lead dioxide

H272 (91.3%): May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H302+H332 (50.8%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332 (100%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H360 (49.2%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H360Df (50.8%): May damage the unborn child; Suspected of damaging fertility [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H373 (93%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (99.2%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P220, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P330, P370+P378, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 242 reports by companies from 27 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H272: May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P220, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H360Df: May damage the unborn child; Suspected of damaging fertility [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P280, P318, P319, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic). IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting. Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

SMALL FIRE: Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

LARGE FIRE: Flood fire area with water from a distance. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: For ammonium nitrate products: Do not fight cargo fire. Withdraw, evacuate and isolate area for at least 1600 meters (1 mile). Treat as an explosive (ERG Guide 112). Do not enter area for 24 hours or until expert advice has been provided. Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Use extinguisher suitable for surrounding fire. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for Lead(IV) Oxide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Lead is combustible in powder form when exposed to heat or flame. /Inorganic lead/

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Do not get water inside containers.

Small Dry Spill

· With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

Small Liquid Spill

· Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite or sand to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. If ammonium nitrate products are in a tank, rail car or truck and involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, initiate evacuation including emergency responders for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

· If ammonium nitrate products are in a tank, rail car or truck and involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, initiate evacuation including emergency responders for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wetbrushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil) away from spilled material. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for lead: Concentration process: Biological treatment. /Lead/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Lead(IV) Oxide (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Conversion to soluble salt, precipitation as sulfide, and return to supplier.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Lead(IV) Oxide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Lead(IV) Oxide (25 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not get water inside containers.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

SMALL LIQUID SPILL: Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite or sand to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs and incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Keep in a dry place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Oxidizing hazardous materials.

Store in a location separate from other materials, especially flammables and combustibles. ... Lead dioxide must be stored to avoid contact with oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permagnanates, chlorates and nitrates) and chemically active metals (such as potassium, sodium, magnesium and zinc), since violent reactions occur. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from combustible materials, such as wood, paper, and oil. Lead dioxide is regulated by OSHA Standard 1910.1025. All requirements of the standard must be followed.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Lead in blood = 200 ug/L (20 ug/100 ml); sampling time not critical; [ACGIH]

0.037 [mg/m3]

130 [mg/m3]

810 [mg/m3]

0.05 [mg/m3], as Pb

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m. /Lead and inorganic compounds, as Pb/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Lead and inorganic compounds, as Pb/

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Lead and inorganic compounds, as Pb/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: lead in blood; Sampling Time: not critical; BEI: 30 ug/100 mL. [Note: Women of child bearing potential, whose blood Pb exceeds 10 ug/dL, are at risk of delivering a child with a blood Pb over the current Centers for Disease Control guideline of 10 ug/dL. If the blood Pb of such children remains elevated, they may be at increased risk of cognitive deficits. The blood Pb of these children should be closely monitored and appropriate steps should be taken to minimize the child's exposure to environmental lead.] /Lead/

2016 Notice of Intended Changes (NIC): These substances, with their corresponding indices, comprise those for which (1) a BEI is proposed for the first time, (2) a change in the Adopted index is proposed, (3) retention as an NIC is proposed, or (4) withdrawal of the Documentation and adopted BEI is proposed. In each case, the proposals should be considered trial indices during the period they are on the NIC. These proposals were ratified by the ACGIH Board of Directors and will remain on the NIC for approximately one year following this ratification. If the Committee neither finds nor receives any substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC BEI, the Committee may then approve its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for adoption. If the Committee finds or receives substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC BEI, the Committee may change its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for the matter to be either retained on or withdrawn from the NIC. Chemical: Lead; Determinant: Lead in blood; Sampling Time: Not critical; BEI: 200 ug/L; Notation: None . NOTE: Women of child bearing potential, whose blood Pb exceeds 50 ug/L, are at risk of delivering a child with a blood Pb over the current u.s. Centers for Disease Control guideline of 50 ug/L. (CDC: Guidelines for the identification and management of lead exposure in pregnant and lactating women, November 2010). If the blood Pb of such children remains elevated, they may be at increased risk of cognitive deficits and other health effects. /Lead/

0.05 mg/m

(binding): 0.15 mg/m

carcinogen category: 2; germ cell mutagen group: 3A.

Chronic Inhalation: 0.05 mg/m3 (L134)

Small Fire

· Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

Large Fire

· Flood fire area with water from a distance.

· Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· For ammonium nitrate products: Do not fight cargo fire. Withdraw, evacuate and isolate area for at least 1600 meters (1 mile). Treat as an explosive (GUIDE 112). Do not enter area for 24 hours or until expert advice has been provided.

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance may have effects on the blood, bone marrow, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and kidneys. This may result in anaemia, encephalopathy (for example, convulsions), peripheral nerve disease, abdominal cramps and kidney impairment. Causes toxicity to human reproduction or development.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Lead(IV) Oxide (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NO contact with flammables. NO contact with reducing agents.

AVOID EXPOSURE OF (PREGNANT) WOMEN!

Lead dioxide appears as brown, hexagonal crystals. Insoluble in water. Used in matches, explosives, electrodes.

Other Solid; Wet Solid; Dry Powder

Brown crystals that are insoluble in water; [CAMEO]

BROWN CRYSTALS OR POWDER.

Brown, hexagonal crystals

Dark-brown powder

Brownish black crystalline powder consisting of fine crystalline flakes in either alpha- or beta-form.

554 °F (decomposes) (NTP, 1992)

290 °C, decomposition

Insoluble (NTP, 1992)

In water, <11.3 ug/L at 25 °C, pH 6-7

Insoluble in water

Soluble in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine; in dilute nitric acid in presence of hydrogen peroxide, oxalic acid, or other reducers; soluble in alkali iodide solutions with liberation of iodine; soluble in hot caustic alkali solutions

Soluble in glacial acetic acid; insoluble in alcohol

Presumably soluble in acidic gastric juice

Solubility in water: none

9.375 at 66 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

9.375 g/cu cm

9.38 g/cm³

9.64 @25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /lead/.

Lead dioxide decomposes at 290 °C. /From table/

290 °C. This produces oxygen and toxic fumes. Reacts violently with combustible substances, organic compounds, sulfur, hydrogen peroxide and phosphorus. This generates fire hazard.

Index of refraction: omega 2.3 (Li /lamp/)

An oxidizing agent

Evolves oxygen when heated, first forming Pb3O4, at high temperature, PbO.

Decomposes rather easily to the lower oxide, releasing oxygen when heated to 290 °C and above

Heat capacity: 61.5 J/mol-K at 27 °C

electron density of states

dielectric constant

electromagnetic induction

crystal structure

enthalpy

electrode potential

effective mass

Gibbs energy

positional coordinate

temperature-composition section

space group

Insoluble in water.

Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Strong Oxidizing Agent

LEAD DIOXIDE is a strong oxidizing agent. Noncombustible but accelerates the burning of combustible material. Reacts violently with hydrogen sulfide [Bretherick 1979. p. 977-978]. Ignites with hydroxylamine [Mellor 8:291. 1946-47]. Reacts violently with hydrogen peroxide [Mellor 1:937 1946-47], with phenylhydrazine [Mellor 7:637 1946-47], or with sulfuryl chloride [Mellor 10:676. 1946-47]. Reacts with incandescence with sulfur dioxide [Mellor, 1941, Vol. 7, 689]. Explodes when ground with boron or yellow phosphorus [Mellor, 1946, Vol. 5, 17]. Mixtures with sulfur and red phosphorus ignite [Mellor, 1941, Vol. 7, 689]. Reacts vigorously when heated with calcium sulfide, strontium sulfide or barium sulfide [Mellor, 1941, Vol. 3, 745].

Incompatible materials: Strong reducing agents, powdered metals

Hydrogen peroxide reacts violently with lead dioxide ... .

Lead dioxide reacts instantly and vigorously with phenyl hydrazine.

Oxidizing agents like lead dioxide ... react vigorously when heated with sulfides of the alkaline earth group.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Lead(IV) Oxide (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Lead dioxide is a dark-brown powder. It is used in electrodes in batteries; as oxidizing agent in manufacture dyes; as discharge in dyeing with indigo; manufacture rubber substitutes; with amorphous phosphorus as ignition surface for matches; pyrotechnics; manufacture pigments; in analytical chemistry. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Exposure can cause headache, irritability, and muscle and joint pain. Lead dioxide may damage the nervous system. Exposure may cause kidney and brain damage, and anemia. Repeated exposure to lead dioxide can cause lead poisoning. Symptoms include metallic taste, poor appetite, weight loss, colic, nausea, vomiting, and muscle cramps. Higher levels can cause muscle and joint pain, and weakness. High or repeated exposure may damage the nerves causing weakness, "pins and needles," and poor coordination in the arms and legs. Lead exposure increases the risk of high blood pressure. ANIMAL STUDIES: There are no data available.

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. (T4, A20, A22, L136)

There is limited evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of inorganic lead compounds. ... There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of inorganic lead compounds. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of lead acetate, lead subacetate, lead chromate, and lead phosphate. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of lead oxide and lead arsenate. ... There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of lead powder. Overall evaluation Inorganic lead compounds are probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). /Inorganic lead compounds/

CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Sufficient animal evidence. Ten rat bioassays and one mouse assay have shown statisticlly significant increases in renal tumors with dietary and subcutaneous exposure to several soluble lead salts. Animal assays provide reproducible results in several laboratories, in multiple rat strains with some evidence of multiple tumor sites. Short term studies show that lead affects gene expression. Human evidence is inadequate. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient. /Lead and Compounds (inorganic), Based on former classification system/

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Lead and and inorganic compounds, as Pb/

Lead and lead compounds are reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals. /Lead and Lead compounds/

2A, probably carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. (L21)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Oral (L136) ; inhalation (L136); dermal (L136)

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting.

Symptions of chronic lead poisoning include reduced cognitive abilities, nausea, abdominal pain, irritability, insomnia, metal taste in the mouth, excess lethargy or hyperactivity, chest pain, headache and, in extreme cases, seizures, comas, and death. There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, which are common in acute poisoning. (A2, L21)

Neurotoxin - Predominantly motor

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

LD50: 220 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Guinea pig) (T14)

LD50 Guinea pig ip 220 mg/kg

Lead poisoning is usually treated with chelation therapy using DMSA, EDTA, or dimercaprol. (L21)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Lead and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Lead and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in sereve respiratory distress. Moderate hyperventilation (20 respirations per minute) may be beneficial for increased intracranial pressure. Start IV adminitration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) TKO. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Lead and Related Compounds/

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do not make an unconscious person vomit.

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Lead(IV) Oxide (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Exposure can cause headache, irritability, and muscle and joint pain.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Lead dioxide may damage the nervous system. Exposure may cause kidney and brain damage, and anemia.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Repeated exposure to lead dioxide can cause lead poisoning. Symptoms include metallic taste, poor appetite, weight loss, colic, nausea, vomiting, and muscle cramps. Higher levels can cause muscle and joint pain, and weakness. High or repeated exposure may damage the nerves causing weakness, "pins and needles," and poor coordination in the arms and legs. Lead exposure increases the risk of high blood pressure. ... Repeated exposure can cause lead to accumulate in the body. It can take years for the body to get rid of excess lead.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Genetic Toxicology Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of May 12, 2016: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/testing/status/agents/ts-10131-s.html]

Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in plants and mammals. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Lead(IV) dioxide's production and use in the manufacture of electrodes for lead-acid batteries and in the manufacture of dyes, chemicals, matches, pyrotechnics, and liquid polysulfide elastomers may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Lead(IV) dioxide may be formed when lead is heated to high temperatures in the presence of oxygen in applications such as smelting, refining, welding and soldering. Lead(IV) dioxide occurs in nature as the mineral plattnerite. If released to air, lead(IV) dioxide will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase lead(IV) dioxide will be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, lead(IV) dioxide is not expected to leach due its low solubility. If released into water, lead(IV) dioxide should mostly precipitate out due to its low solubility. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to lead(IV) dioxide via dermal contact with consumer products containing lead(IV) dioxide. Lead(IV) dioxide solids (PbO2) can form as constituents of scales of lead corrosion products that develop in lead pipes via oxidation-reduction potential induced by residual free chlorine which can effect drinking water distribution systems. Therefore, the general population may be exposed to lead(IV) dioxide via ingestion of drinking water coming from pipes containing lead that have been exposed to chlorination processes. (SRC)

Lead(IV) dioxide occurs in nature as the mineral plattnerite(1). A plattnerite mineral sample from the Ojuela mine in Mexico assayed PbO2 99.6% and CuO 0.1%(2). Plattnerite occurs in weathered hydrothermal base-metal deposits, oxidized typically in arid climates(2). In the US, large plattnerite masses occur from the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone Co., and in the Democrat mine, Gilmore district, Lemhi Co., Idaho; from the Goodsprings district, Clark Co., and the Diamond mine, near Eureka, Eureka Co., Nevada. In the 79 mine, Gila Co., the Defiance mine, Gleeson, Cochise Co., the Glove mine, Santa Cruz Co., and elsewhere in Arizona; at the Mex-Tex mine, near Bingham, Hansonburg district, Socorro Co., and Granite Gap, San Simon district, Hidalgo Co., New Mexico(2).

Lead(IV) dioxide's production and use in the manufacture of electrodes for lead-acid batteries and in the manufacture of dyes, chemicals, matches, pyrotechnics, and liquid polysulfide elastomers(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Lead oxides (monoxide, dioxide, tetroxide) may also be formed when lead is heated to high temperatures in the presence of oxygen(3,4). Therefore smelting and refining of lead as well as welding and soldering are potential sources of lead(IV) dioxide emissions(SRC).

Lead(IV) dioxide solids (PbO2) can form as constituents of scales of lead corrosion products that develop in lead pipes via oxidation-reduction potential induced by residual free chlorine which can effect drinking water distribution systems(1). The natural formation of PbO2 in lead service lines for water distribution is a "corrosion" control occurrence(2).[(1) Wang Y et al; Lead(IV) Oxide Formation and Stability in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Lead in urban air occurs as ... lead dioxide particles derived from tetraethyl /Lead/ ...

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Lead(IV) dioxide is not expected to leach in soil because of its low solubility(SRC). The downward movement of inorganic lead compounds from soil to groundwater by leaching is very slow under most natural conditions(1).

AQUATIC FATE: If released into water, lead(IV) dioxide should mostly precipitate out due to its low solubility. (SRC)

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: In the atmosphere, non-organic compounds of lead exist primarily in the particulate form and, therefore, lead(IV) dioxide is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Upon release to the atmosphere, lead particles are dispersed and ultimately removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition(1).

Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in plants and mammals. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Lead(IV) dioxide's production and use in the manufacture of electrodes for lead-acid batteries and in the manufacture of dyes, chemicals, matches, pyrotechnics, and liquid polysulfide elastomers may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Lead(IV) dioxide may be formed when lead is heated to high temperatures in the presence of oxygen in applications such as smelting, refining, welding and soldering. Lead(IV) dioxide occurs in nature as the mineral plattnerite. If released to air, lead(IV) dioxide will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase lead(IV) dioxide will be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, lead(IV) dioxide is not expected to leach due its low solubility. If released into water, lead(IV) dioxide should mostly precipitate out due to its low solubility. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to lead(IV) dioxide via dermal contact with consumer products containing lead(IV) dioxide. Lead(IV) dioxide solids (PbO2) can form as constituents of scales of lead corrosion products that develop in lead pipes via oxidation-reduction potential induced by residual free chlorine which can effect drinking water distribution systems. Therefore, the general population may be exposed to lead(IV) dioxide via ingestion of drinking water coming from pipes containing lead that have been exposed to chlorination processes. (SRC)

Lead(IV) dioxide occurs in nature as the mineral plattnerite(1). A plattnerite mineral sample from the Ojuela mine in Mexico assayed PbO2 99.6% and CuO 0.1%(2). Plattnerite occurs in weathered hydrothermal base-metal deposits, oxidized typically in arid climates(2). In the US, large plattnerite masses occur from the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone Co., and in the Democrat mine, Gilmore district, Lemhi Co., Idaho; from the Goodsprings district, Clark Co., and the Diamond mine, near Eureka, Eureka Co., Nevada. In the 79 mine, Gila Co., the Defiance mine, Gleeson, Cochise Co., the Glove mine, Santa Cruz Co., and elsewhere in Arizona; at the Mex-Tex mine, near Bingham, Hansonburg district, Socorro Co., and Granite Gap, San Simon district, Hidalgo Co., New Mexico(2).

Lead(IV) dioxide's production and use in the manufacture of electrodes for lead-acid batteries and in the manufacture of dyes, chemicals, matches, pyrotechnics, and liquid polysulfide elastomers(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Lead oxides (monoxide, dioxide, tetroxide) may also be formed when lead is heated to high temperatures in the presence of oxygen(3,4). Therefore smelting and refining of lead as well as welding and soldering are potential sources of lead(IV) dioxide emissions(SRC).

Lead(IV) dioxide solids (PbO2) can form as constituents of scales of lead corrosion products that develop in lead pipes via oxidation-reduction potential induced by residual free chlorine which can effect drinking water distribution systems(1). The natural formation of PbO2 in lead service lines for water distribution is a "corrosion" control occurrence(2).[(1) Wang Y et al; Lead(IV) Oxide Formation and Stability in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Lead in urban air occurs as ... lead dioxide particles derived from tetraethyl /Lead/ ...

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Lead(IV) dioxide is not expected to leach in soil because of its low solubility(SRC). The downward movement of inorganic lead compounds from soil to groundwater by leaching is very slow under most natural conditions(1).

AQUATIC FATE: If released into water, lead(IV) dioxide should mostly precipitate out due to its low solubility. (SRC)

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: In the atmosphere, non-organic compounds of lead exist primarily in the particulate form and, therefore, lead(IV) dioxide is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Upon release to the atmosphere, lead particles are dispersed and ultimately removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition(1).

Bioaccumulation of lead(IV) dioxide may occur in plants and in mammals(1).

The downward movement of inorganic lead compounds from soil to groundwater by leaching is very slow under most natural conditions(1). /Lead compounds/

Evaporation of lead(IV) dioxide at 20 °C is negligible(1).

Lead (IV)dioxide has been detected in coal combustion flue gas emissions(1); if the combustion temperature reaches 1800K, lead(IV) dioxide becomes the predominant lead compound in the particulate phase(1).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 5 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of lead(IV) dioxide (1309-60-0) in the United States may be as low as 10-24 workers and as high as 500-999 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

Occupational exposure to lead(IV) dioxide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where lead(IV) dioxide is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to lead(IV) dioxide via dermal contact with consumer products containing lead(IV) dioxide(SRC). Lead(IV) dioxide solids (PbO2) can form as constituents of scales of lead corrosion products that develop in lead pipes via oxidation-reduction potential induced by residual free chlorine which can effect drinking water distribution systems(1). Therefore, the general population may be exposed to lead(IV) dioxide via ingestion of drinking water coming from pipes containing lead that have been exposed to chlorination processes(SRC).[(1) Wang Y et al; Lead(IV) Oxide Formation and Stability in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Conversion to soluble salt, precipitation as sulfide, and return to supplier.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Lead(IV) Oxide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 141 OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. May explode from heat or contamination. Some may burn rapidly. Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.

/GUIDE 141 OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Health: Toxic by ingestion. Inhalation of dust is toxic. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 141 OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 141 OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Lead(IV) Oxide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1872; Lead dioxide

IMO 5.1; Lead dioxide

49 187 79; Lead peroxide, ground, dry (lead peroxide)

49 187 80; Lead peroxide, paste (lead peroxide)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Lead dioxide is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Lead dioxide is included on the dangerous goods list.

Oxidizer

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 61-20/22-33-62-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61; Note: A, E

UN Hazard Class: 5.1; UN Pack Group: III