Calcium Oxide

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 5.1% (130 of 2552) of reports.

H302 (18.2%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H314 (25.8%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H315 (63.8%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (92.8%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (63%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2552 reports by companies from 66 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 130 of 2552 reports by companies.

There are 65 notifications provided by 2422 of 2552 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 1 of 1 companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P331, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give nothing to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Calcium oxide:

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: WATER FLUSH IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· In case of skin contact with Hydrofluoric acid (UN1790), if calcium gluconate gel is available, rinse 5 minutes, then apply gel. Otherwise, continue rinsing until medical treatment is available.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

Note: Some foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

SMALL FIRE: CO2 (except for Cyanides), dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. Use flooding quantities of water as spray. DO NOT use carbon dioxide or halogenated extinguishing agents.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Do not use water on material itself. Keep run-off out of sewers and water sources. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Inhalation: Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for CALCIUM OXIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered dry containers.

1) Ventilate area of spill. 2) Collect spilled material in most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in secured sanitary landfill.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.

Shovel into suitable dry container. Use water spray to control dust, protect personnel.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

... May be disposed of in sealed containers in secured sanitary landfill.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Dust sources /in industry/ should be enclosed ... Enclosures should ... be fitted with exhaust ventilation ... Air contaminated with lime dust should be passed through cyclones or bag filters before release into general atmosphere; in case of hot lime dust, cyclones and scrubbers should be employed. Settled lime dust inside premises should be collected by industrial vacuum cleaners ... manual collection should be prohibited. Ventilation in vicinity of furnaces should be designed to extract ... dust and gases.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CALCIUM OXIDE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong acids, organic chemicals, water and food and feedstuffs. Dry.

Keep tightly closed and dry.

Materials which are toxic as stored or which can decompose into toxic components ... should be stored in a cool well ventilated place, out of the direct rays of the sun, away from areas of high fire hazard, and should be periodically inspected. Incompatible materials should be isolated ...

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location.

Separate from strong acids, organic chemicals, water and food and feedstuffs. Dry.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

1.0 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

6.0 [mg/m3]

42 [mg/m3]

250 [mg/m3]

TWA 2 mg/m3

5.0 [mg/m3]

TWA 5 mg/m3

25 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

25.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: Strong nasal irritation has been reported to result from exposures to about 25 mg/m3, but exposures to 9 to 10 mg/m3 resulted in no observable irritation [ACGIH 1991].

25 mg/cu m

25 mg/m³

25 mg/m3

See: 1305788

2.0 [mg/m3]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 2 mg/cu m.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

(respirable fraction): 1 mg/m

(inhalable fraction): 1 mg/m

· Note: Some foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

Small Fire

· CO2 (except for Cyanides), dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Australia: 2 mg/cu m (1990); Federal Republic of Germany: 5 mg/cu m as total dust, short-term level 10 mg/cu m, 5 min, 8 times per shift (1990); Sweden: 2 mg/cu m, short-term value 5 mg/cu m, 15 min (1984); United Kingdom: 2 mg/cu m (1991).

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis. Repeated or prolonged inhalation of dust particles may cause effects on the lungs. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause nasal ulceration. This may result in perforation of the nasal septum.

Calcium oxide appears as an odorless, white or gray-white solid in the form of hard lumps. A strong irritant to skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Used in insecticides and fertilizers.

Dry Powder; Wet Solid; Other Solid; Large Crystals; CBI; Dry Powder; Large Crystals; Liquid; Dry Powder; Large Crystals; Other Solid

Odourless, hard, white or greyish white masses of granules, or white to greyish powder

White or gray, odorless lumps or granular powder; [NIOSH]

WHITE HYGROSCOPIC CRYSTALLINE POWDER.

White or gray, odorless lumps or granular powder.

Grey-white, cubic crystals

Colorless, cubic, white crystals

Crystals, white or grayish white lumps, or granular powder

Greyish-yellow, hydroscopic lumps

Odorless

5162 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

2850 °C @760 [mm Hg]

4662 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

Lime becomes incandescent when heated to near its melting point (2500 °C)

Not flammable

Reacts with water (NIOSH, 2024)

Slightly soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol. Soluble in glycerol

Reacts with water

Soluble in water forming calcium hydroxide and generating large a quantity of heat.

Soluble in acids, glycerol, sugar solution; practically insoluble in alcohol

1 g is sol in about 840 mL water and 1740 mL boiling water

Solubility in water: reaction

3.3 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

3.34 g/cu cm

Relative density (water = 1): 3.3-3.4

3.37 @25 °C

0 mmHg (approx) (NIOSH, 2024)

0 mmHg (approx)

Readily absorbs carbon dioxide and water from air, becoming airslaked.

Not flammable (USCG, 1999)

Decomposition product: calcium hydroxide.

Corrosive

SATURATED SOLN IN WATER IS ABOUT 12.8

Crumbles on exposure to moist air

Commercial grade is usually yellowish or brownish tint, due to iron

Readily absorbs CO2 and H2O from air, becoming air-slaked.

A powerful caustic to living tissue. The powdered oxide may react explosively with water.

thermal expansion coefficient

phonon wavenumber

Crumbles on exposure to moist air. Reacts with water to form corrosive calcium hydroxide, with evolution of much heat. Temperatures as high as 800 °C have been reached with addition of water (moisture in air or soil). The heat of this reaction has caused ignition of neighboring quantities of sulfur, gunpowder, wood, and straw [Mellor 3: 673 1946-47].

Bases, Strong

Water-Reactive

A base and an oxidizing agent. Neutralizes acids with generation of heat. Nonflammable, but will support combustion by liberation of oxygen, especially in the presence of organic materials. Reacts very violently with liquid hydrofluoric acid [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:129 1956]. Reacts extremely violently with phosphorus pentaoxide when reaction is initiated by local heating [Mellor 8 Supp.3:406 1971].

Addn of water to quicklime has generated temp as high as 800 °C. Some reports describe reaction as violent. Ignition of sulfur, gunpowder, wood, and straw by heat of quicklime-water reaction has been reported.

Even when cold, fluorine will attack calcium oxide, evolving much heat and some light.

Chlorine trifluoride reacts violently, producing flame, with...calcium oxide.

Liquid hydrofluoric acid and calcium oxide react very violently.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for CALCIUM OXIDE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Water (liberates heat), fluorine, ethanol [Note: Reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide.]

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Burning sensation. Cough. Shortness of breath. Sore throat.

Dry skin. Redness. Skin burns. Burning sensation. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Severe deep burns.

Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Abdominal cramps. Vomiting. Diarrhoea.

irritation eyes, skin, upper resp tract; ulcer, perforation nasal septum; pneumonitis; dermatitis

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Betel quid chewing is a general oral habit in Taiwan, India, southeastern Asian and South Africa with or without the additive of tobacco, alcohol or lime. In this study, the tumor-promoting neoplastic transformation effect of Lime-Piper betel quid (LPB) was examined on JB6 cells. The treatment of LPB at a high dose (1.0 mg/mL) for over 5 days or at lower doses (0.1, 0.5 mg/mL) for over 15 days induced the formation of transformed foci. The transformed cells showed the characteristics of colony formation in soft agar, higher growth rate and multilayer on culture dish. A two-fold induction of the protein levels of c-fos and c-jun proto-oncogenes was observed in the cells from the 50th passage (Cl1/p50, Cl2/p50 and Cl3/p50), suggesting that LPB-transformed cells were oncogenic. In addition, the LPB-transformed cells possessed an elevated level of c-Myc and an increased cell population distributed in the S phase of the cell cycle. These results demonstrated the promotion effect of LPB and indicate that it could be a tumor promoter. Lime-piper betel quid/

Static bioassays of 96 hr duration were conducted in the laboratory using fry of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), adult tubificid worm (Branchiura sowerbyi) and adult copepod plankton (Cyclops viridis) to determine LC50 values of Cu and CaO to these organisms and effects of interaction between Cu and CaO. Ninety-six hour LC(50) values of Cu to fry of common carp, worm and copepod were found to be 1.40 mg/L, 0.08 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L respectively. CaO up to 500 mg/L did not produce any mortality of the fry of common carp up to 96 hr. But 96 hr LC50 values of CaO to worm and copepod were 83.00 mg/L and 27.80 mg/L respectively. When common carp fry, worm and the copepod were exposed to respective LC50 dose of Cu in presence of varying concentration of CaO, mortality of the organisms significantly reduced and was found inversely correlated with the doses of CaO [y = 48.36-0.807x, r = -0.99 (n = 7) for fish; y = 44.46-0.146x, r = -0.97 (n = 7) for worm; y = 49.46-0.66x, r = -0.99 (n = 7) for the copepod]. The present results indicate that CaO is non-toxic to fish and is capable of reducing the toxicity of Cu to fish while CaO and Cu are antagonistic to each other for the worm and the copepod. Potential of using CaO as antitoxic agent for Cu in water is discussed.

96-hr LC50 values of cadmium (Cd) to fish Labeo rohita and the copepod Diaptomus forbesi, determined by static bioassays, were, respectively, 89.5 and 10.2 mg/L. LC50 values increased significantly when fish pre-exposed to 100-350 mg/L CaO or 0.5-1.5 mg/L KMnO4 for 4 d and the copepod to 20-70 mg/L CaO or 0.25-1.0 mg/L KMnO4 for same period. The LC50 values also increased when the pre-exposure period of CaO was increased to 12 d at concentration 100 mg/L for fish and 20 mg/L for copepod. All fish died when pre-exposed to 1.5 mg/L KMnO4 for 8 d. But LC50 values of Cd to copepod increased when pre-exposure period of 0.5 mg/L KMnO4 was increased from 4 to 8 d.

Immediate first aid: Remove patient from contact with the material. Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Inorganic Bases/Alkaline Corrosives and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 6 to 12 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize. Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Inorganic Bases/Alkaline Corrosives and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first signs of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Inorganic Bases/Alkaline Corrosives and Related Compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Industrial experience has shown calcium oxide to be very irritating to mucous membranes and moist skin as a result of local liberation of heat and dehydration of tissues upon slaking of the small size particles and the resulting alkalinity of the slaked product. Inflammation of respiratory passages and ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum have been attributed to inhalation of lime dust. Major complaints of workers exposed to lime consist of eye and skin irritation.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Calcium oxide dust irritates the eyes and upper respiratory tract primarily because of its alkalinity. Inflammation of the respiratory passages, ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum, and pneumonia have been attributed to inhalation of calcium oxide dust.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Strong nasal irritation occurred as a consequence of exposure to a mixture of dusts containing calcium oxide in the range of 25 mg/cu m ...

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Abdominal cramps. Vomiting. Diarrhoea.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CALCIUM OXIDE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Components of betel quid (BQ) have been investigated for genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and animal toxicity. However, little information exists regarding their carcinogenic characteristics. Considerable attention has already been focused on tumor promoters that occur environmentally for human uptake. In this study, the promoting effects of BQ and lime-piper additives (LPA) in BQ on epidermal hyperplasia in CD-1 mouse skin are investigated. In the present study, we found that BQ and LPA at concentrations of 25, 50,75 mg/mL caused significant induction of hyperplasia, but only LPA caused an increase of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Treatment of mouse skin with LPA caused remarkable increases in the production of H(2)O(2) by 2.41-, 3.90-, and 3.76-fold (for the above-indicated concentrations respectively); as well as marked increases of myeloperoxidase (MPO) by 1.43-, 2.70-, and 2.29-fold. Application of LPA or BQ (50,100,150 mg/mL) also caused induction of protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-alpha) and NF-kappaB. LPA exhibited more significant effect than BQ. Thus, LPA might make a major contribution to the BQ-induced expression of PKC and NF-kappaB. These results indicated that BQ has the potential of being promoting agents, and that LPA should play a major role in increasing the effects of BQ-caused skin hyperplasia and inflammation. The promoting effects of BQ and LPA on mouse skin were associated with the induction of the expressions of PKC and NF-kappaB.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In aqueous suspension the substance (Calcium oxide) react basic and have a toxic effect on fish.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ The Puchuncavi Valley in central Chile has been exposed to atmospheric depositions from a copper smelter. Nowadays, soils in the surrounding area are acidic and contaminated with Cu and As. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of lime and compost for in situ immobilization of trace elements in the soils of the Puchuncavi Valley by using earthworms as bioindicators of toxicity. The lime and compost treatments significantly increased soil pH and decreased the soluble and exchangeable Zn, exchangeable Cu, and free Cu(2+) activity. However, the compost treatment increased soluble Cu, and soluble and exchangeable As. Lime application had no effect on earthworm reproduction in comparison with the unamended control, whereas the application of compost increased cocoon and juvenile production. There was a spatial variability of soil properties within treatments in the field plots. This allowed the identification of which soil properties were actually having an impact on earthworm reproduction. For both cocoon and juvenile production, soil organic matter (SOM) was a positive factor, i.e., more SOM increased cocoon or juvenile production. The toxicity (negative) factor was total soil As. However, total Cu and total As were well correlated (R(2)=0.80, p<0.001), hence some of the trends could have been masked. In summary, compost treatment was effective in improving the quality of soils of Puchuncav Valley, increasing earthworm reproduction. Future Chilean legislation on maximum permissible concentrations of trace elements in soils should consider SOM content due to its effect on trace element solubility and bioavailability.

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of calcium oxide is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 726,694 workers (71,652 of these were female) were potentially exposed to calcium oxide in the US(1). Occupational exposure to calcium oxide may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where calcium oxide is produced or used(SRC).

During lime production, workers may be exposed to atmospheric dust, /&/ the prodn of hazardous gases ... Dust is hazard in ... manual crushing, screening, drying, packaging & loading of lime itself, to builders, plasterers, agricultural workers ... using pure lime & in use & handling of materials of which lime is a component such as basic slag, cement or calcium cyanamide.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In aqueous suspension the substance (Calcium oxide) react basic and have a toxic effect on fish.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ The Puchuncavi Valley in central Chile has been exposed to atmospheric depositions from a copper smelter. Nowadays, soils in the surrounding area are acidic and contaminated with Cu and As. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of lime and compost for in situ immobilization of trace elements in the soils of the Puchuncavi Valley by using earthworms as bioindicators of toxicity. The lime and compost treatments significantly increased soil pH and decreased the soluble and exchangeable Zn, exchangeable Cu, and free Cu(2+) activity. However, the compost treatment increased soluble Cu, and soluble and exchangeable As. Lime application had no effect on earthworm reproduction in comparison with the unamended control, whereas the application of compost increased cocoon and juvenile production. There was a spatial variability of soil properties within treatments in the field plots. This allowed the identification of which soil properties were actually having an impact on earthworm reproduction. For both cocoon and juvenile production, soil organic matter (SOM) was a positive factor, i.e., more SOM increased cocoon or juvenile production. The toxicity (negative) factor was total soil As. However, total Cu and total As were well correlated (R(2)=0.80, p<0.001), hence some of the trends could have been masked. In summary, compost treatment was effective in improving the quality of soils of Puchuncav Valley, increasing earthworm reproduction. Future Chilean legislation on maximum permissible concentrations of trace elements in soils should consider SOM content due to its effect on trace element solubility and bioavailability.

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of calcium oxide is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 726,694 workers (71,652 of these were female) were potentially exposed to calcium oxide in the US(1). Occupational exposure to calcium oxide may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where calcium oxide is produced or used(SRC).

During lime production, workers may be exposed to atmospheric dust, /&/ the prodn of hazardous gases ... Dust is hazard in ... manual crushing, screening, drying, packaging & loading of lime itself, to builders, plasterers, agricultural workers ... using pure lime & in use & handling of materials of which lime is a component such as basic slag, cement or calcium cyanamide.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

... May be disposed of in sealed containers in secured sanitary landfill.

/GUIDE 157: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE/WATER -SENSITIVE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death. Reaction with water or moist air may release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 157: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE/WATER -SENSITIVE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. For Un1796, UN1826, UN2031 at high concentrations and for UN2032, these may act as oxidizers, also consult GUIDE 140. Vapors may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars etc.). Substance may react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases and runoff. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

/GUIDE 157: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE/WATER -SENSITIVE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 157: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE/WATER -SENSITIVE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CALCIUM OXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1910; Calcium oxide

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

Corrosive

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

UN Hazard Class: 8; UN Pack Group: III