tetrachloroethylene

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P273, P280, P318, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315 (46.7%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (45.3%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (45.8%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336 (45.5%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H351 (99.8%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H411 (100%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 574 reports by companies from 22 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H362: May cause harm to breast-fed children [Reproductive toxicity, effects on or via lactation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P263, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H305: May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways [Warning Aspiration hazard]

H313: May be harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P317, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P331, P337+P317, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 160 [Halogenated Solvents]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty).

If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Approach from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Use flooding quantities of water as fog or spray. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

Small Liquid Spill

· Pick up with sand, earth or other non-combustible absorbent material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 160 [Halogenated Solvents]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance and complete protective clothing. Ventilation. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand; earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Approach release from upwind. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D039, U210, and F002, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. Alternatively, PCE may be recovered from waste gases and reused.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Tetrachloroethylene (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Tetrachloroethylene (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 160 [Halogenated Solvents]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

SMALL LIQUID SPILL: Pick up with sand, earth or other non-combustible absorbent material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from metals, ignition sources and food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Keep in the dark. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Dry. Cool.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

Store in a secure poison location. Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045. Tetrachloroethylene must be stored to avoid contact with strong oxidizers, such as chlorine, bromine, and chlorine dioxide; chemically active metals, such as barium, lithium, and beryllium; and nitric acid, since violent reactions occur. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from active metals. Isolate from open flames and combustibles.

It is stored in mild steel tanks equipped with breathing vents & chemical driers. It can be transferred through seamless black iron pipes, with gasketing materials of compressed asbestos, asbestos reinforced with metal, or asbestos impregnated with Teflon or Viton, employing centrifugal or positive displacement pumps of cast iron or steel construction. Small quantities ... may be stored safely in green or amber glass containers.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Tetrachlorethylene in end-exhaled air = 3 ppm; Tetrachloroethylene in blood = 0.5 mg/L; sample prior to shift; [ACGIH]

10.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Interim

35 [ppm]

230 [ppm]

1200 [ppm]

Ca Minimize workplace exposure concentrations. See Appendix A

100.0 [ppm], Ceiling(OSHA) = 200 ppm(300 ppm is 5-min peak in any 3 hrs)

200 ppm; 300 ppm (Peak) [a single time up to 5 min for any 3 hrs]

TWA 100 ppm

C 200 ppm (for 5 minutes in any 3-hour period), with a maximum peak of 300 ppm

See Appendix G

150 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

150.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: It has been reported that 2,000 ppm caused slight narcosis in 5 minutes; 930­1185 ppm caused irritation of the eyes and throat, and marked dizziness after 2 minutes; 1,000 ppm caused slight drunkenness, but no narcosis after 95 minutes; 513­690 ppm caused eye, throat, and nose irritation, dizziness, loss of inhibition, and some incoordination after 10 minutes; 500 ppm for 2 hours caused slight discomfort; 206­356 ppm for 2 hours caused headache, burning of the eyes, sinus congestion, impaired coordination, and nausea; 206­235 ppm for 20­30 minutes caused eye irritation, sinus congestion, dizziness, and sleepiness; and 106 ppm caused only slight eye irritation [Negherbon 1959; Rowe et al. 1952].

NIOSH considers tetrachloroethylene to be a potential occupational carcinogen. [150 ppm]

Ca [150 ppm]

See: 127184

25.0 [ppm]

100.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 25 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 100 ppm.

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: tetrachloroethylene in end-exhaled air; Sampling Time: Prior to shift; BEI: 3 ppm.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: tetrachloroethylene in blood; Sampling Time: Prior to shift; BEI: 0.5 mg/L.

25 ppm as TWA; 100 ppm as STEL; A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans); BEI issued.

25 ppm [1990]

100 ppm [1990]

138 mg/m

Acute Inhalation: 2 ppm (L134)

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.1 ppm (L134)

Acute Oral: 0.2 mg/kg/day (L134)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Perchloroethylene appears as a clear colorless volatile liquid having an ether-like odor. Noncombustible. Insoluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. Density approximately 13.5 lb / gal. Used as dry cleaning solvent, a degreasing solvent, a drying agent for metals, and in the manufacture of other chemicals.

Colorless liquid with a mild, chloroform-like odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a mild, chloroform-like odor.

Colorless liquid

Ether-like odor

Mild, chloroform-like odor

Chlorinated solvent odor

250 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

121.2 °C

121.3 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-2 °F (NTP, 1992)

-22.2 °C

-22.3 °C

No flash point in conventional closed tester.

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 63 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 206 mg/L at 25 °C

Insoluble in water

Miscible with alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene

Miscible with ethanol, ethyl ether, benzene

Miscible with solvent hexane; dissolves in most of the fixed and volatile oils

0.206 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.015

1.63 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.6230 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Density (at 20 °C): 1.62 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.09

1.623 @ 20°C

5.83 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

5.83 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.7

14 mmHg at 68 °F ; 15.8 mmHg at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

18.5 [mmHg]

18.5 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 1.9

7.5 [mm Hg] @10 °C

log Kow = 3.40

Henry's Law constant = 0.0177 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

It may be handled in the presence or absence of air, water, and light with any of the common construction materials at temperatures up to 140 °C. This material is extremely stable and resists hydrolysis.

Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

PERCHLOROETHYLENE decomposes upon heating and exposure to UV light to give phosgene and HCl. Reacts violently with finely dispersed light metals (aluminum) and zinc. [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980 p. 887]. Mixtures with finely divided barium or lithium metal can detonate [ASESB Pot. Incid. 39. 1968; Chem. Eng. News 46(9):38. 1968]. Decomposes very slowly in water to form trichloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong bases.

It has been determined experimentally that mixtures of finely divided barium metal and a number of halogenated hydrocarbons possess an explosive capability. Specifically, impact sensitivity tests have shown that granular barium in contact with monofluorotrichloromethane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, ot tetrachloroethylene can detonate.

It has been determined experimentally that mixtures of lithium shavings and a number of halogenated hydrocarbons possess an explosive capability. Specifically, impact sensitivity tests have shown that lithium shavings in contact with monofluorotrichloromethane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, ot tetrachloroethylene can detonate.

Violent reaction with strong oxidizers; powdered, chemically active metals, such as aluminum, lithium, beryllium, and barium; caustic soda; sodium hydroxide; potash. ... It reacts violently with concentrated nitric acid to give carbon dioxide as a primary product.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Tetrachloroethylene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers; chemically-active metals such as lithium, beryllium & barium; caustic soda; sodium hydroxide; potash

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Teterachloroethylene (PCE) is a colorless liquid. It is used in the textile industry for dry-cleaning and for processing and finishing. PCE is used in both cold cleaning and vapor degreasing of metals, it is also used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of fluorocarbons, and as a heat-exchange fluid. It is used as anthelmintic in veterinary medicine. HUMAN STUDIES: Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes, nose and throat, nausea, flushing of face and neck, vertigo, dizziness, incoordination, headache, somnolence, skin erythema, and liver damage. Liver and kidney toxicity have been reported as effects of acute exposures to very high doses. In dry cleaners chronically exposed to PCE, increased levels of markers of early renal damage or dysfunction were attributed to the exposure. In children, estimated intakes of 1.6-4.8 g/kg bw have produced vomiting, gastrointestinal bleeding, shock, and even death in one case. Epidemiology studies suggest that the risk of epilepsy and certain types of cancer such as cervical cancer may be increased among adults who were exposed to PCE-contaminated drinking water exposure during gestation and early childhood. Prenatal and early childhood exposure to PCE-contaminated drinking water may be associated with long-term subclinical visual dysfunction in adulthood, particularly with respect to color discrimination. No meaningful associations were found among adult women with early life exposure to PCE-contaminated drinking water and adult-onset reproductive disorders. There were no significant differences in chromosome aberrations (CA) frequency between dry cleaning workers and the controls, but analysis showed a significant association of CA frequency with employment duration and frequency of exposure to PCE. The micronuclei frequency and DNA damage detected by alkaline comet assay were significantly increased in dry cleaning workers compared to the controls. ANIMAL STUDIES: In rabbits exposed by dermal application, severe erythema and edema with necrosis of the skin was noted. In a study on guinea-pigs, 1 mL (1.62 g) of undiluted PCE applied to the skin caused severe karyolisis, edema, spongiosis, and pseudoeosinophilic infiltration. Exposure of rats at higher concentrations (>1000 ppm for four 7 hr/day exposures) resulted in CNS depression, including ataxia, somnolence, and anesthesia. Effects were diminished with repeated exposures, suggesting the development of tolerance. Rats receiving 405 mg of PCE per kg bw, for 5 days/week, during 4 weeks, showed an increased relative liver weight and increased liver aniline hydroxylase activity. Differential sensitivity of mice and rats to hepatic effects of PCE is indicated in a study that administered the compound by gavage to rats and mice for 11 days at 100, 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg/day. Centrilobular swelling was observed at all doses in mice, and increased relative liver weights were seen for doses >250 mg/kg/day. In rats, evidence of toxic effects in the liver was only apparent at the highest dose. Rats were exposed to PCE by inhalation 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 12 months at 300 or 600 ppm, with an additional 18 months of observation. No significant increases in tumor incidence were found for males or females. Inhalation exposure of rats 8 hr/day for 27 weeks at 70, 230, or 470 ppm tetrachloroethylene resulted in no adverse effects on reproductive performance. Rats exposed to PCE at 2060 mg/cu m air on days 6-15 of pregnancy showed reduced body weight and a slightly increased number of resorptions. No teratogenic effects were found. In the same study, pups of 17 mice, exposed to 2060 mg/cu m on days 6-15 of pregnancy showed a reduced body weight. Out of 17 litters, all showed delayed ossification of skull bones, 10 litters showed an increase in the incidence of subcutaneous edema, and 4, split sternebrae. PCE did not induce chromosomal aberrations or sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells with or without metabolic activation. In Escherichia coli K12, PCE was non-mutagenic in vitro, with or without metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: PCE in groundwater and in related soil gas did not appear to reduce the size of small mammal populations or impair the health of individuals. PCE was teratogenic to amphibian embryos. PCE was teratogenic to the Japanese medaka. In field studies, PCE was added to a natural pond at the initial concentrations measured at 0.44 mg/L and 1.2 mg/L. The numbers of Daphnia declined to zero within 1 day at the higher concentration and within 3.5 days at the lower concentration.

Tetrachloroethylene is believed to affect the central nervous system by altering the fatty acid pattern of brain phospholipids and amino acids, or being incorporated into brain membranes, which may alter neural conduction velocity. Tetrachloroethylene's liver toxicity is caused mainly by its metabolite, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), which induces hepatocellular peroxisomes, causing DNA damage and leading to liver cancer. It is also thought to interfere specifically with energy-dependent hepatic transport functions by inhibiting cell membrane ATPases and decreasing hepatocyte ATP levels. (L116, A63)

Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)

6 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

4 x 10 ^-2 mg/m^3

Tetrachloroethylene

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) and(or) Waste-water effluent contaminant

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: There is limited evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of tetrachloroethylene. Positive associations have been observed for cancer of the bladder. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of tetrachloroethylene. Tetrachloroethylene is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A).

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Tetrachloroethylene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

Following EPA (2005a) Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, tetrachloroethylene is "likely to be carcinogenic in humans by all routes of exposure." This characterization is based on suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity in epidemiologic studies and conclusive evidence that the administration of tetrachloroethylene, either by ingestion or by inhalation to sexually mature rats and mice, increases tumor incidence.

Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 63: (1995) Dry Cleaning, Some Chlorinated Solvents and Other Industrial Chemicals

Volume 106: (2014) Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, and Some Other Chlorinated Agents

TR-311: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) (CASRN 127-18-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (1986 )

08/14/85

Clear Evidence

Some Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was clear evidence of carcinogenicity of tetrachloroethylene for male F344/N rats as shown by an increased incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia and uncommon renal tubular cell neoplasms. There was some evidence of carcinogenicity of tetrachloroethylene for female F344/N rats as shown by increased incidences of mononuclear cell leukemia. There was clear evidence of carcinogenicity for B6C3F1 mice as shown by increased incidences of both hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in males and of hepatocellular carcinomas in females.

Tetrachloro-ethylene

TR-013: Bioassay of Tetrachloroethylene for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 127-18-4) (1977 )

09/26/77

Inadequate Experiment

2A, probably carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Tetrachloroethylene is a central nervous system depressant. It is also known to cause liver and kidney damage, and is a probably carcinogen. (L116)

◈ What is perchloroethylene?

Perchloroethylene is a chemical, sometimes referred to as PCE or PERC.Other names include perchlor,and tetrachloroethylene.For this sheet, we will use the PCE abbreviation.PCE has been used as a degreaser and dry-cleaning agent. It has also been in paints, spot and paint removers, adhesives, printing inks, household cleaners and glues.

◈ How would I be exposed to PCE?

PCE is a volatile liquid, meaning that it quickly evaporates (turns into a gas and gets into the air) when it is being made and being used. It can get into water and soil when there is an accidental spill or a leak. PCE enters our body mostly through the air we breathe. People mightalso be exposedthrough skin contact or by drinking contaminated water.

◈ How can I limit exposure to PCE?

The use of PCE among industries, such as dry-cleaning, has gone downover the past 35 or so years. Because of this, levels of PCE in air measurements have been dropping. Also, newer dry-cleaning machines and practices have greatly lowered worker exposure to PCE.Products with PCE should be used outside whenever possible. If you are using products with PCE inside the house, open doors and windows and turn on fans to bring in fresh air. Air out items that have been dry cleaned with PCE before bringing them into the house or before you wear them.If you work with PCE or other chemicals, make sure that you use all recommended protective gear as outlined by the product’s safety data sheet (SDS). Employers should provide the proper safety gear and SDS. Always follow the directions outlined in the SDS on how to store, use, and clean up the products you use.The Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) has information on how to reduce workplace exposure to PCE and has set limits on exposure to PCE in the workplace. If you are concerned that your workplace is not following these OSHA standards, contact The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). They offer a free service called Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE): https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/index.html. The HHE investigates workplace exposure concerns. You can also see our MotherToBaby fact sheet on Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace at https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/reproductive-hazards-workplace/ for general tips on working with chemicals.

◈ Does the level of exposure (high versus low) to PCE matter?

Like other chemical exposures, the amount (level) and duration (time) are important in thinking about the chance for health problems. In general, ongoing exposure through a work setting would be expected to give a higher total exposure than an occasional household exposure. Smell is not a good measure of the level of exposure for chemicals. If someone becomes very ill from a chemical exposure, this may signal higher exposure.

◈ What are the side effects of PCE exposure?

The effects of PCE depend on how often and for how long people are exposed. People exposed to high amounts of PCE might have drowsiness,dizziness and nausea. They may also have headaches, confusion, or itching of the eyes, throat, and nose. If PCE is onthe skin, it could cause dryness, redness and/or blistering.

◈ Can exposure to PCE make it harder for me to get pregnant?

It is not known if exposure to PCE alone would make it harder to get pregnant. Studies from the 1970s to the 1990s did notagree if it would take longer to get pregnantafter exposure to PCE from working at a dry-cleaningbusiness. Available studies did not measure the person’s actual level of exposure to PCE.

LC50; Species: Limanda limanda (dab); Conditions: flow-through bioassay; Concentration: 5 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Tanytarsus dissimilis (midge); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 30,840 ug/L for 48 hr

LC50; Species: Jordanella floridae (American flagfish); Concentration: 8.4 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (water flea); Conditions: static bioassay, 22 °C; Concentration: 18 mg/L for 48 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Tetrachloroethylene (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Effects of inhalation of volatilized trichloroethylene (TCE) or perchloroethylene (PCE) were assessed based on the health and population size of wild, burrowing mammals at Edwards Air Force Base (CA, USA). Organic soil-vapor concentrations were measured at three sites with aquifer contamination of TCE or PCE of 5.5 to 77 mg/L and at two uncontaminated reference sites. Population estimates of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami and D. panamintinus) as well as hematology, blood chemistry, and histopathology of kangaroo rats and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were compared between contaminated and uncontaminated populations. Maximum soil-gas concentrations associated with groundwater contamination were less than 1.5 uL/L of TCE and 0.07 uL/L of PCE. Population estimates of kangaroo rats were similar at contaminated and reference sites. Hematology, blood chemistry, and histopathology of kangaroo rats and deer mice indicated no evidence of health effects caused by exposure. Trichloroethylene or PCE in groundwater and in related soil gas did not appear to reduce the size of small mammal populations or impair the health of individuals.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ A study was designed to determine the effects of tetrachloroethylene on the phyto- and zooplankton community at initial concentrations of 1.2 and 0.44 mg/L in separated compartments of an experimental pond. Measurements in the surrounding water were made simultaneously to detect possible effects of compartmentalization. Residues as low as 0.1 mg/L could be analyzed 5 days (low dose) and 38 days (high dose) post-application. In all applied biotopes, a lethal effect on the Daphnia population was detected. The phytoplankton community showed an increase of relative abundance and a decrease in species diversity. Studies of the frequency distribution of 6 selected phytoplankton species (Spirogyra species, Microcystis flos-aquae, Stichococcus bacillaris, Nitzschia acicularis, Chilomonas parameium, Actinophrys species) demonstrated the total elimination of at least 4 species from the treated compartments. In spite of different dosing, only weak differences were found in toxic effects between the low and high dosed compartments. No significant chemically induced effect was observed on the physicochemical properties of the treated water.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In a 60-day study, 3 groups of black mollies (Poecilia sphenops), each comprising 3 females and 3 males, were exposed, respectively, to 0, 0.001, and 0.005 mL tetrachloroethylene per liter water. Weights declined by 30-40% in the exposed groups and increased in the control group. Survival was 100%, 17%, and 0% at 0, 0.001, and 0.005 mL/L, respectively. The livers of exposed fish showed fatty degeneration.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ A recent study ... demonstrated that tetrachloroethylene (TCE) is acutely toxic to Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) larvae with a 96 hr LC50 of 18 (17-19) mg/mL. In the present study /it was hypothesized/ that TCE exposure induces a developmental effect in Japanese medaka. Growth and age specific sensitivity of Japanese medaka larvae were studied with four age groups (7, 14, 21 and 28 days old) to determine tetrachloroethylene effects on these parameters. The medaka larvae were exposed for 96 hours in a single concentration (10 mg/mL) of TCE. The toxic endpoints evaluated were larvae weight, length, water content and protein concentration. The study revealed that exposure of medaka larvae to this sub-acute concentration of TCE significantly reduced length and weight in the treated group. The difference in growth between control and treated groups was more obvious in age versus length, than in age versus weight. The dry weight-fresh weight ratio (dw/fw) was shown to be higher in the control group. Water content in TCE-treated medaka was higher than in the control group, and younger fry had more water content than older ones. A higher protein concentration was also observed in TCE-treated medaka compared to the control group. ...

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Tetrachloroethylene (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2.40e+01

1.00e+02

1.10e+01

4.70e+01

5.00e+00

5.10e-03

2.30e-03

2.10e-03

6.00e-03

4.00e-02

Volatile

1.66e+02

2.40e+02

1.20e+03

1.30e+02

5.30e+02

1.20e+02

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Tetrachloroethylene's production and use as a dry cleaning agent, chemical intermediate, industrial solvent, in desulfurization of coal, and transformer insulating fluid may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its former use as a pesticide resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 18.5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates tetrachloroethylene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase tetrachloroethylene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 96 days. Direct photolysis by sunlight is not expected because tetrachloroethylene only absorbs light weakly in the environmental UV spectrum. If released to soil, tetrachloroethylene is expected to have moderate mobility based upon reported Koc values of 200-237. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.0177 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization half-lives of 1.2-5.4 and 1.9-5.2 hours were measured from a sandy loam soil surface and an organic topsoil, respectively. Tetrachloroethylene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Using soil microcosms, tetrachloroethylene, present at 5 ug/L, exhibited no degradation when incubated at 20 °C. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 11% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process. If released into water, tetrachloroethylene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. The biodegradation half-lives of tetrachloroethylene in aerobic and anaerobic waters were reported as 180 and 98 days, respectively, suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 5 days, respectively. Measured BCFs of 26-115 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to high. Hydrolysis is not expected based on reported hydrolysis half-lives of 9 months to 3.34X10+11 years. Tetrachloroethylene may undergo indirect photolysis in natural waters when photosensitizers such as humic material are present. Occupational exposure to tetrachloroethylene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where tetrachloroethylene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to tetrachloroethylene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing tetrachloroethylene. (SRC)

Tetrachloroethylene's production and use as a dry cleaning agent, chemical intermediate, industrial solvent, in desulfurization of coal, and transformer insulating fluid(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former use as a pesticide(2) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC). During chlorination water treatment, tetrachloroethylene can be formed in small quantities(3).

Water pollution by tetrachloroethylene leaching from vinyl liners in asbestos-cement water pipelines for water distribution.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values in the range of 200-237(2-4) indicate that tetrachloroethylene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of tetrachloroethylene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 0.0177 atm-cu m/mole(5). Tetrachloroethylene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on a vapor pressure of 18.5 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). Volatilization half-lives in the range of 1.2-5.4 hrs were measured for tetrachloroethylene from a sandy loam soil surface and volatilization half-lives of 1.9-5.2 hrs were measured from an organic topsoil(7). Using soil microcosms (60% municipal solid, 40% bulk, industrial, and sewage treatment sludge), tetrachloroethylene, present at 5 ug/L, exhibited no degradation when incubated at 20 °C(8) indicating that biodegradation is not a fast environmental fate process in soil(SRC). There is evidence that slow biodegradation of tetrachloroethylene occurs under anaerobic conditions when the microorganisms have been acclimated, yielding trichloroethylene as a product(9,10).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 200-237(2-4), indicate that tetrachloroethylene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(5) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.0177 atm-cu m/mole(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(5), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). Measured hydrolysis half-lives of 9 months to 3.34X10+11 years indicate hydrolysis is not an environmentally relevant process(7). According to a classification scheme(8), BCFs of 26-115(7, 9-11) measured in fish, suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to high. Tetrachloroethylene may undergo indirect photolysis in natural waters when photosensitizers such as humic acids are present(12). This process is only expected to be important in sunlit surface waters containing humic material. The biodegradation half-lives of tetrachloroethylene in aerobic and anaerobic waters were reported as 180 and 98 days, respectively(13). In anaerobic microcosms established with surface sediments from tidal flats, tetrachloroethylene dechlorination began within 10 days and was 100% converted to trichloroethylene in 37 days(14).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), tetrachloroethylene, which has a vapor pressure of 18.5 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase tetrachloroethylene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 96 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.67X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Tetrachloroethylene may also be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone, but the rate of this reaction is too slow to be environmentally important(4). Direct photolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since tetrachloroethylene only absorbs light weakly in the environmental UV spectrum(5).

AEROBIC: Tetrachloroethylene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 11% of its Theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). The biodegradation half-life of tetrachloroethylene in aerobic waters was reported as 180 days(2). Tetrachloroethylene was degraded to trichloroethene, 1,2-dichloroethene and ultimately vinyl chloride during a 6 day incubation period using a groundwater and sediment microcosm obtained from a contaminated site in Toronto, Canada(3). Using soil microcosms, tetrachloroethylene, present at 5 ug/L, exhibited no degradation when incubated at 20 °C using soil from the Skellingsted Landfill, Holbaek, Denmark (60% municipal solid, 40% bulk, industrial, and sewage treatment sludge)(4).

AEROBIC: No degradation occurred in 21 days in 3 biodegradability tests with acclimated or unacclimated inocula or in a river die-away test(1). Microbial degradation did not contribute to the removal of tetrachloroethylene in a mesocosm experiment which simulated Narraganset Bay, RI(2). Under aerobic conditions there was no degradation in 25 weeks in a batch experiment with a sewage inoculum(3) or when low concentrations of tetrachloroethylene (16 ug/L) were circulated through an acclimated aerobic biofilm column over a period of 1 year(4). While only 3.75% of the tetrachloroethylene treated by conventional, extended and 2-stage activated-sludge pilot plants appeared in the effluent, most of the tetrachloroethylene was discharged to the air from the extended aeration(5).

ANAEROBIC: A large reduction of tetrachloroethylene which had been recirculated through a soil column for 14 days was attributed to adsorption and volatilization(1). In a microcosm containing muck from an aquifer recharge basin, 72.8% loss was observed in 21 days against 12-17% in controls, and the metabolites trichloroethylene, cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, dichloromethane, and chloroethene were identified(2). However, when subsurface samples were aseptically removed from above and below the water table and incubated in the laboratory, no degradation occurred in 16 weeks(3). In one field groundwater recharge project, degradation was observed in the 50 day recharge period(4).

ANAEROBIC: There is evidence that slow biodegradation of tetrachloroethylene occurs under anaerobic conditions when the microorganisms have been acclimated, yielding trichloroethylene as a product(1,2). An experiment in a continuous-flow laboratory methanogenic column using well acclimated mixed culture and a 2-day detention time had an average tetrachloroethylene removal rate of 76%(3). In a continuous-flow mixed-film methanogenic column with a liquid detention time of 4 days, mineralization of 24% of the tetrachloroethylene present occurred; trichloroethylene was the major intermediate formed (72%), but traces of dichloroethylene isomers and vinyl chloride were also found(4). In other column studies under a different set of methanogenic conditions, nearly quantitative conversion of tetrachloroethylene to vinyl chloride was found in 10 days(4). Removal of 86% tetrachloroethylene occurred in a methanogenic biofilm column (8 weeks of activation followed by 9-12 weeks of acclimation)(5).

ANAEROBIC: The biodegradation half-life of tetrachloroethylene in anaerobic waters was reported as 98 days(1). The first-order anaerobic biodegradation rate constant of tetrachloroethylene was reported as 0.00042-0.0071/day(2), corresponding to half-lives of 98-1650 days(SRC). Natural attenuation analysis of tetrachloroethylene biodegradation in an anaerobic chlorinated ethene contaminated aquifer in the Bitterfeld/Wolfen area identified potential dechlorinating microorganims including Dehalococcoides, Desulfuromonas, Desulfitobacterium and Deholabacter(3). Using an enrichment culture developed from aquifer solids exposed to alkylbenzenes and chlorinated ethenes at the US Coast Guard Air Station in Traverse City, MI and employing toluene as the sole carbon source, tetrachloroethylene dechlorination slowed during days 46-89 following depletion of toluene. Respiking toluene at day 94 resulted in immediate restoration rate of tetrachloroethylene dechlorination(4). Under reducing conditions, tetrachloroethylne degrades via hydrogenolysis to trichloroethylene, ultimately resulting in vinyl chloride via cis-1,2-dichloroethylene(5). In anaerobic microcosms established with surface sediments from tidal flats, tetrachloroethylene dechloronation began within 10 days and was 100% converted to trichloroethylene in 37 days(6).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tetrachloroethylene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 1.67X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 96 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Tetrachloroethylene may also be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone, but the rate of this reaction is too slow to be environmentally important(2). Direct photolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound only absorbs light weakly in the environmental UV spectrum(3). Tetrachloroethylene may undergo indirect photolysis in natural waters when photosensitizers such as humic material are present(4). When tetrachloroethylene in aqueous solution was irradiated with light at wavelengths >290 nm, 75% degradation was observed over the course of one year, while 59-65% degradation was observed for dark controls(5). Hydrolysis is not expected to be environmentally important based on reported half-lives of 9 months to 3.34X10+11 years(6). Photodegradation in the stratosphere is rapid(7). When tetrachloroethylene adsorbed to silica gel is irradiated through a pyrex filter, 50-90% is lost in 6 days(8).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D039, U210, and F002, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. Alternatively, PCE may be recovered from waste gases and reused.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Tetrachloroethylene (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 160 HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ Fire or Explosion: Some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. Most vapors are heavier than air. Air/vapor mixtures may explode when ignited. Container may explode in heat of fire.

/GUIDE 160 HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ Health: Toxic by ingestion. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Exposure in an enclosed area may be very harmful. Contact may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 160 HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 160 HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Tetrachloroethylene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1897; Tetrachloroethylene

IMO 6.1; Tetrachloroethylene

49 403 55; Tetrachloroethylene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Tetrachloroethylene is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Tetrachloroethylene is included on the dangerous goods list.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Shipment Methods and Regulations (Complete) data for Tetrachloroethylene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 40-51/53; S: (2)-23-36/37-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III