Beta-Pinene

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.1% (3 of 2276) of reports.

H226 (99.7%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304 (99.7%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (81.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (97.5%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H400 (26.1%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (30.2%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P321, P331, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2276 reports by companies from 38 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 3 of 2276 reports by companies.

There are 37 notifications provided by 2273 of 2276 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P272, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P316, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P261, P264, P272, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P321, P331, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

EXTINGUISHING MEDIA. Suitable: For small (incipient) fires, use media such as "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. For large fires, apply water from as far as possible. Use very large quantities (flooding) of water applied as a mist or spray; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. /(-)-Beta-pinene/

FIREFIGHTING. Protective Equipment: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing to prevent contact with skin and eyes. Specific Hazard(s): Flammable liquid. Emits toxic fumes under fire conditions. Specific Method(s) of Fire Fighting: Use water spray to cool fire-exposed containers. /(-)-Beta-pinene/

If material on fire or involved in fire: If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Pinene/

Accidetntal Release. METHODS FOR CLEANING UP. Cover with dry-lime, sand, or soda ash. Place in covered containers using non-sparking tools and transport outdoors. /(-)-Beta pinene/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Observe all federal, state, and local environmental regulations. /(-)-Beta pinene/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Do not breathe vapor. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Avoid prolonged or repeated exposure. /(-)-Beta pinene/

Wash thoroughly after handling. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse. /(-)-Beta pinene/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Pinene/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BETA-PINENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Keep container closed. Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame. /(-)-Beta pinene/

5.0 [ppm]

20.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 20 ppm

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

20 ppm [2001]

Beta-Pinene is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Respiratory: Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU). Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Hand: Compatible chemical-resistant gloves. Eye: Chemical safety goggles. /(-)-Beta pinene/

ENGINEERING CONTROLS. Safety shower and eye bath. Use nonsparking tools. Mechanical exhaust required.

CBI; Liquid

Colorless liquid with a turpentine-like odor; [HSDB]

Colourless mobile liquid; dry woody, resinous piney aroma

Colorless, transparent liquid.

Colorless transparent liquid

CHARACTERISTIC TURPENTINE ODOR; DRY, WOODY OR RESINOUS AROMA

PINEY, TURPENTINE-LIKE ODOR

Terpene odor

PINEY, TURPENTINE-LIKE TASTE

BP: 165-166 °C at 760 mm Hg /dl-form/

163-166 °C

-61.5 °C

-78.7 °F

Flash point : 88 °F

INSOL IN WATER; SOL IN ALC, ETHER, BENZENE, & OTHER SOLVENTS; VERY SOL IN CHLOROFORM /D- & L-ISOMER/

ALMOST INSOL IN PROPYLENE GLYCOL

Soluble in benzene, ethanol and ethyl ether

Soluble in alcohol and chloroform

Insoluble in water; soluble in oils

Insoluble (in ethanol)

0.860 at 25 °C

0.867-0.871

4.7 (Air = 1)

2.93 [mmHg]

2.93 mm Hg at 25 °C

2.93 mmHg

log Kow = 4.16

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

1.522 cP at 25 °C

43,013.3 KJ/kg = 18,495.7 BTU/lb at 25 °C

5.0X10+7 J/kmol at 211.61 K

26.85 dynes/cm at 25 °C

Index of refraction: 1.4768 at 25 °C

1.476-1.482

Optically active and racemic beta-pinenes are present in turpentine oils

BP: 164-166 °C at 760 mm Hg; Density: 0.8654 at 20 °C/20 °C; Index of refraction: 1.4739 at 20 °C /d-form/

SPECIFIC OPTICAL ROTATION: +28.6 DEG/D; BP: 164-166 °C at 760 MM HG; DENSITY: 0.8654 at 20 °C/4 °C; MAX ABSORPTION (ALC): 208 NM (LOG E= 3.72); INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.4789 at 20 °C; SADTLER REF NUMBER: 2188 (IR, PRISM); 274 (NMR, VARIAN) /D-FORM/

UV: HBCP /d-form/

SPECIFIC OPTICAL ROTATION: -21.5 DEG at 25 °C/D; MAX ABSORPTION (ALC): 208 NM (LOG E= 3.72); BP: 164 °C at 760 MM HG; DENSITY: 0.8694 at 20 °C/4 °C; INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.4762 at 20 °C /L-FORM/

UV: 3-268 (Phillip et al., Organic Electronic Spectral Data. John Wiley & Sons, New York)

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

LD50 Rat (Wistar) oral >5000 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 4700 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit (New Zealand white) dermal (24 hr application) >5000 mg/kg

Beta-pinene vaporized from turpentine had no effect on hexobarbital sleeping time or parathion mortality in male rats, but increased heptachlor mortality and benzpyrene hydroxylation.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Turpentine, terpenes, and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. /Turpentine, terpenes, and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive- pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Turpentine, Terpenes, and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Eight male volunteers were exposed to 450 mg/cu m turpentine by inhalation (2 hr, 50 W) in an exposure chamber. ...The mean relative uptakes of alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and 3-carene were 62%, 66%, and 68% respectively, of the amount supplied. ... After experimental exposure to turpentine an increase in airway resistance was found that differed significantly from results of exposure to 3-carene at 10 mg/cu m (P = 0.021) or 450 mg/cu m (P = 0.047). ... ... Acute effects show small, if any, interactions between alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and 3-carene. The subjects experienced discomfort in the throat and airways during exposure to turpentine and airway resistance was increased after the end of exposure.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Absorption of large doses may result in delirium, ataxia, & kidney damage. Inhalation may cause palpitation, dizziness, nervous disturbances, chest pain, bronchitis, and nephritis. /Pinene/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. May cause sensitization by skin contact. Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed. /(-)-Beta-pinene/

/CASE REPORTS/ A patient attempting suicide ingested 400-500 mL pine oil and was admitted to the clinic. Since more than the lethal dose had been ingested hemoperfusions with activated charcoal and amberlite and a hemodialysis were performed. The composition of the ingested pine oil was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Four monoterpenes were identified: 57% alpha-pinene, 8% beta-pinene, 26% carene, 6% limonene and 3% other hydrocarbons. The blood and urine monoterpene concentrations were continuously monitored. The data suggest that monoterpenes are poorly resorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The resorbed portion of the hydrocarbons cumulates in the lipophilic body compartments and is slowly metabolized and then excreted by the kidneys. The main metabolic pathways are hydration, hydroxylation, rearrangement, and acetylation. Five metabolites were identified.

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ ... To study work exposure and respiratory symptoms in New Zealand plywood mill workers ... personal inhalable dust (n = 57), bacterial endotoxin (n = 20), abietic acid (n = 20), terpene (n = 20) and formaldehyde (n = 22) measurements were taken and a respiratory health questionnaire was administered to 112 ... workers. ... Twenty-six percent of the dust exposures exceeded 1 mg/cu m, however, none of the samples exceeded the legal limit of 5 mg/cu m (geometric mean (GM) = 0.7 mg/m(3), geometric standard deviation (GSD) = 1.9). Workers in the composer area (where broken sheets are joined together) were significantly (P < 0.01) more highly exposed. Endotoxin levels were low to moderate (GM = 23.0 EU/cu m, GSD = 2.8). Abietic acid levels ranged from 0.3 to 2.4 ug/cu m (GM = 0.7 ug/cu m, GSD = 1.8) and were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for workers in the composer area of the process. Geometric mean levels of alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and Delta(3)-carene were 1.0 (GSD = 2.7), 1.5 (GSD = 2.8) and 0.1 (GSD = 1.4), respectively, and alpha-pinene and beta-pinene levels were significantly (P < 0.001) higher for workers in the 'green end' of the process, up to and including the veneer dryers. Formaldehyde levels ranged from 0.01 to 0.74 mg/cu m (GM = 0.08 mg/cu m (= 0.06 ppm), GSD = 3.0). Asthma symptoms were more common in plywood mill workers (20.5%, n = 112) than in the general population (12.8%, n = 415, adjusted OR (95% CI) = 1.5 (0.9-2.8)). Asthma symptoms were associated with duration of employment and were reported to lessen or disappear during holidays. No clear association with any of the measured exposures was found, with the exception of formaldehyde, where workers with high exposure reported more asthma symptoms (36.4%) than low exposed workers (7.9%, adjusted OR (95% CI) = 4.3 (0.7-27.7))...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ...Irritant to skin and mucous membranes ... May cause dermal eruption & occasional benign tumors. /Pinene/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ...A toxicity study of each of the major fragrant components of myoga /a fragrant plant cultivated throughout Japan/ using acute dermal irritation assays and the Guinea-Pig Maximization test (GPMT) /was conducted/ ...to probe the mechanism of allergic contact dermatitis /from this plant/. In acute dermal irritation assays, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and limonene showed positive responses at concentrations of 4%; limonene oxide at 20% and myoga showed a positive response at concentrations of 100%. From the results of the GPMT, according to Kligman scores, limonene oxide was identified as an extreme skin sensitizer and myoga as a mild skin sensitizer. The results of the present study show that R-(+)-limonene is the most important allergen amongst the chemical components of myoga, and /was considered/ ... to be the reason why myoga cultivators experience allergic contact dermatitis.

/GENOTOXICITY/ The Ames reverse mutation assay of beta-pinene was conducted at concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 uL/plate using TA100, TA98, TA1538, TA1537 and TA1535 with or without Aroclor induced rat liver microsomal enzyme preparations. Doses were selected based on a preliminary toxicity study of 14 doses ranging from 0.02 to 150.0 uL/plate using strain TA100. The test substance was completely toxic at doses at and above 4.69 uL/plate. DMSO was used as the solvent and the negative control. ... beta-Pinene did not exhibit nutagenic activity at any dose level tested.

/GENOTOXICITY/ The Ames reverse mutation assay of beta-pinene was conducted at concentrations up to 5000 ug/plate using TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100 with and without Aroclor induced rat liver microsomal enzyme preparations. After 2 days incubation at 37 °C, revertant colonies were counted. There was no evidence of mutagenicity.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BETA-PINENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Green algae; Concentration: 1.44 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20.1 °C, pH 7.90 + or -0.05, oxygen concentration 8.2 mg/mL; Concentration: 1.25 mg/L for 48 hr /99% pure 1S(-)-isover. Measured purity 97%/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, age 1-4 days); Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 10-11 °C, pH 8.2, hardness 100 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 90%; Concentration: 1400 ug/L for 60 days /99% purity/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, age 1-7 days); Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 10-11 °C, pH 8.2, hardness 100 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 90%; Concentration: 930 ug/L for 60 days (95% confidence interval: 820-1000 ug/L) /99% purity/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: freshwater, semi-static, 24.2 °C, pH 7.60 + or -0.1, oxygen concentration 6.6 mg/mL; Concentration: 0.50 mg/L for 96 hr /99% pure 1S(-)-isover. Measured purity 97%/

beta-Pinene's production and use as an intermediate for perfumes and flavorings, in polyterpene resins, and as a fragrance ingredient may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. beta-Pinene is a natural hydrocarbon emission product from softwood trees, in particular spruce. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.93 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates beta-pinene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase beta-pinene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.9 hours. Vapor-phase beta-pinene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone; the half-life for this reaction is about 23 hours. beta-Pinene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, beta-pinene is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 4,400. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.16 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. beta-Pinene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data were not available. However, by analogy to alpha-pinene which reached 95% of its theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test, biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process for beta-pinene. If released into water, beta-pinene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 5 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 340 days if adsorption is considered. An estimated BCF of 320 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to beta-pinene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where beta-pinene is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to beta-pinene via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with this compound or other products containing beta-pinene. (SRC)

THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF A SARDINIAN SAMPLE OF MYRTUS COMMUNIS WAS EXAMINED BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (GLC-MS); 22 PEAKS WERE SEPARATED, FOR WHICH THE MASS SPECTRA ARE SHOWN, TOGETHER WITH THE RETENTION TIMES, THE AREAS OF THE PEAKS, & PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION. THE TERPENE CONTENT WAS VERY HIGH; ALPHA-PINENE & BETA-PINENE CONSTITUTED 52.43% & 0.68%, RESPECTIVELY, OF THE OIL.

USUALLY OCCURRING TOGETHER WITH ALPHA-PINENE BUT IN SMALLER AMT. THE D- & L-FORMS ARE REPORTED FOUND IN THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF VARIOUS ARTEMISIAE & SEVERAL CUPRESSACEAE, IN CORIANDER & CUMIN. THE L-FORM IS A CONSTITUENT OF SEVERAL CITRUS OILS.

THE MONOTERPENE HYDROCARBON FRACTION REPRESENTING 70.4% OF PINUS PUMILIO OIL WAS REPORTED...TO CONTAIN D-LIMONENE (42.1%), ALPHA-PINENE (18.4%), DELTA-CARENE (11.5%), BETA-PINENE (8.1%), BETA-PHELLANDRENE (8.0%), CAMPHENE (4.3%), MYRCENE (3.6%) & SMALLER AMT OF ALPHA-, & GAMMA-TERPINENE, P-CYMENE, TERPINOLENE & ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE.

THE MONOTERPENE HYDROCARBON FRACTION REPRESENTING 68.9% OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS OIL WAS REPORTED...TO CONTAIN ALPHA-PINENE (65.8%), DELTA-CARENE (11.1%), BETA-PINENE (9.5%), D-LIMONENE (4.1%), MYRCENE (3.6%), CAMPHENE (2.9%), BETA-PHELLANDRENE (1.2%) & SMALLER AMT OF TERPINOLENE, OCIMENE, SABINENE & GAMMA-TERPINENE.

beta-Pinene is a natural hydrocarbon emission product from softwood and some hardwood trees(SRC), in particular spruce species, Pinus glauca, P. abies and P. pungens(1), and eucalyptus species Eucalyptus dunnii, E. salgina and E. citriodora(2). The Mediterranean oak species Quercus ilex L. emits monoterpenes of which 22.92% is beta-pinene(3).

beta-Pinene's production and use as an intermediate for perfumes and flavorings, in polyterpene resins(1), and as a fragrance ingredient(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4,400(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.16(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that beta-pinene is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of beta-pinene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.16 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). beta-Pinene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2.93 mm Hg(5). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2008). However, by analogy to alpha-pinene which reached 95% of its theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(6), biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process for beta-pinene in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4,400(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.16(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that beta-pinene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.16 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 340 days if adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 320(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). beta-Pinene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2008). However, by analogy to alpha-pinene which reached 95% of its theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8), biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process for beta-pinene in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), beta-pinene, which has a vapor pressure of 2.93 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase beta-pinene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.9 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.89X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of beta-pinene with ozone has been estimated as 1.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 23 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(4). beta-Pinene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Pinene is degraded by microbiological organisms in soil. /Pinene/

AEROBIC: Biodegradation data on beta-pinene were not available(SRC, 2008). However, by analogy to alpha-pinene which reached 95% of its theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(1), biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process for beta-pinene(SRC). Forest soil extracts and enriched cultures used as inocula for testing biodegradation of monoterpenes and alpha-pinene were found to readily degrade this class of chemical(1). Another study tested biodegradation of monoterpenes and alpha-pinene in liquid and soil-slurry systems and found alpha-pinene to degrade at 5.2 mg/L-hr(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of beta-pinene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 7.89X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4.9 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The reaction of OH and beta-pinene results in the formation of formaldehyde and acetone(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of beta-pinene with ozone has been estimated as 1.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 23 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(4). The main products from the reaction of ozone and gas-phase beta-pinene were identified as nopinone, HCHO; 3-hydroxynopinone, HCOOH and cis-pinic acid are also produced(5). beta-Pinene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(6). beta-Pinene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 320 was calculated in fish for beta-pinene(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.16(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

LC50; Species: Green algae; Concentration: 1.44 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20.1 °C, pH 7.90 + or -0.05, oxygen concentration 8.2 mg/mL; Concentration: 1.25 mg/L for 48 hr /99% pure 1S(-)-isover. Measured purity 97%/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, age 1-4 days); Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 10-11 °C, pH 8.2, hardness 100 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 90%; Concentration: 1400 ug/L for 60 days /99% purity/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, age 1-7 days); Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 10-11 °C, pH 8.2, hardness 100 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 90%; Concentration: 930 ug/L for 60 days (95% confidence interval: 820-1000 ug/L) /99% purity/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: freshwater, semi-static, 24.2 °C, pH 7.60 + or -0.1, oxygen concentration 6.6 mg/mL; Concentration: 0.50 mg/L for 96 hr /99% pure 1S(-)-isover. Measured purity 97%/

beta-Pinene's production and use as an intermediate for perfumes and flavorings, in polyterpene resins, and as a fragrance ingredient may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. beta-Pinene is a natural hydrocarbon emission product from softwood trees, in particular spruce. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.93 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates beta-pinene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase beta-pinene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.9 hours. Vapor-phase beta-pinene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone; the half-life for this reaction is about 23 hours. beta-Pinene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, beta-pinene is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 4,400. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.16 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. beta-Pinene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data were not available. However, by analogy to alpha-pinene which reached 95% of its theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test, biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process for beta-pinene. If released into water, beta-pinene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 5 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 340 days if adsorption is considered. An estimated BCF of 320 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to beta-pinene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where beta-pinene is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to beta-pinene via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with this compound or other products containing beta-pinene. (SRC)

THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF A SARDINIAN SAMPLE OF MYRTUS COMMUNIS WAS EXAMINED BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (GLC-MS); 22 PEAKS WERE SEPARATED, FOR WHICH THE MASS SPECTRA ARE SHOWN, TOGETHER WITH THE RETENTION TIMES, THE AREAS OF THE PEAKS, & PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION. THE TERPENE CONTENT WAS VERY HIGH; ALPHA-PINENE & BETA-PINENE CONSTITUTED 52.43% & 0.68%, RESPECTIVELY, OF THE OIL.

USUALLY OCCURRING TOGETHER WITH ALPHA-PINENE BUT IN SMALLER AMT. THE D- & L-FORMS ARE REPORTED FOUND IN THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF VARIOUS ARTEMISIAE & SEVERAL CUPRESSACEAE, IN CORIANDER & CUMIN. THE L-FORM IS A CONSTITUENT OF SEVERAL CITRUS OILS.

THE MONOTERPENE HYDROCARBON FRACTION REPRESENTING 70.4% OF PINUS PUMILIO OIL WAS REPORTED...TO CONTAIN D-LIMONENE (42.1%), ALPHA-PINENE (18.4%), DELTA-CARENE (11.5%), BETA-PINENE (8.1%), BETA-PHELLANDRENE (8.0%), CAMPHENE (4.3%), MYRCENE (3.6%) & SMALLER AMT OF ALPHA-, & GAMMA-TERPINENE, P-CYMENE, TERPINOLENE & ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE.

THE MONOTERPENE HYDROCARBON FRACTION REPRESENTING 68.9% OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS OIL WAS REPORTED...TO CONTAIN ALPHA-PINENE (65.8%), DELTA-CARENE (11.1%), BETA-PINENE (9.5%), D-LIMONENE (4.1%), MYRCENE (3.6%), CAMPHENE (2.9%), BETA-PHELLANDRENE (1.2%) & SMALLER AMT OF TERPINOLENE, OCIMENE, SABINENE & GAMMA-TERPINENE.

beta-Pinene is a natural hydrocarbon emission product from softwood and some hardwood trees(SRC), in particular spruce species, Pinus glauca, P. abies and P. pungens(1), and eucalyptus species Eucalyptus dunnii, E. salgina and E. citriodora(2). The Mediterranean oak species Quercus ilex L. emits monoterpenes of which 22.92% is beta-pinene(3).

beta-Pinene's production and use as an intermediate for perfumes and flavorings, in polyterpene resins(1), and as a fragrance ingredient(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4,400(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.16(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that beta-pinene is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of beta-pinene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.16 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). beta-Pinene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2.93 mm Hg(5). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2008). However, by analogy to alpha-pinene which reached 95% of its theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(6), biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process for beta-pinene in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4,400(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.16(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that beta-pinene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.16 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 340 days if adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 320(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). beta-Pinene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2008). However, by analogy to alpha-pinene which reached 95% of its theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8), biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process for beta-pinene in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), beta-pinene, which has a vapor pressure of 2.93 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase beta-pinene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.9 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.89X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of beta-pinene with ozone has been estimated as 1.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 23 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(4). beta-Pinene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Pinene is degraded by microbiological organisms in soil. /Pinene/

AEROBIC: Biodegradation data on beta-pinene were not available(SRC, 2008). However, by analogy to alpha-pinene which reached 95% of its theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(1), biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process for beta-pinene(SRC). Forest soil extracts and enriched cultures used as inocula for testing biodegradation of monoterpenes and alpha-pinene were found to readily degrade this class of chemical(1). Another study tested biodegradation of monoterpenes and alpha-pinene in liquid and soil-slurry systems and found alpha-pinene to degrade at 5.2 mg/L-hr(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of beta-pinene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 7.89X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4.9 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The reaction of OH and beta-pinene results in the formation of formaldehyde and acetone(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of beta-pinene with ozone has been estimated as 1.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 23 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(4). The main products from the reaction of ozone and gas-phase beta-pinene were identified as nopinone, HCHO; 3-hydroxynopinone, HCOOH and cis-pinic acid are also produced(5). beta-Pinene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(6). beta-Pinene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 320 was calculated in fish for beta-pinene(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.16(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

The Koc of beta-pinene is estimated as 4,400(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.16(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that beta-pinene is expected to have slight mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for beta-pinene is estimated as 0.16 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that beta-pinene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). beta-Pinene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The volatilization half-life from a model pond is about 340 days when adsorption is considered(3). beta-Pinene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2.93 mm Hg(4).

SURFACE WATER: beta-Pinene was detected in the Wolfegger, Ach and Schussen rivers in Southwest Germany, considered weakly polluted small rivers and brooks(1). GC-MS analysis of water from the Black Warrior River in Tuscaloosa, AL revealed the presence of beta-pinene(2).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: beta-Pinene was not detected in snow samples collected in early March from Neulanieme (Kuopio, Central-Eastern Finalnd); Nellim (Lapland, Finland); Muonio (Lapland, Finland); Levi (Lapland, Finland); Moscow State University (clean area, Msocow, Russia); Moscow region - summer cottage area; Shuch'e (Volga River, Russia); Baikal'sk on Lake Baikal (near pulp/paper mill, Siveria(1). The compound was detected in samples from Butovo (clean area, southern Moscow, Russia) at 0.04 ug/kg(1).

An emission source profile was constructed based on data obtained from the Cassiar tunnel of Cairo, Egypt which revealed a 0.49% by weight concentration of beta-pinene in roadway emissions and 0.30% by weight in motorcycle emissions(1). Emissions of 0.36 and 0.77% by weight beta-pinene were obtained from regular and high grade whole gasoline emissions, respectively(1). The compound was detected, not quantified in emissions from a composting facility in Joyceville, Ontario, Canada(2). beta-Pinene emissions from the Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island, NY ranged from 0.2-0.7%(3).

beta-Pinene has been identified as a volatile organic ingredient of wood-based furniture with its possible source being an ecological coating system based on natural resins, nitrocellulose, and/or softwood construction(1). Building materials when humidified can support microbial growth of mold fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes and basdiomycetes which can produce metabolites such as beta-pinene(2).

beta-Pinene was identified in emissions from food preparation sites in Mexico City(1). There are more than 30,000 registered places where food is cooked and more than 2,500 sidewalk meal vendors; there are no control mechanisms to reduce emissions from these sources. Sampling was conducted from March 20-31, 1998. beta-Pinene concentrations were 0.37, 0.04, 0.58, 0.28 and 0 ppb C% ot total emissions from restaurants using charcoal grills, tortillerias, rotisseries, food frying places and restaurants using LP gas stoves, respectively(1). Mean concentrations of beta-pinene in residential wood combustion emissions using softwood and hardwood from Denver, CO were determined; emissions from a fireplace were 48.77 and 2.81 mg/kg, respectively; emission from a wood stove using hard wood was 15.37 mg/kg(2).

PLANT SPECIES RELEASE APPRECIABLE QUANTITIES OF VOLATILE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES TO THE ATMOSPHERE. THE MAJOR COMPD EMITTED ARE MONOTERPENES LIKE ALPHA-PINENE, BETA-PINENE, & LIMONENE & THE HEMITERPENE ISOPRENE.

INDOOR: beta-Pinene in indoor air was detected in buildings 1 (first floor), 2 (fourth floor) and 3 (exhaust) at concentrations of 7.9, 5.5, and 3.3 ug/m cu, respectively(1). Geometric mean concentrations of beta-pinene in four manufactured and seven site-built homes located in Florida ranged from 1.5 to 10.6 ppb and 5.9 to 26.3 ppb, respectively(2).

RURAL/REMOTE: The ambient air over the Borden Forest in Ontario, Canada during the leafless period was found to contain 0.01 ppbv beta-pinene(1). beta-Pinene concentrations from the forest ground and canopy in Whitaker's Forest, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California ranged from 0.47-2.0 and 1.1-6.8 ug/m-cu, respectively(2). GC-MS analysis of forest air from Eggegebirge, North Rhine-Westfalia, West Germany verified beta-pinene presence in the ambient air(3). Air samples from a Scots Pine forest located in Jadraas, Central Sweden contained measured beta-pinene concentrations in the range of 0.1-<0.5 ppbv(4). Average beta-pinene concentrations in ambient air from four sites in southern Taiwan sampled in December 1998 and May 1999 were: not reported, Shua-Hua; not reported, May-Nung; 4 ug/cu m, Ping-Ting; and not reported, Chao-Chou(5).

beta-Pinene was detected in the aromas of 20 out of 26 and 19 out of 63 fresh wild mushrooms by dynamic headspace concentration and solvent extraction, respectively(1). A purge and trap gas chromatogram technique revealed a 0.0015 ppm beta-pinene concentration in fresh grapefruit juice(2). beta-Pinene was identified as one of the flavor compounds in tea derived from fresh pine sprouts or pine needles harvested from Korean red pine trees (Pinus densiflora Sieb. Et Zucc.) in May-June 1995(3). The compound was identified as a volatile odor compound from 30%, 12% and 5% of total emmsions from fat frankfurters at mean concentrations of 3,330, 3,570 and 5,060 relative peak areas (1 ng of bromobenzene = 100), respectively(4).

beta-Pinene emissions from Loblolly Pine, Shortleaf Pine, Sweet Gum, Elm, Cypress, Maple and Red oak located in the forested areas near Baton Rouge, LA were 2600, 5400, 1400-3300, 510, 380, 4500, and 20 ug/kg-foliage/hr, respectively(1). Hydrocarbon emission rates for beta-pinene from 3 spruce species, Picea glauca, P. abies, and P. pungens, at 30 °C were 0.19, 0.43 and 0.12 ug C/g-hr, respectively, at 1000 umol-sq m/sec photosynthetically active radiation(2). The Mediterranean oak species Quercus ilex L. emits monoterpenes of which 22.92% is beta-pinene(3). Levels above a Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest at Oshiba plateau, Nagano Prefecture, Japan were measured from May to November 2000; maximum monthly concentrations reported were 50, 100, 60, 20 and 92 parts per trillion volume in May, June, August, September and October, respectively(4). beta-Pinene exhibited seasonal emission variations in Australian Eucalyptus globulus trees sampled under natural growing conditions from June 1996 to May 1997. Monthly average relative proportions were beginning with May and sampled for the following 11 months were: 83; 79; 95; 83; 80; 98; 74; 81; 82; 78; 67; 81%(5). Sampling was conducted in the Scandanavian boreal zone in Asa Research Park, Sweden and Mekrijarvi Research Station, Finland in the spring and summer of 1997; relative percent composition for beta-pinene from Scots pine at Asa and Mekrijarvi were 2 and 4%, respectively(6). beta-Pinene was detected, not quantified in ambient air around Pinus halepensis trees located in Bab-Ezzouar, a suburb of Algiers(7). The compound was identified at a relative abundance of between 1 and 10% of total identified peaks in emissions from leaves of Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus salgina and Eucalyptus citriodora(8).

Household products containing beta-pinene include newspaper and floor wax pastes(1). The compound is one of the major monoterpenes found in pepper oil at 17% but is absent in pepper leaf oil(2). beta-Pinene has been detected, not quantified in some colognes and soaps(3).

Occupationally, workers should be protected from inhaling pinene vapors and from direct skin contact. /Pinene/

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 77,244 workers (13,763 of these were female) were potentially exposed to beta-pinene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to beta-pinene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where beta-pinene is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to beta-pinene via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with this compound or other products containing beta-pinene(SRC).

beta-Pinene median concentration levels for children who attended two inner-city schools in Minneapolis, MN were reported as 0.1, 0.1 and 2.5 ug/cu m outdoors, indoors at school and indoors at home, respectively, during winter, 2000; levels for spring 2000 were 0.1, 0.1 and 1.5 ug/cu m, respectively(1). Pinene concentration, both alpha- and beta- combined, ranged from not detected (2 mg/cu m) to 193 mg/cu m in workplace air from a thermomechanical pulp production plant(2). beta-Pinene workroom air level in Swedish saw sheds of sawmills processing Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) were reported at 6.3% relative to total terpene concentration during sawing of Scot's pine(3). Danish workers picking up household waste are susceptible because garden waste carried by garbage trucks emits beta-pinene into the surrounding air(4).

Consumption: Annual 7833.33 lbs; Individual: 0.006638 mg/kg/day

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Observe all federal, state, and local environmental regulations. /(-)-Beta pinene/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substances may be transported hot. /alpha-Pinene/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /alpha-Pinene/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /alpha-Pinene/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /alpha-Pinene/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BETA-PINENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.