cadmium oxide

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H361fd: Suspected of damaging fertility; Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (37%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341 (100%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H361 (67.3%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H361fd (32.2%): Suspected of damaging fertility; Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (100%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 571 reports by companies from 16 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P264+P265, P273, P280, P305+P354+P338, P317, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P260, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Warning: Effects may be delayed for hours. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Cadmium Oxide Exposure: The following signs and symptoms may be noted following exposure to cadmium oxide: cough, dyspnea (shortness of breath), dry mouth or increased salivation, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bronchitis, and chest pain. Pulmonary edema may develop. Vertigo (dizziness), fever, and profuse sweating are common. Victims may collapse.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to cadmium oxide may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to cadmium oxide.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to cadmium oxide.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of cadmium oxide is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of cadmium oxide may result in sudden loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(General first aid procedures)

Breathing: Respiratory support

(Non-Specific -- Cadmium Compounds) Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Move container from fire if you can do so without risk.

(Non-Specific -- Cadmium Compounds) Extinguish with dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water fog, spray, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Cadmium compounds, NOS/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Vacuum spilled material with specialist equipment. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1) REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2) VENTILATE AREA OF RELEASE. 3) COLLECT RELEASED MATERIAL IN THE MOST CONVENIENT AND SAFE MANNER FOR RECLAMATION OR FOR DISPOSAL. ... /CADMIUM DUST/

CADMIUM DUST MAY BE DISPOSED OF IN SEALED CONTAINERS IN SECURED SANITARY /SRP: HAZARDOUS WASTE/ LANDFILL.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Cadmium/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Provide adequate ventilation

/If cadmium oxide is involved in a spill on water/: Notify local health and wildlife officials and operators of nearby water intakes.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CADMIUM OXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If dust is released in a hazardous concentration: (1) remove all ignition sources; (2) ventilate area of release; and (3) collect released material and place in sealed containers in secured sanitary landfill. (Non-Specific -- Cadmium Compounds) Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind, keep out of low areas. If pollution of water occurs, notify proper authorities. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Absorb small spills with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Small dry spills: with clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move container from spill area. Dike large spills far ahead for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Storage temperature: Ambient with open venting

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Cd in urine = 5 ug/g creatinine; Cd in blood = 5 ug/L; sampling time not critical; Monitoring in blood should be preferred during the initial year of exposure and whenever changes in the degree of exposure are suspected. [ACGIH]

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.050 [mg/m3]

1.2 [mg/m3]

6.9 [mg/m3]

Ca See Appendix A [*Note: The REL applies to all Cadmium compounds (as Cd).]

0.005 [mg/m3], as Cd, see 29 CFR 1910.1027

5 µg/m³ [2.5 µ/mg³ Action Level]

[1910.1027] TWA 0.005 mg/m3 [*Note: The PEL applies to all Cadmium compounds (as Cd).]

9 mg Cd/m3 ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

9.0 [mg/m3], as Cd

Ca [9 mg/m3 (as Cd)]

See: IDLH INDEX

0.01 [mg/m3], as Cd ( 0.002 mg/m3, as Cd, respirable fraction)

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.01 mg/cu m /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.002 mg/cu m (respirable fraction) /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: Cadmium in urine; Sampling Time: not critical; BEI: 5 ug/g creatinine. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. /Cadmium and inorganic compounds/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for CADMIUM OXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(respirable fraction): 0.002 mg/m

0.01 mg/m³, 0.02 mg/m³ (respirable particulate matter) [1990]

inhalable 0.001 mg/m

(as Cd, inhalable fraction): skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 1; germ cell mutagen group: 3A.

Acute Inhalation: 0.00003 mg/m3 (L134)

Chronic Inhalation: 0.00001 mg/m3 (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.0005 mg/kg/day (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.0001 mg/kg/day (L134)

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is irritating to the respiratory tract. May cause mechanical irritation to the eyes. Inhalation of the aerosol may cause lung oedema. Exposure far above the OEL could cause death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the kidneys and lungs. This may result in kidney impairment and tissue lesions. This substance is carcinogenic to humans.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Cadmium fume (as Cd):

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body.

Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection.

Wash skin: DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. (NIOSH, 2024)

Respirator Recommendations: At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration: /Cadmium fume (as Cd)/ [Table#3344]

Respirator Recommendations: Escape: /Cadmium fume (as Cd)/ [Table#3345]

(See OSHA respirator requirements for selected chemicals)

At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus

(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with an N100, R100, or P100 filter.

Cadmium oxide appears as brown crystals or brown amorphous powder. Used as an electroplating chemical and in the manufacture of cadmium electrodes. Is a component of silver alloys, phosphors, semiconductors, glass and ceramic glazes. Formerly used by veterinarians to kill worms and parasites. (EPA, 1998)

Dry Powder; Wet Solid; Other Solid

"Cadmium oxide (CdO) may be in the form of a white amorphous powder or as red or brown crystals: it is formed when cadmium is burned or heated." [ACGIH]

ODOURLESS BROWN CRYSTALS OR AMORPHOUS POWDER.

odorless, yellow-brown, finely divided particulate dispersed in air.

Odorless, yellow-brown, finely divided particulate dispersed in air. [Note: See listing for Cadmium dust for properties of Cd.]

Brown cubic crystals

Dark-brown, infusible powder or cubic crystals

... Yellow-brown, finely divided particulate dispersed in air. /fume/

Colorless, amorphous powder (form 1)

Odorless

2838 °F at 760 mmHg (sublimes) (NTP, 1992)

1559 °C (sublimes)

2838 °F (sublimes)

Decomposes

Greater than 2732 °F (EPA, 1998)

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in dilute acid

Slowly soluble in ammonium salts

Insoluble in alkalies

Insoluble in water

Solubility in water: none

Insoluble

8.15 crystalline form; 6.95 amorphous form (EPA, 1998)

8.15 g/cu cm

Decomposes at 950 °C; Density: 8.15 /Crystals/

Density (amorphous): 6.9 g/cm³

8.65 (metal)

8.15 @25 °C

8.15 (crystalline form)/6.95 (amorphous form)

1 mmHg at 1832 °F (EPA, 1998)

Vapor pressure: 10 mm Hg at 1149 °C; 40 mm Hg at 1257 °C; 100 mm Hg at 1341 °C; 400 mm Hg at 1484 °C.

1 Pa at 770 °C (sublimes); 10 Pa at 866 °C (sublimes); 100 Pa at 983 °C (sublimes); 1 kPa at 1128 °C (sublimes); 10 kPa at 1314 °C (sublimes); 100 kPa at 1558 °C (sublimes)

0 mmHg (approx)

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /cadmium/.

900-1000 °C (amorphous)

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 2.49 (LITHIUM)

Changes color on heating

The red-brown crystalline form is soluble in acids and alkalies.

Magnetic susceptibility of cadmium oxide is -59.2X10-6 cu cm/mol at /ambient/ temperature

Insoluble in water.

Salts, Basic

CADMIUM OXIDE reacts violently with magnesium. (NTP, 1992)

Oxides of ... Cadium ... can react explosively with Magnesium when heated.

Mixtures with magnesium explode when heated.

Not applicable

Cadmium initially binds to metallothionein and is transported to the kidney. Toxic effects are observed once the concentration of cadmium exceeds that of available metallothionein, and it has also been shown that the cadmium-metallothionein complex may be damaging. Accumulation of cadmium in the kidney results in increased excretion of vital low and high weight molecular proteins. Cadmium is a high affinity zinc analog and can interfere in its biological processes. It also binds to and activates the estrogen receptor, likely stimulating the growth of certain types of cancer cells and causing other estrogenic effects, such as reproductive dysfunction. Cadmium causes cell apoptosis by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases. (L8, A18, A19, A28)

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of cadmium and cadmium compounds. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cadmium compounds. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cadmium metal. In making the overall evaluation, the Working Group took into consideration the evidence that ionic cadmium causes genotoxic effects in a variety of types of eukaryotic cells, including human cells. Overall evaluation: Cadmium and cadmium compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Cadmium and cadmium compounds/

CLASSIFICATION: B1; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Limited evidence from occupational epidemiologic studies of cadmium is consistent across investigators and study populations. There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in rats and mice by inhalation and intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. Seven studies in rats and mice wherein cadmium salts (acetate, sulfate, chloride) were administered orally have shown no evidence of carcinogenic response. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. /Classification based on former EPA guidelines/

A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds: known to be human carcinogens. /cadmium and cadmium compounds/

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Chronic exposure to cadmium fumes can cause chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and lung diseases such as bronchitis and emphysema. Cadmium also accumulates in the kidneys, causing permanent damage. Loss of bone density also occurs. (L6)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

inhalation

Oral (L6) ; inhalation (L6) ; dermal (L6)

Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal cramps. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Vomiting.

pulmonary edema, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), cough, chest tightness, substernal (occurring beneath the sternum) pain; headache; chills, muscle aches; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; emphysema, proteinuria, anosmia (loss of the sense of smell), mild anemia; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Acute inhalation of cadmium fumes results in metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Ingestion of cadmium causes vomiting and diarrhea. (L6)

respiratory system, kidneys, blood

[prostatic & lung cancer]

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Chronic Bronchitis - Chronic bronchitis is persistent coughing and production of phlegm for at least 3 months out of the year for at least two successive years. (American Thoracic Society).

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LC50 (mice) = 250 mg/m3/2h

LD50: 72 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (L948)

LD50: 72 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (L948)

... CALCULATED LETHAL INHALATION DOSE OF CADMIUM OXIDE IN MAN TO BE 2500 MG/CU M FOR 1 MIN EXPOSURE.

LD50 Rat oral 72 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation 780 mg/cu m/10 minutes

LD50 Rat ip 12 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 72 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for CADMIUM OXIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cadmium poisoning is treated by removal from exposure and supportive care. If ingested, induced vomiting or gastric lavage may be performed. (L139)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cadmium and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Cadmium and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cadmium and Related Compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Twelve-sixteen hours after inhalation of /cadmium oxide/ fumes, /symptoms may include the following/: headache, vertigo, gastrointestinal lesions, severe pleurodynia, cough with hemoptysis, dyspnea, high temperature, severe perspiration, collapse, pneumonia. Chronic symptoms by inhalation include the following: rhinopharyngitis, malaise, ... mucosal ulceration, mucous membrane atrophy, ... insomnia, depressed appetite, nausea, and loss of weight. ... In 15-30 hours /after ingestion/, symptoms may include the following: increased salivation, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pains, diarrhea, vertigo, or unconsciousness.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Short-term exposure to moderate concentrations (200-500 ug/cu m) of freshly generated cadmium /oxide/ fume during less than 1 hour may cause symptoms similar to those of metal-fume fever, usually with a complete recovery within a few days. More intense or prolonged exposure may lead, after several hours, latency, to a chemical pneumonia and edema.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ High inhalation exposure to cadmium oxide fume results in acute pneumonitis with pulmonary edema, which may be lethal.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The chief chronic pulmonary effects of cadmium are ... centrilobular emphysema and bronchitis resulting from several years of occupational exposure to cadmium oxide fumes, cadmium oxide dust, and cadmium pigment dust.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CADMIUM OXIDE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Female Fischer 344 rats were exposed to ultrafine cadmium oxide particles, generated by spark discharging, for 6 hr at a concentration of 70 ug Cd/cu m (1 x 10+6/cu cm) (40 nm modal diameter). Lung morphology and quantification of Cd content/concentration by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-mass spectrometry were performed on days 0, 1, 4, and 7 after exposure. Cd content in the lung on day 0 was 0.53 +/- 0.12 ug/lung, corresponding to 19% of the estimated total inhaled cumulative dose, and the amount remained constant throughout the study. In the liver no significant increase of Cd content was found up to 4 days. A slight but statistically significant increase was observed in the liver on day 7. We found neither exposure-related morphological changes of lungs nor inflammatory responses in lavaged cells. Another group of rats were exposed to a higher concentration of ultrafine CdO particles (550 ug Cd/cu m for 6 hr, 51 nm modal diameter). The rats were sacrificed immediately and 1 day after exposure. The lavage study performed on day 0 showed an increase in the percentage of neutrophils. Multifocal alveolar inflammation was seen histologically on day 0 and day 1. Although the Cd content in the lung was comparable between day 0 and day 1 (3.9 ug/lung), significant elevation of Cd levels in the liver and kidneys was observed on both days. Two of 4 rats examined on day 0 showed elevation of blood cadmium, indicating systemic translocation of a fraction of deposited Cd from the lung in this group. These results and comparison with reported data using fine CdO particles indicate that inhalation of ultrafine CdO particles results in efficient deposition in the rat lung. With regard to the deposition dose, adverse health effects of ultrafine CdO and fine CdO appear to be comparable. Apparent systemic translocation of Cd took place only in animals exposed to a high concentration that induced lung injury.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ RATS WERE EXPOSED TO AEROSOL (60 UG/L FOR 30 MIN) & OBSERVED FOR 1 YR. INCR IN BLOOD PRESSURE, BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS, URINARY PROTEIN & IN INCIDENCE OF SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE DEGENERATION OBSERVED. EFFECTS OF INHALATION MAY MANIFEST IN ORGANS OTHER THAN LUNG.

Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in plants and seafood. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Cadmium content /in/: sphalerite: 0.0001-2%; greenockite: 77.8%; hawleyite: 77.8%; chalcopyrite: < 0.4-110 ppm; marcasite: < 0.3-<50 ppm; arsenopyrite: < 5 ppm; galena: < 10-3000 ppm; pyrite: < 0.06-42 ppm; pyrrhotite: trace; tetrahedrite: 80-2000 ppm; magnetite: 0-0.31 ppm; cadmium oxide: 87.5%; limonite: < 5-1000 ppm; wad and manganese oxides: < 10-1000 ppm; anglesite: 120->1000 ppm; barite: < 0.2 ppm; anhydrite and gypsum: < 0.2 ppm; calcite: < 1-23 ppm; smithsonite: 0.1-2.35%; otavite: 65.18%; pyromorphite: < 1-8 ppm; scorodite: < 1-5.8 ppm; beudantite: 100-1000 ppm; apatite: 0.14-0.15 ppm; bindheimite: 100-1000 ppm; silicates: 0.03-2.8 ppm.

Of the two basic methods of zinc production, thermal smelting and electrolytic refining, only the former releases significant emissions of cadmium(1). Cadmium emissions at a lead smelter is expected to be elemental cadmium and the oxide(2).

Liberation during smelting and refining of ores where it is a by-product of zinc, lead and copper bearing ores. Liberation during recovery of metal by processing scrap; during melting and pouring of cadmium metal; during casting of alloys for cadmium-copper, cadmium-lead, cadmium-bismuth, cadmium-silver, cadmium-nickel, cadmium-lead-silver, cadmium-lead-silver-nickel, cadmium-lead-bismuth-tin, and cadmium-gold products used for coating telephone cables, trolley wires, welding, electrodes, automatic sprinkling systems, steam boilers, fire alarms, high pressure/temperature bearings, starting switches, aircraft relays, light duty circuit breakers, low temperature solder, and jewelry. Liberation during fabrication of metal, alloys, or plated steel. Liberation during casting and use of solders; during melting of cadmium ingots for paint and pigment manufacture used for coloring of plastics and ceramic glazes, electroplating, and in chemical synthesis. Liberation during coating of metals by hot dipping or spraying. Liberation during manufacture of nickel-cadmium batteries for use in radio portable telephones, convenience appliances, and vented cells used in airplanes, helicopters, and stand-by power and lighting. /Cadmium, cadmium oxide/

BCF values of 4.2-11, 6.9-20, 57, 39 were calculated in fish for cadmium(SRC), using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed at concentrations of 50, 20, 4.0, and 1.0 ppb over an 5-week period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). It was noted that fish showed abnormalities adn died during the 6th week of exposure at th 500 ppb exposure level(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of cadmium oxide is 1 to 99; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 15,727 workers (4,850 of these were female) were potentially exposed to cadmium oxide in the US(1). Cadmium may be present as a minor component in welding materials(2) indicating a risk of occupational exposure to cadmium oxide via inhalation(SRC).

The concentrations of cadmium oxide in the pre-mould department of a smelter ranged from 0.074-0.09 mg/cu m, and 1.1 mg/cu m were found in the retort department.

CADMIUM DUST MAY BE DISPOSED OF IN SEALED CONTAINERS IN SECURED SANITARY /SRP: HAZARDOUS WASTE/ LANDFILL.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Cadmium/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Cadmium compound/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Cadmium compound/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Cadmium compound/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Cadmium compound/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CADMIUM OXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2570; Cadmium compounds

IMO 6.1; Cadmium compounds

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Severe marine pollutant.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 45-26-48/23/25-62-63-68-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61; Note: E

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III