of air containing 68% carbon dioxide for 5 min caused death from asphyxia in pigs. Dogs were given 30% carbon dioxide for 2 hr, then 40% carbon dioxide, and then abruptly returned to normal air. Eleven dogs died within 10 min with ventricular fibrillation. Four survived with cardiac arrhythmias, and two had no cardiac symptoms. Rats exposed to an atmosphere containing 50% carbon dioxide died within 6 hr. Rats exposed to 25% died within 36 hr. Deaths were a result of pulmonary injury. Atmospheres as low as 20% carbon dioxide caused cerebral depression. All rats exposed to 10% carbon dioxide survived. Guinea pigs exposed to 15% carbon dioxide for 7 days lost weight at first but later returned to normal weight. They also had higher blood corticosteroids, lower adrenal epinephrine, decreased adrenal cholesterol, higher arterial free fatty acids, and decreased lymphocytes in the first 3 days of exposure. No effects were seen in male rhesus monkeys that spent 93 days in an atmosphere with 3% carbon dioxide. Toxicity to fertility (morphological changes of spermatozoa in mice at 1% and testicular changes in rats at 2.5%) and teratogenicity (cardiac and skeletal abnormalities in rats at 6%; skeletal abnormalities in rabbits at 10%) were observed. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Harmful to some species of aquatic life in concentrations less than 20 mg/L. Adult and larval insects are rapidly anesthetized by carbon dioxide. Groups of caged, queenless Apis mellifera (honeybee) workers narcotized with CO(2) on consecutive days early in adult life showed a significantly lower level of ovary activation than did groups of untreated workers. This same experimental treatment, by contrast, is known to accelerate ovary activation and induce egg laying in virgin honey bee queens--an observation that suggests that CO(2) narcosis has contrasting effects in queen versus worker ovary activation. Elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a consequence of anthropogenic global change, can profoundly affect the interactions between crop plants and insect pests and may promote yet another form of global change: the rapid establishment of invasive species.

Carbon dioxide causes widespread activation of the sympathetic nervous system and an increase in the plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin, and other vasoactive peptides . The response is mediated by various subcortical centers in the hypothalamus, brainstem reticular formation and medulla. These areas can be excited locally by carbon dioxide, but they also receive afferents from the carotid and aortic chemoreceptors that are sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide in the blood. The results of sympathetic nervous system activation are, in general, opposite to the local effects of carbon dioxide. The sympathetic effects consist of an increase in cardiac contractility and heart rate and vasoconstriction (A628).

No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (L135)

Carbon dioxide poisoning (Hypercapnia) can induce increased cardiac output, an elevation in arterial blood pressure, and a propensity toward arrhythmias (L1145).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid/solid)

Inhalation (L1144) ; dermal (L1144) ; eye contact (L1144).

Dizziness. Headache. Elevated blood pressure. Increased heart rate. Palpitations. Suffocation. Unconsciousness.

ON CONTACT WITH GAS OR DRY ICE: FROSTBITE.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

headache, dizziness, restlessness, paresthesia; dyspnea (breathing difficulty); sweating, malaise (vague feeling of discomfort); increased heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure; coma; asphyxia; convulsions; frostbite (liquid, dry ice)

Flushed skin, full pulse, extrasystoles, muscle twitches, hand flaps, reduced neural activity, headache, and possibly a raised blood pressure. In severe poisoning, symptomatology progresses to disorientation, panic, hyperventilation, convulsions, unconsciousness, and eventually death (L1145).

respiratory system, cardiovascular system

Other Poison - Simple Asphyxiant

LC50: 470 000 ppm (Inhalation, Rat) (L1146)

In case of inhalation, administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Administer a benzodiazepine IV if seizures occur. Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes if exposure occurred through eye exposure. In case of dermal exposure, rewarming and a variety of topical treatments are indicated for frostbite injury. (T36)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are harmful because they can oxidize biological macromolecules. We show here that atmospheric CO(2) (concentration range studied: 40-1,000 ppm.) increases death rates due to H(2)O(2) stress in Escherichia coli in a dose-specific manner. This effect is correlated with an increase in H(2)O(2)-induced mutagenesis and, as shown by 8-oxo-guanine determinations in cells, DNA base oxidation rates. Moreover, the survival of mutants that are sensitive to aerobic conditions (Hpx(-) dps and recA fur), presumably because of their inability to tolerate ROS, seems to depend on CO(2) concentration. Thus, CO(2) exacerbates ROS toxicity by increasing oxidative cellular lesions.

The responsiveness of respiratory center to stimulation by CO2 ... is depressed by anoxia and various drugs such as ether, alcohol, chloroform, morphine, barbital, etc.

The role of CO2 in hyperbaric oxygen toxicity was investigated by administering acetazolamide ..., tris buffer (tris-hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, and NaHCO3 by ip injection, and by exposure of other groups of animals to an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% O2. All animals were placed in a pressure chamber and maintained at 50 psig in 100% O2 until death. The tris buffer and NaHCO3 buffer significantly extended /the/ time to onset of convulsions and to time of death. Acetazolamide and also 5% CO2 shortened /the/ time of convulsions and significantly shortened survival time. Apparently, increased tissue levels of CO2 play an important role in hyperbaric O2 toxicity. The cause of death in the animals exposed to hyperbaric O2 was pulmonary edema secondary to a systemic hypertension.

Toxicological interactions between carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were evaluated in rats. Groups of six male Fischer rats were exposed for 30 minutes to carbon monoxide and CO2, either individually or in combination, or to the products of combustible materials. Exposure to carbon monoxide in air caused death within the first minute at concentrations of 4600 to 5000 ppm, which gave carboxyhemoglobin levels greater than 83%. With 2500 ppm carbon monoxide, blood pH decreased from 7.42 to 7.2. The CO2 concentrations tested (1.3 to 14.7%) were neither incapacitating nor lethal. When CO2 was added to sublethal concentrations of carbon monoxide, some of the rats died during either the 30 minute exposure period or in the following 24 hours. The rate of formation of carboxyhemoglobin from an exposure to 2500 ppm carbon monoxide was 1.5 times greater in the presence of 5.25% CO2. However, this could not explain the increased death rate, since the carboxyhemoglobin equilibrium level (78%) did not change. The combination of 2500 ppm carbon monoxide and 5.25% CO2 reduced the blood pH to 6.8. With the combined gases, the total CO2 and bicarbonate values remained low for at least 30 minutes after exposure indicating that a combination of respiratory and metabolic acidosis occurred in animals exposed to both gases. Carbon monoxide, CO2 and carboxyhemoglobin levels produced as a result of thermal combustion of 11 natural and synthetic materials at their median lethal concentrations were measured. Only polyphenylsulfone produced sufficient carbon monoxide and carboxyhemoglobin levels to suggest carbon monoxide as the primary toxicant. For the other materials the carbon monoxide concentration was too low to account for the deaths observed. It was concluded that in the range of 2500 to 4100 ppm, carbon monoxide alone has very little probability of causing death, but if it is combined with levels of CO2 above 1.5 % the probability of death is much higher.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for Carbon dioxide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Simple asphyxiants and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Use rapid rewarming techniques if frostbite occurs ... . /Simple asphyxiants and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . /Simple asphyxiants and related compounds/

Consider evaluation of body calcium and acid-base balance.

It is recognized that repeated daily exposure at 0.5 to 1.5% inspired carbon dioxide at 1 atmosphere is well tolerated by normal individuals. Employment medical examination should be directed to selecting individuals normal in cardiovascular, pulmonary-respiratory, & neurological function. Specific appraisal & standards should incl ... MEDICAL HISTORY- AGE: /Protect from exposure/ individuals over 65, even in evident good health. History of current & past illness: Exclude individuals with recent (5 yr) history of: epilepsy of any form, stroke, fainting, cardiac dysfunction of any form ... chronic resp distress of any form ... glaucoma, mental disease of any form, current endocrine disorder, & gastric or duodenal ulcer. PHYSIOLOGIC AND GENERAL MEDICAL EXAM: General medical exam, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, pulmonary vital capacity, exercise tolerance step test (masters), red cell count, white cell count, & hemoglobin concn & urinalysis. The results are to be within normal limits & these exams should be repeated periodically; frequency ... detemined ... /by/ physician.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Twelve healthy submarine volunteers who were exposed at 1% carbon dioxide for 22 days. Serum calcium and urinary output of phosphorus fell progressively throughout the exposure period. This was interpreted as indicating mild metabolic stress on the volunteers.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Experiments were conducted in ten adult men to determine if rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) reduced the ventilatory response to two steady state respiratory loads compared to slow wave sleep (SWS). A constant addition of 150 (or 200) mL/min pure carbon dioxide (CO2) to the inspirate (7 subjects) and 230 mL of added dead space (5 subjects) were the two respiratory loads. Inspiratory ventilation was measured by pneumotachygraph for at least five continuous min in wakefulness, slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. The incr in ventilation to both stimuli was equal in slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep with no suggestion of an impaired response during the latter: incr in ventilation during CO2 loading being 49 and 51%, slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, respectively, and during additional dead space they were 53 and 59%, slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, respectively. Following the addition of extra dead space, end tidal P(CO2) levels did not rise significantly more during rapid eye movement sleep compared to slow wave sleep (p > 0.5).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide (CO2) in the cerebral cortex and the subcortical white matter was measured in 12 healthy adult volunteers (4 young subjects aged 21-24 yr, 4 middle aged subjects aged 34-40 yr, and 4 elderly subjects aged 62-85 yr). Blood flow was computed from the concn history of xenon-133 in the volume of interest measured with an ultrapure germanium detector array. End tidal arterial carbon dioxide tension ranged from 35.4 to 42.6 mm Hg. The mean +/- SD baseline blood flows in the cerebral cortex were 60 +/- 7, 51 +/- 9, and 33 +/- 4 mL/100 cu cm/min in the young, the middle aged, and the elderly subjects, respectively; the corresponding subcortical white matter baseline blood flows were 21 +/- 1, 22 +/- 3, and 16 +/- 5 mL/100 cu cm/min. Mean +/- SD cerebrovascular reactivities to CO2 in the cerebral cortex were 2.03 +/- 0.58, 1.36 +/- 0.41, and 0.72 +/- 0.19 mL/100 cu cm/min/mm Hg arterial carbon dioxide tension for the young, the middle aged, and the elderly subjects, respectively; the corresponding reactivities in the subcortical white matter were 0.69 +/- 0.11, 0.59 +/- 0.17, and 0.36 +/- 0.41 mL/100 cu cm/min/mm Hg arterial carbon dioxide tension. Blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity in the cerebral cortex of the young subjects were significantly higher than those for white matter and significantly higher than those in the elderly subjects (p < 0.001). Age vs blood flow (for the cortex) and age vs cerebrovascular reactivity (for both cortical gray and subcortical white matter) also showed significant linear correlation (p < 0.05). However, the age related changes in white matter blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity were slow and the differences among the age groups were not statistically significant.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Eleven female patients (40 to 50 yr) after radical mastectomy were studied while put under a constant depth of enflurane anesthesia (1.1 minimum alveolar concn). Tracheal mucosa irritation was induced by injection of distilled water at 3 different levels of carbon dioxide ventilatory drive: resting level of spontaneous breathing (baseline, end-tidal CO2 partial pressure = 50 Torr), relative hypocapnia (end-tidal CO2 partial pressure = 35 Torr, where spontaneous respiratory activity disappeared), and relative hypercapnia (end-tidal CO2 partial pressure was raised to a level of 10 Torr above the baseline). With relative hypercapnia, water instillation caused only a brief apnea without any changes in blood pressure and heart rate. Although cough reflex, expiration reflex, and spasmodic panting were frequently observed during relative hypocapnia and baseline respiration, the occurrence of these responses was less frequent during relative hypercapnia. No significant changes in blood pressure and heart rate were observed before irritation of the tracheal mucosa at the 3 different levels of CO2 ventilatory drive. However under water stimulation, response durations of respiration, blood pressure and heart rate were all significantly longer at relative hypocapnia and were significantly shorter at relative hypercapnia, compared with the baseline values.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Carbon dioxide (31 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The aim of this study was to assess whether one of the most common poisons of cellular respiration, i.e., carbon dioxide, is proinflammatory. CO(2) is naturally present in the atmosphere at the level of 0.038% and involved in numerous cellular biochemical reactions. We analyzed in vitro the inflammation response induced by exposure to CO(2) for 48 hr (0-20% with a constant O(2) concentration of 21%). In vivo mice were submitted to increasing concentrations of CO(2) (0, 5, 10, and 15% with a constant O(2) concentration of 21%) for 1 hr. The exposure to concentrations above 5% of CO(2) resulted in the increased transcription (RNase protection assay) and secretion (ELISA) of proinflammatory cytokines [macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, MIP-2, IL-8, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed, and, presumably, secreted (RANTES)] by epithelial cell lines HT-29 or A549 and primary pulmonary cells retrieved from the exposed mice. Lung inflammation was also demonstrated in vivo by mucin 5AC-enhanced production and airway hyperreactivity induction. This response was mostly mediated by the nuclear translocation of p65 NF-kappaB, itself a consequence of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activation. Short inhibiting RNAs (siRNAs) targeted toward PP2Ac reversed the effect of carbon dioxide, i.e., disrupted the NF-kappaB activation and the proinflammatory cytokine secretion. In conclusion, this study strongly suggests that exposure to carbon dioxide may be more toxic than previously thought ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Subterranean storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been proposed to diminish atmospheric increases of this greenhouse gas. To contribute to risk assessment of accidental release associated with handling, transport and storage, rats were exposed to high concentrations (targets 40, 43 and 50 volume %) of CO2. The oxygen concentrations dropped as a result, but were not supplemented. For each concentration, pairs of animals were exposed for different exposure durations to derive an exposure concentration-duration relation in which mortality is described as a function of C(n)x(t) (probit relation). A very high "n" value for the probit function could be derived from the data obtained at 40% and 43% CO2, which indicates that for exposure durations longer than 30 min the LC50 decreases hardly with increasing exposure duration. Below 30 min the LC50 seemed to increase with decreasing exposure durations. The variability in the data of 43% and 50% CO2, however, did not allow to derive a meaningful value of "n".

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The biocidal action of carbon dioxide is primarily due to it causing "respiratory acidosis" in target animals. Once released, the carbon dioxide reaches the maximum concn of 66% in the RADAR /rodent trap/ within 45 sec; and 4 min later on declines to approximately 30%. Complete release time from the RADAR into the surrounding environment exceeds 15 min. Carbon dioxide levels build up in the blood causing staggering, panting, coma and ultimately death, which occurs probably within the first minute (time when no more movements were observed). These observations were performed in three mice with bw ranging from 14.5 to 17.8 g, which corresponds to 3 or 4-wk old mice.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The purpose of this study was to determine the length of CO(2) exposure required to euthanize neonatal rats (0 to 10 d old). Multiple groups of rats were exposed to 100% CO(2) for 5 to 60 min. After CO(2) exposure, rats were placed in room air for 20 min to allow for possible recovery. No difference was found in comparing 1 inbred strain and 1 outbred stock of rats. Time to death varied inversely with the age of the animals, requiring as long as 35 min on the day of birth. The time to death decreased steadily with increasing age, with 100% of the rats euthanized after 5 min of CO(2) exposure at 10 day of age. The time required for 100% mortality decreased by 3 min for every 1 day increase in age between days 0 and 10.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Carbon dioxide (40 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: /Oncorhynchus mykiss/ (Rainbow trout); Concentration: 240 mg/L for 1 hour /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source/

LC50; Species: /Oncorhynchus mykiss/ (Rainbow trout); Concentration: 35 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source/

LC50; Species: /Oncorhynchus mykiss/ (Rainbow trout); Concentration: 60-240 mg/L for 12 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Carbon capture and storage is increasingly being considered one of the most efficient approaches to mitigate the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere associated with anthropogenic emissions. However, the environmental effects of potential CO2 leaks remain largely unknown. The amphipod Ampelisca brevicornis was exposed to environmental sediments collected in different areas of the Gulf of Cadiz and subjected to several pH treatments to study the effects of CO2-induced acidification on sediment toxicity. After 10 days of exposure, the results obtained indicated that high lethal effects were associated with the lowest pH treatments, except for the Ria of Huelva sediment test. The mobility of metals from sediment to the overlying seawater was correlated to a pH decrease. The data obtained revealed that CO2-related acidification would lead to lethal effects on amphipods as well as the mobility of metals, which could increase sediment toxicity.

LC50; Species: /Oncorhynchus mykiss/ (Rainbow trout); Concentration: 240 mg/L for 1 hour /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source/

LC50; Species: /Oncorhynchus mykiss/ (Rainbow trout); Concentration: 35 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source/

LC50; Species: /Oncorhynchus mykiss/ (Rainbow trout); Concentration: 60-240 mg/L for 12 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Carbon capture and storage is increasingly being considered one of the most efficient approaches to mitigate the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere associated with anthropogenic emissions. However, the environmental effects of potential CO2 leaks remain largely unknown. The amphipod Ampelisca brevicornis was exposed to environmental sediments collected in different areas of the Gulf of Cadiz and subjected to several pH treatments to study the effects of CO2-induced acidification on sediment toxicity. After 10 days of exposure, the results obtained indicated that high lethal effects were associated with the lowest pH treatments, except for the Ria of Huelva sediment test. The mobility of metals from sediment to the overlying seawater was correlated to a pH decrease. The data obtained revealed that CO2-related acidification would lead to lethal effects on amphipods as well as the mobility of metals, which could increase sediment toxicity.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The injection and storage of CO2 into marine geological formations has been suggested as a mitigation measure to prevent global warming. However, storage leaks are possible resulting in several effects in the ecosystem. Laboratory-scale experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of CO2 leakage on the fate of metals and on the growth of the microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Metal contaminated sediments were collected and submitted to acidification by means of CO2 injection or by adding HCl. Sediments elutriate were prepared to perform toxicity tests. The results showed that sediment acidification enhanced the release of metals to elutriates. Iron and zinc were the metals most influenced by this process and their concentration increased greatly with pH decreases. Diatom growth was inhibited by both processes: acidification and the presence of metals. Data obtained is this study is useful to calculate the potential risk of CCS activities to the marine environment.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), primarily from human fossil fuel combustion, reduces ocean pH and causes wholesale shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry. The process of ocean acidification is well documented in field data, and the rate will accelerate over this century unless future CO2 emissions are curbed dramatically. Acidification alters seawater chemical speciation and biogeochemical cycles of many elements and compounds. One well-known effect is the lowering of calcium carbonate saturation states, which impacts shell-forming marine organisms from plankton to benthic molluscs, echinoderms, and corals. Many calcifying species exhibit reduced calcification and growth rates in laboratory experiments under high-CO2 conditions. Ocean acidification also causes an increase in carbon fixation rates in some photosynthetic organisms (both calcifying and noncalcifying). The potential for marine organisms to adapt to increasing CO2 and broader implications for ocean ecosystems are not well known; both are high priorities for future research. Although ocean pH has varied in the geological past, paleo-events may be only imperfect analogs to current conditions.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Ocean acidification describes the progressive, global reduction in seawater pH that is currently underway because of the accelerating oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO(2). Acidification is expected to reduce coral reef calcification and increase reef dissolution. Inorganic cementation in reefs describes the precipitation of CaCO(3) that acts to bind framework components and occlude porosity. Little is known about the effects of ocean acidification on reef cementation and whether changes in cementation rates will affect reef resistance to erosion. Coral reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) are poorly developed and subject to rapid bioerosion. Upwelling processes mix cool, subthermocline waters with elevated pCO(2) (the partial pressure of CO(2)) and nutrients into the surface layers throughout the ETP. Concerns about ocean acidification have led to the suggestion that this region of naturally low pH waters may serve as a model of coral reef development in a high-CO(2) world. We analyzed seawater chemistry and reef framework samples from multiple reef sites in the ETP and found that a low carbonate saturation state (Omega) and trace abundances of cement are characteristic of these reefs. These low cement abundances may be a factor in the high bioerosion rates previously reported for ETP reefs, although elevated nutrients in upwelled waters may also be limiting cementation and/or stimulating bioerosion. ETP reefs represent a real-world example of coral reef growth in low-Omega waters that provide insights into how the biological-geological interface of coral reef ecosystems will change in a high-CO(2) world.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Carbon dioxide (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Carbon dioxide is found in the products of combustion of all carbonaceous fuels. It is found in naturally occuring gases, and as a product of animal metabolism. The carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere is about 0.03% vol as a result of the normal balance between animal and plant life cycles as affected by carbon dioxide solubility in water(1). Analyses of air in the temperate zones of the earth show 0.027 - 0.036% (v/v) of carbon dioxide(2). Carbon dioxide is one of primary gases released from volcanoes, along with sulfur dioxide(3).

Volcanoes emit large quantities of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is heavier than air and collects in low spots, displacing air in these locations. Hundreds of people have died of carbon dioxide asphyxiation near volcanoes in the past two decades, most of them in Cameroon, Africa, and in Indonesia.

/Carbon dioxide/ occurs in the atmosphere of many planets. In the solar system, ... on Venus the optical layer thickness due to carbon /dioxide/ is 100,000 cm/atm, but only 220 cm/atm on Earth. Analysis of air in temperate zones of earth show 0.027 to 0.036% (vol/vol) of CO2 ... Constituent of carbonate type of minerals and products of mineral metabolism. /Carbon dioxide/ is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. ... When glucose is fermented by yeast, the cheif products are ethyl alcohol and /carbon dioxide/.

CARBON DIOXIDE ... IS FOUND IN SOLN IN SPRING WATER WHICH IS SOMETIMES SO CHARGED WITH GAS UNDER PRESSURE THAT IT IS EFFERVESCENT. IT IS EVOLVED IN LARGE QUANTITIES FROM VENTS AND FISSURES IN EARTH IN VOLCANIC REGIONS.

Carbon dioxide is found in the products of combustion of all carbonaceous fuels. Its production as a by-product of synthetic ammonia production, hydrogen production, substitute natural gas production, fermentation, chemical manufacturing, refrigeration and carbonation(1) as dry ice for refrigeration, to produce harmless smoke or fumes on stage and as a rice fumigant(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

The extensive sets of global CO2 measurements of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change (GMCC) division and of the Upper Atmosphere and Space Research Laboratory of Tohoku University are combined with a two-dimensional transport model to derive, in an "inverse" calculation, the latitudinal and seasonal distributions of sources and sinks of CO2 necessary to reproduce the observed concn. ... It is found that the southern oceans are a sink of carbon of 0.8 to 1.5 Gt/yr (1 Gt = 1 x 10 +15 g) and that the equatorial areas are a source to the atmosphere of 1.4 to 2.8 Gt. There seems to be significant seasonality in the sources and sinks of CO2, both in the tropics and in the southern oceans. Seasonal net ecosystem production north of 25 deg N is found to be 6.2 to 8.2 Gt of carbon. ... The global average net source of atmospheric CO2 estimated from the Tohoku data is 2.84 Gt C/yr, while for the GMCC data it is 2.98 Gt C/yr.

Analyses of air in the temperate zones of the earth show a carbon dioxide concentration of 0.027 - 0.036% (v/v)(1). It is believed that carbon dioxide levels 500 million years ago were almost 20 times higher than today. About 200 million years ago carbon dioxide levels decreased to 4 or 5 times higher than today. Carbon dioxide levels have begun to increase(2). According to the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) of the U.S. Dept of Energy, the present CO2 atmospheric level is 401.52 ppm(3).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Carbon dioxide is main greenhouse gas released through human activities(1). Measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the Northern Hemisphere have shown an increase in the average concentrations from 290 ppm before 1900 to 330 ppm in the 1950's(2). The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing as increased amounts of fossil fuels are burned. There is some evidence that the rate of release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere may be greater than the earth's ability to assimilate it. US measurements show an increase of 1.36% of atmospheric carbon dioxide content in a five-year period, with indications that content may have increased by 25% as of 2003(3). In 2013, the gas acounted for approximately 83% of all US greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon dioxide releases to the atmosphere in the United States increased by approximately 7% between 1990 and 2013. This increase corresponds with increased energy use by an expanding economy and populations, an overall growth in emissions from electricity operations, and an increase in miles traveled by motor vehicles(1).

The first 12 yr (1974-1985) of continuous atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements from the NOAA Geophysical Monitoring for Climate Change (GMCC) program at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii are analyzed. A digital filtering technique using the fast Fourier transform and low-pass filters was used to smooth the selected data and to separate the seasonal cycle from the long-term incr in CO2. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle was found to be incr at a rate of 0.05 + or - 0.02 ppm/yr. The avg growth rate of CO2 was 1.42 + or - .02 ppm/yr, and the fraction of CO2 remaining in the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion was 59%. A comparison between the Mauna Loa continuous CO2 data and the CO2 flask sample data from the sea level site at Cape Kumukahi, Hawaii, showed that the amplitude of the seasonal cycle at Cape Kumukahi was 23% larger than at Mauna Loa, with the phase of the cycle at Mauna Loa lagging the cycle at Cape Kumukahi by about 1-2 wk.

The delta13C value of the dissolved inorganic carbon in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean has decreased by about 0.4 parts per million between 1970 and 1990. This decrease has resulted from the uptake of atmospheric CO2 derived from fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. The net amounts of CO2 taken up by the oceans and released from the biosphere between 1970 and 1990 have been determined from the changes in three measures values: the concentration of atmospheric CO2, the delta13C of atmospheric CO2 and the delta13C value of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean. The calculated average net oceanic CO2 uptake is 2.1 gigatons of carbon per year. This amount implies that the ocean is the dominant net sink for anthropogenically produced CO2 and that there has been no significant net CO2, released from the biosphere during the last 20 years.

For more Atmospheric Concentrations (Complete) data for Carbon dioxide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 98 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of carbon dioxide in the United States may be as low as <10 workers and as high as 9999 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,121,046 workers (222,613 of these were female) were potentially exposed to carbon dioxide in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to carbon dioxide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where carbon dioxide is produced or used. Carbon dioxide is ubiquitous in the environment(2) and, therefore, the general population may be exposed to carbon dioxide via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with carbon dioxide(SRC).

Inhalation or skin contact.

Concentration of 10% or more may occur in mines, pits with rotting vegetation, grain elevators and ships' holds loaded with agricultural products (onions liberate large amounts of carbon dioxide) and men going into the hold may be disoriented or made unconscious.

Workers in special occupational environments, such as, submarines, space travel or breweries, may tolerate daily exposures up to 1.5%. Such exposures...should be limited to medically fit workers.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.

Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Vent to atmosphere.

Evaporation: Remove leaking /carbon dioxide/ cylinder or scrap solid (snow or dry ice) to a hood with forced ventilation or to a remote outside area. Allow gas to bleed off at a moderate rate or solid to sublime.

/GUIDE 120 GASES - INERT (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-flammable gases. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. /Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, compressed; Carbon dioxide, solid; Dry ice; Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid/

/GUIDE 120 GASES - INERT (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. /Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, compressed; Carbon dioxide, solid; Dry ice; Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid/

/GUIDE 120 GASES - INERT (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, compressed; Carbon dioxide, solid; Dry ice; Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid/

/GUIDE 120 GASES - INERT (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids or solids. /Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, compressed; Carbon dioxide, solid; Dry ice; Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Carbon dioxide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1845 120(dry ice)

2187 120(liquid)

UN 1013; Carbon dioxide

UN 1845; Carbon dioxide, solid or dry ice

UN 2187; Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid

IMO 2.2; Carbon dioxide

For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for Carbon dioxide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

49 045 09; Carbon dioxide, liquid (refrigerated)

49 045 35; Carbon dioxide

49 403 18; Carbon dioxide, solid, or dry ice or carbon ice

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Non-Flammable Gas

UN Hazard Class: 2.2