sodiumhydroxide

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (4 of 6949) of reports.

H290 (47.5%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

H314 (> 99.9%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H315 (36.5%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (44.1%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H319 (36.6%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P234, P260, P264, P264+P265, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P363, P390, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 6949 reports by companies from 80 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 4 of 6949 reports by companies.

There are 79 notifications provided by 6945 of 6949 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H290 (100%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (100%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P234, P260, P264, P264+P265, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P363, P390, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P321, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P260, P261, P264, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P319, P321, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower for at least 15 minutes. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. If within a few minutes after ingestion, one small glass of water may be given to drink. Refer immediately for medical attention.

(Act quickly)

EYES: flush with water at once for at least 15 min.

SKIN: flush with water, then rinse with dilute vinegar (acetic acid).

INGESTION: give water and milk. Do NOT induce vomiting. Call physician at once, even when injury seems to be slight. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Sodium hydroxide:

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: WATER FLUSH IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered plastic containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

On/in soil (solid): Construct barriers to convert or divert to impervious surface. Promptly shovel into steel containers.

Soil, Liquid: Absorb small amounts of spill with sand, vermiculite or other inert absorbant material; Shovel into steel containers. May also remove material with vacuum equipment.

Environment considerations - Land spill:: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash of cement powder.

Environmental considerations - Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Neutralize with dilute acid.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for SODIUM HYDROXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Following neutralization either at the spill site or at a waste management facility, the resultant sludge can be disposed of in a secure landfill.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Put into large vessel containing water. Neutralize with HCL /hydrochloric acid/. Discharge into the sewer with sufficient water. Recommendable methods: Neutralization & discharge to sewer. Peer review: Dilute greatly (< pH 9) before discharge. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Nickel is the preferred metal for handling caustic soda at all concentrations and temperatures. However, the high cost and limited availability of nickel precludes its use for most applications. Mild steel is adequate for almost all caustic-handling applications. Plastics and plastic-lined steel are now available as construction materials. Fiberglass reinforced plastic tanks of Derakane vinyl ester resin are suitable for many applications. Polypropane is commonly used for lining pipe for protection against mechanical damage.

Any dilutions of caustic from concentrations greater than 25% should be done cautiously.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for SODIUM HYDROXIDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs, strong acids and metals. Store only in original container. Dry. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

CONTAINERS SHOULD BE STORED IN ROOMS WITH TRAPPED FLOOR DRAINS TOWARDS WHICH FLOORS SHOULD BE SLANTED. WHERE FLOOR DRAINS ARE NOT PROVIDED, CURBS OR DRAINED GUTTER, COVERED WITH ... GRILL, SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED @ DOOR OPENINGS.

Volumetric sodium hydroxide soln used in laboratory must be protected from air to avoid formation of carbonate.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from organic and oxidizing materials, acids, metal powders. Immediately remove and properly dispose of any spilled material.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.50 [mg/m3]

5.0 [mg/m3]

50 [mg/m3]

C 2 mg/m3

2.0 [mg/m3]

TWA 2 mg/m3 See Appendix G

10 mg/m3 [From NPG: Sodium hydroxide] (NIOSH, 2024)

10 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

10.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: Workplace concentrations ranging from 2 to 8 mg/m3 have been associated with irritation of the respiratory system [Ott et al. 1977].

10 mg/cu m

10 mg/m³

10 mg/m3

See: 1310732

Ceiling Limit: 2 mg/cu m.

2 mg/m³ [1992]

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

ERPG-1: 0.5 mg/m3 - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or objectionable odor [AIHA]

ERPG-2: 5 mg/m3 - one hour exposure limit: 2 = impaired ability to take protective action [AIHA]

ERPG-3: 50 mg/m3 - one hour exposure limit: 3 = life threatening health effects [AIHA]

Australia: 2 mg/cu m, peak limitation (1990); Federal Republic of Germany: 2 mg/cu m, short-term level 4 mg/cu m, 5 min, 8 times per shift (1990); Sweden: 2 mg/cu m ceiling (1990); United Kingdom: 10 min STEL 2 mg/cu m (1991)

Emergency Response Planning Guidlines (ERPGs) for sodium hydroxide: [Table#880]

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis.

Residues of sodium hydroxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: neutralizer. Limit: none.

Sodium hydroxide solution appears as a colorless liquid. More dense than water. Contact may severely irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Toxic by ingestion. Corrosive to metals and tissue.

Sodium hydroxide, solid appears as a white solid. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Used in chemical manufacturing, petroleum refining, cleaning compounds, drain cleaners.

Other Solid; Dry Powder; Liquid; Other Solid; CBI; Large Crystals; Dry Powder; Liquid; Large Crystals; Liquid; Liquid

White or nearly white pellets, flakes, sticks, fused masses or other forms. Solutions are clear or slightly turbid, colourless or slightly coloured, strongly caustic and hygroscopic and when exposed to the air they absorb carbon dioxide, forming sodium carbonate

Colorless to white, odorless solid (flakes, beads, granular form); [NIOSH] Deliquescent; [CHEMINFO]

WHITE HYGROSCOPIC SOLID IN VARIOUS FORMS.

Colorless to white, odorless solid (flakes, beads, granular form).

White, orthogonal crystals

Colorless to white ... solid (flakes, beads, granular form).

Brittle, white, translucent crystalline solid

... Odorless ...

Detection - the minimum physical intensity detection by a subject where he or she is not required to identify the stimulus but just detect the existence of the stimulus - in water: 8.00X10-3 mol/L.

greater than 266 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

Very high (USCG, 1999)

1388 °C @760 [mm Hg]

604 °F (USCG, 1999)

111 % (NIOSH, 2024)

easily soluble in cold water, hot water

Very soluble in water. Freely soluble in ethanol

1 g dissolves in 7.2 mL absolute alcohol, 4.2 mL methanol; also soluble in glycerol

1 g dissolves in 0.9 mL water, 0.3 mL boiling water

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 109 (very good)

1.5 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

2.13 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

2.13 g/cu cm 25 °C

70-73 % solution: MP 62 °C; Density = 2.0 at 15.5 °C

2.1 g/cm³

2.13 @25 °C

0 mmHg (approx) (NIOSH, 2024)

VP: 1 Pa at 513 °C; 10 Pa at 605 °C; 100 Pa at 722 °C; 1kPa at 874 °C; 10 kPa at 1080 °C; 100 kPa at 1377 °C

1.82X10-21 mm Hg at 25 °C /extrapolated/

0 mmHg (approx)

CONTAINERS OF LYE MUST BE TIGHTLY CLOSED TO PREVENT CONVERSION TO SODIUM CARBONATE BY CARBON DIOXIDE OF AIR.

Not flammable (USCG, 1999)

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /sodium oxide/.

4.0 cP at 350 °C

Very corrosive (caustic) to ... aluminum metal in presence of moisture

SRP4: Non-combustible

175 kJ/mol at 1388 °C

Strongly alkaline (1 % solution)

Slowly absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to give solid products as crusts or precipitates. Water soluble. Dilution with water liberates heat, possibly enough to cause local boiling and spattering.

Soluble in water. Dissolution can liberate enough heat to cause steaming and spattering and ignite adjacent combustible material [Haz. Chem. Data 1966].

Bases, Strong

Water and Aqueous Solutions

Water-Reactive

CSL00077

METHANOL + 5-METHYLISOXAZOLE + SODIUM HYDROXIDE

potentially explosive

Explosive

User-Reported

CSL00112

ACETONITRILE + SODIUM HYDROXIDE

Acetonitrile can be hydrolyzed exothermally in the presence of strong aqueous base, such as NaOH or KOH, starting at ~60oC. The reaction can potentially escalate into a runaway reaction if the generated heat is not removed (such as during a loss of cooling incident).

CSL00125

FORMALDEHYDE + SODIUM HYDROXIDE

Formaldehyde, sodium hydroxide hazard

Explosive,Flammable

ALDEHYDE

oxidation

solutions of organic acid sodium salts that contains residual formaldehyde, as result, they did generate hydrogen gas in a steady fashion, and if stored in a confined space, it would be possible to exceed the lower explosive limit

CSL00162

Phenol + Formaldehyde + Sodium hydroxide

Reaction with Sodium hydroxide resulted in a runaway reaction and an explosion.

Not Available

User Reported

04/22/2022

04/21/2022

CSL00206

(SP-4-1)-[29H,31H-Phthalocyanine-2,9,16,23-tetracarboxamidato(2-)-κN29,κN30,κN31,κN32]zinc + Zincate(4-), [29H,31H-phthalocyanine-2,9,16,23-tetracarboxylato(6-)-κN29,κN30,κN31,κN32]-, hydrogen (1:4), (SP-4-1)- + Trimellitic anhydride + Urea + Zinc acetate + Ammonium chloride + Ammonium molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24) + Sodium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid

"An explosion accident occurred when synthesizing Zn(II)-2,9,16,23-tetracarboxyphthalocyanine from trimellitic anhydride, urea, and zinc acetate. In this work, we discuss the direct causes of this explosion by investigating the thermal stability of the reaction with differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, four factors leading to explosions in closed systems have been summarized, including vessel damage, system volume reduction, increasing temperature, and gas generation. Finally, we propose technical and managerial measures for preventing explosions in a closed system, aiming to help scientific researchers prevent potential explosion accidents in academic laboratories." (abstract of paper)

Explosive,Gas Emitter

Medium (up to 100g)

10.1021/acs.chas.9b00028

Literature Reference

10/22/2022

SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION refers to an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. Strongly basic. Reacts rapidly and exothermically with organic and inorganic acids, with organic and inorganic acid anhydrides, including oxides of nonmetals such as sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, phosphorus trioxide, phosphorus pentaoxide, and with organic and inorganic acid chlorides. May react explosively with maleic anhydride [MCA Case History 622 1960]. Attacks aluminum and zinc with evolution of hydrogen, a flammable gas. May initiate polymerization in polymerizable organic materials: a violent polymerization results if acetaldehyde contacts alkaline materials such as sodium hydroxide; an extremely violent polymerization results from contact of acrolein with alkaline materials such as sodium hydroxide [Chem. Safety Data Sheet SD-85 1961]. A violent explosion resulted when a quantity of pentol was accidentally brought in contact with a caustic cleaning solution chemically similar to aqueous sodium hydroxide [MCA Case History 363 1964]. Aqueous solutions of reducing sugars other than sucrose, when heated (above 84 °C.), evolve toxic levels of carbon monoxide in the presence of alkalis or alkaline salts, such as sodium phosphate (also potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, etc.) [Bretherick 5th ed. 1995]. Hot and/or concentrated NaOH can cause hydroquinone to decompose exothermically at elevated temperature. (NFPA Pub. 491M, 1975, 385)

SODIUM HYDROXIDE (Caustic Soda) is a strong base. Reacts rapidly and exothermically with acids, both organic and inorganic. Readily absorbs moisture from the air to give caustic semi-solids that attack aluminum and zinc with the evolution of flammable hydrogen gas. Catalyzes the polymerization of acetaldehyde and other polymerizable compounds; these reactions can occur violently, for example, acrolein polymerizes with extreme violence when put in contact with alkaline materials such as sodium hydroxide [Chem. Safety Data Sheet SD-85 1961]. Reacts with great violence with phosphorus pentaoxide when initiated by local heating [Mellor 8 Supp.3:406 1971]. Contact (as a drying agent) with tetrahydrofuran, which often contains peroxides, may be hazardous---explosions have occurred in such a use of the chemically similar potassium hydroxide [NSC Newsletter Chem. Soc. 1967]. Mixing with any of the following substances in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase: glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acrolein, chlorohydrin, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylene cyanohydrin, glyoxal, hydrochloric acid (36%), hydrofluoric acid (48.7%), nitric acid (70%), oleum, propiolactone, sulfuric acid (96%) [NFPA 1991]. Accidental contact between a caustic cleaning solution (probably containing sodium hydroxide) and Pentol caused a violent explosion. [MCA Case History 363(1964)]. Heating with a mixture of methyl alcohol and trichlorobenzene during an attempted synthesis led to a sudden increase in pressure and an explosion [MCA Guide for Safety Appendix 3 1972]. Hot and/or concentrated NaOH can cause hydroquinone to decompose exothermically at elevated temperature. (NFPA Pub. 491M, 1975, 385)

GENERATES CONSIDERABLE HEAT WHEN ... SOLN IS MIXED WITH ACID.

CRUDE HYDROQUINONE WAS PUMPED INTO SODIUM HYDROXIDE STORAGE TANK BY MISTAKE. THE HYDROQUINONE LIQUOR AT 85 °C DECOMP RAPIDLY IN THE PRESENCE OF THE SODIUM HYDROXIDE RESULTING IN OVERFLOW OF TANK & EVOLUTION OF CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF HEAT.

Much heat is evolved when the solid material is dissolved in water. Therefore, cold water and caution must be used for this process.

The CIR Expert Panel concluded that ... Sodium Hydroxide is safe in hair straighteners and depilatories under conditions of recommended use; users should minimize skin contact.  These ingredients are safe for all other present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment when formulated to be nonirritating.

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

Serious local effects by all routes of exposure.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Sore throat. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath.

Redness. Pain. Serious skin burns. Blisters.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Severe burns.

Abdominal pain. Burns in mouth and throat. Burning sensation in the throat and chest. Nausea. Vomiting. Shock or collapse.

irritation eyes, skin, mucous membrane; pneumonitis; eye, skin burns; temporary loss of hair

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LD50 Rabbit dermal 1,350 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 140-340 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 40 mg/kg

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of erythropoietin on the acute phase of esophageal burn damage induced by sodium hydroxide. A standard esophageal alkaline burn was produced by the application of 10% sodium hydroxide to the distal esophagus in an in vivo rat model. Fifty-six female rats were allocated into three groups: Group BC (baseline control, n = 8) rats were uninjured and untreated, Group PC (positive control, n = 24) rats were injured but untreated and Group EPO (erythropoietin-treated, n = 24) rats were injured and given subcutaneous erythropoietin (1,000 IU/kg per day), 15 min, 24, and 48 hr after administration of the NaOH solution. Six animals from Group PC and six from Group EPO were killed at 4, 24, 48, and 72 hr after application of NaOH to the esophagus. All of animals in Group BC were killed 4 hr after exposure to 0.9% NaCl. Oxidative damage was assessed by measuring levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in homogenized samples of esophageal tissue. Histologic damage to esophageal tissue was scored by a single pathologist blind to groups. MDA levels in the BC and EPO groups were significantly lower than those in the PC group (p < 0.05). CAT and SOD activities, and NO levels in the BC and EPO groups were significantly higher than in the PC group (p < 0.05). Esophageal tissue damage measured at 4, 24, 48, and 72 hr after NaOH application was significantly less in the EPO group than in the PC group (p < 0.05). When administered early after an esophageal burn induced by 10% sodium hydroxide in this rat model, erythropoietin significantly attenuated oxidative damage, as measured by biochemical markers and histologic scoring.

SRP4: Interacts with acid salts to form bases.

... Esophageal burns were induced in male rats by the administration of 10% sodium hydroxide. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) products were then measured at the following times: 0, 1, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hr after treatment. Tissue hydroxyproline (HP) concentrations in the injured area were assessed at 14 days after the administration of sodium hydroxide. The groups received either systemic melatonin or normal saline. There were two, non-ischemic, sham control groups treated with or without melatonin. LPO products, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyalkenal (4-HDA), increased immediately after the administration of sodium hydroxide; this indicates the participation of free radicals in the development of damage. Melatonin diminished the oxidative response and the amount of HP in the late phase of the lesion. Melatonin reduced oxidative damage in the early phase of the esophageal burns induced by sodium hydroxide.

/SRP: Experimental/ The gastric damaging effects of necrotizing concn of sodium hydroxide were strongly reduced by paracetamol. ... Paracetamol might be protective by stimulating the biosynthesis of prostaglandins in the stomach wall.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for SODIUM HYDROXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/EXPERIMENTAL/ An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of erythropoietin on the acute phase of esophageal burn damage induced by sodium hydroxide. A standard esophageal alkaline burn was produced by the application of 10% sodium hydroxide to the distal esophagus in an in vivo rat model. Fifty-six female rats were allocated into three groups: Group BC (baseline control, n = 8) rats were uninjured and untreated, Group PC (positive control, n = 24) rats were injured but untreated and Group EPO (erythropoietin-treated, n = 24) rats were injured and given subcutaneous erythropoietin (1,000 IU/kg per day), 15 min, 24, and 48 hr after administration of the NaOH solution. Six animals from Group PC and six from Group EPO were killed at 4, 24, 48, and 72 hr after application of NaOH to the esophagus. All of animals in Group BC were killed 4 hr after exposure to 0.9% NaCl. Oxidative damage was assessed by measuring levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in homogenized samples of esophageal tissue. Histologic damage to esophageal tissue was scored by a single pathologist blind to groups. MDA levels in the BC and EPO groups were significantly lower than those in the PC group (p < 0.05). CAT and SOD activities, and NO levels in the BC and EPO groups were significantly higher than in the PC group (p < 0.05). Esophageal tissue damage measured at 4, 24, 48, and 72 hr after NaOH application was significantly less in the EPO group than in the PC group (p < 0.05). When administered early after an esophageal burn induced by 10% sodium hydroxide in this rat model, erythropoietin significantly attenuated oxidative damage, as measured by biochemical markers and histologic scoring.

/EXPERIMENTAL/ ... Esophageal burns were induced in male rats by the administration of 10% sodium hydroxide. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) products were then measured at the following times: 0, 1, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hr after treatment. Tissue hydroxyproline (HP) concentrations in the injured area were assessed at 14 days after the administration of sodium hydroxide. The groups received either systemic melatonin or normal saline. There were two, non-ischemic, sham control groups treated with or without melatonin. LPO products, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyalkenal (4-HDA), increased immediately after the administration of sodium hydroxide; this indicates the participation of free radicals in the development of damage. Melatonin diminished the oxidative response and the amount of HP in the late phase of the lesion. Melatonin reduced oxidative damage in the early phase of the esophageal burns induced by sodium hydroxide.

When caustic soda comes into contact with the skin it does not usually cause immediate pain, but it does start to cause immediate damage. It fails to coagulate protein which would serve to prevent further penetration. Thus, upon contact with eyes, washing with water must be started within 10 seconds and continued for at least 15 minutes to prevent permanent injury. Following contact with skin, washing with water must be started immediately to prevent corrosive chemical burns.

/SRP: Experimental/ Alkali-burned corneas were treated with 2% ascorbic acid. Topical applications and subconjunctival injections were given for 32 days. Treatment with ascorbic acid significantly decreased the incidence of corneal ulcerations and perforations compared to the control group that received the vehicle. These results confirm previous studies and strongly suggest that ascorbic acid presents a potential for use in the alkali-burned human eye.

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for SODIUM HYDROXIDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The skin, eyes, and respiratory tract should receive special attention in any placement or periodic examination. NIOSH recommends that workers subject to sodium hydroxide exposure have comprehensive preplacement medical examinations. Medical examinations shall be made available promptly to all workers with signs or symptoms of skin, eye, or upper respiratory tract irritation resulting from exposure to sodium hydoxide.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Esophageal motor function in 21 children (7.5 +/- 2.9 years) with caustic strictures /was assessed/. /All patients had ingested sodium hydroxide./ Esophageal manometry was performed using a water-infusion system interfaced with a polygraph and displayed on a computer screen. The data were compared with those obtained from 9 healthy children. Radionuclide transit was determined by studying deglutition of a single bolus of (99m)Tc-pertechnetate in 10 mL of water. Non-peristaltic low-amplitude and long-duration waves were the most common findings detected in patients with strictures longer than 20% of esophageal length (N = 11). Compared with the control group, these patients presented lower mean amplitude and longer mean duration of waves (24.4 +/- 11.2 vs 97.9 +/- 23.7 mmHg, P < 0.05, and 6.7 +/- 2.4 vs 1.6 +/- 0.1 s, P < 0.05, respectively). Six patients presented low-amplitude waves just below the constricted site. Ten children presented delayed esophageal transit. There was an association between dysphagia and abnormalities on manometry (P = 0.02) and between symptoms and scintigraphy data (P = 0.01). Dysphagia in caustic strictures is due to esophageal motility abnormalities, which are closely related to the scarred segment.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... The irritant effects and barrier disruption properties of ... sodium hydroxide (NaOH), particularly in combination with an anionic detergent, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) /were quantified/. In a tandem repeated irritation test, the irritants were applied for 30 min twice daily for 4 days to the skin of the mid-back of 19 healthy volunteers of both sexes. ... Used bioengineering techniques for measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin colour reflectance, as well as visual scoring. ... NaOH induced a strong reaction when applied occlusively and nonocclusively as well as in combination with SLS, with an early onset of the inflammatory signs, leading to discontinuation of the application on the third day in most of the test fields. Notably, the irritant effect of NaOH was not as marked when applied sequentially with SLS.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A human skin irritation test with 0.5 % NaOH was performed using exposure periods of 15, 30 and 60 min. The treatment sites were assessed 24, 48 and 72 hr after patch removal. The results showed that after a maximum exposure of 60 min, 61 % of the volunteers (20 of 33) showed a positive skin irritation reaction.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A NaOH concentration of 0.5 % was tested within an interlaboratory evaluation of a human patch test for the identification of skin irritation hazard /after 1 hr exposure/. A 25 mm Plain Hill Top Chamber containing a Webril pad was used and the treatment sites were assessed for irritation using a four-point scale at 24, 48 and 72 hr after initiation of exposure. NaOH 0.5 % was irritating for 55 % of the volunteers.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM HYDROXIDE (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Enucleated bovine and porcine (n = 59 each) eyes were used for exposure to sodium, ammonium, and calcium hydroxide, respectively, /in three different concentrations 11 M, 6 M, or 0.25 M and were splashed onto the eye using a syringe. Approximately 5 mL each alkali solution was splashed onto the fully exposed cornea, ensuring that the entire cornea was covered. Each assigned to a predesignated time interval (30 sec, 60 sec, 12 min, 30 min, 8 hr, and 24 hr) for exposure and were immediately washed in water./ Eyes were subjected to fluorescein staining, 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) labeling. Excised cornea was subjected to protein extraction, spectrophotometric determination of protein amount, dynamic light scattering and SDS-PAGE profiling, mass spectrometric protein identification, and iTRAQ-labeled quantification. Select identified proteins were subjected to Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Alkali exposure resulted in lower protein extractability from corneal tissue. Elevated aggregate formation was found with strong alkali exposure (sodium hydroxide>ammonium, calcium hydroxide), even with a short duration of exposure compared with controls. The protein yield after exposure varied as a function of post exposure time. Protein profiles changed because of alkali exposure. Concentration and strength of the alkali affected the profile change significantly. Mass spectrometry identified 15 proteins from different bands with relative quantification. Plexin D1 was identified for the first time in the cornea at a protein level that was further confirmed by Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Exposure to alkaline chemicals results in predictable and reproducible changes in corneal protein profile. Stronger alkali, longer durations, or both, of exposure resulted in lower yields and significant protein profile changes compared with controls.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Keratin material in the skin underwent rapid decomposition in sodium hydroxide above pH 9.2. Aliquots of washed human hair and fingernails were mixed with various amounts of sodium solution and the extent of keratin breakdown was measured by estimating the cystine produced. The cystine portion of the keratin complex of human hair or nails was readily cleaved by sodium hydroxide in the S-S bond. After 20 hr of contact with 0.1N or 0.25N sodium hydroxide, 61.4% and 97.6%, respectively, of the nail keratin were decomposed. Thus, a high degree of destruction of tissue even by a dilute sodium hydroxide solution can occur from prolonged contact.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The objective of this study was/ to investigate immediate changes in water-soluble metabolites of ocular tissue in alkali-burned eyes by using high-resolution 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Adult New Zealand rabbit eyes were burned with 1 M NaOH for 1 min. Normal eyes were used as control. Samples from aqueous humor and perchloric acid extracts of the cornea and lens were analyzed on a NMR spectrometer operating at 500 MHz for protons. Metabolites were quantified by comparing peak area with an added internal standard, TSP (3'-trimethylsilylpropinate-2,2,3,3-d4). Alkali burn of corneal surface causes immediate changes in concentration of many water-soluble metabolites in the anterior segment. Even as far away as the lens a significant increase in lactate was found. Cornea showed a significant increase in glucose and a significant decrease in hypo-taurine concentration. Most changes were observed in aqueous humor, with significant increases in succinate, creatine, scyllo- and myo-inositol and a significant decrease in citrate concentration. Furthermore, a small decrease in ascorbate concentration in aqueous humor was observed.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... To study morphological and functional alterations of the esophagus in rabbits submitted to esophageal infusion of caustic soda (NaOH). The 88 rabbits studied were divided into 4 groups: G1 (n=22) were submitted to esophageal infusion with distilled water. G2, G3, and G4 were submitted to esophageal infusion of 2%, 4% and 6% NaOH respectively. Morphological alterations were studied in 12 animals from each group and manometric alterations in the remaining 10. An analysis was made of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, number and amplitude of contractions in the distal third of the esophagus. These studies were performed before (moment M1) and at 30 min, 6 hr, and 24 hr after (moments M2, M3, and M4, respectively) esophageal infusion. Morphological evaluation: G1 - no alterations; G2 - edema, hyperemia, and ecdysis; G3 - enlarged calibre of esophagus, ulcers, ecdysis of mucosa; G4 - lesions similar to G3, but more intense, areas of extensive hemorrhage at M3 and M4. Functional evaluation: LES was higher at M2; the number of distal third lower esophageal contractions in G3, and G4 was lower; and the contraction amplitude was lower in G4. ... Esophageal infusion with NaOH caused lesions in the esophageal wall, with gravity proportional to solution concentration. Infusion caused LES spasm at M2, and reduced both contraction number and amplitude in the distal third of the esophagus.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM HYDROXIDE (27 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EC50; Species: Ceriodaphnia dubia (Water Flea) age <24 hr neonate; Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C; Concentration: 40380 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 34590-47130 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /100% purity/

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (Goldfish); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 160000 ug/L for 24 hr

LC100; Species: Cyprinus carpio; Concentration: 180 ppm for 24 hr at 25 °C /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Poecilia reticulata (Guppy) age 3-4 week young organisms; Conditions: saltwater, renewal, 24 °C, pH >9.8-<10.0, salinity 2.8%, dissolved oxygen > or =70% saturated; Concentration: 209000 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 153000-286000 ug/L) /98.6% purity/

EC50; Species: Ceriodaphnia dubia (Water Flea) age <24 hr neonate; Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C; Concentration: 40380 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 34590-47130 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /100% purity/

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (Goldfish); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 160000 ug/L for 24 hr

LC100; Species: Cyprinus carpio; Concentration: 180 ppm for 24 hr at 25 °C /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Poecilia reticulata (Guppy) age 3-4 week young organisms; Conditions: saltwater, renewal, 24 °C, pH >9.8-<10.0, salinity 2.8%, dissolved oxygen > or =70% saturated; Concentration: 209000 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 153000-286000 ug/L) /98.6% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for SODIUM HYDROXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Concentration 20-100 mg/L in water kills some species of aquatic wildlife due to increase in pH.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Chronic exposure of guppies to sodium hydroxide (> or =25 mg/L) decreased their survival rate and weight gain, and caused either late or premature sexual maturity resulting in decreased fertility.

This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to aquatic organisms.

AQUATIC FATE: In the case of a solid, anhydrous sodium hydroxide spill on soil, ground water pollution will occur if precipitation occurs prior to clean up. Precipitation will dissolve some of the solid (with much heat given off) and create an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, which then would be able to infiltrate the soil. However, prediction of the concentration and properties of the solution produced would be difficult.

BOD: none

GROUNDWATER: Sodium hydroxide was identified as a chemical of concern in wells associated with the Pavilion Area Groundwater Plume in Pavilion Wyoming in Fremont County. Land use in the area is agricultural with some properties used for natural gas production. Sampling was conducted from March 2 through 6, 2009 and May 14, and 15, 2009(1).

Estimated emissions of sodium hydroxide as one of the typical pollutants released from the synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry (production/processing) may range from (unit process, product): alkylation, ethylbenzene, 1.9 to 21.5; condensation, polyethylene terephthalate, 0.065 to 23.1; dehydrogenation, isoprene, 0.5 to 19; dehydrohalogenation, vinylidene chloride, 45.5 to 605.5; polymerization, polyethylene terephthalate, 0.1 to 23.1 (all in g/kg produced)(1). The compound was spilled at an estimated 3,500 gallons into the Newark Bay on October 1991 from the Gist Brocades facility(2). Sodium hydroxide was involved in 2.6% of 6,928 chemical accidents in the US over a 5 year period up to 1985 at a reportable quantity of 2200 kg(3).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of sodium hydroxide is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,819,743 workers (995,960 of these were female) were potentially exposed to sodium hydroxide in the US(1). NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 370,582 workers (137,156 of these were female) were potentially exposed to liquid sodium hydroxide in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to sodium hydroxide may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where sodium hydroxide is produced or used(SRC).

Inhalation of dust or mist, ingestion, and skin or eye contact.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Following neutralization either at the spill site or at a waste management facility, the resultant sludge can be disposed of in a secure landfill.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Put into large vessel containing water. Neutralize with HCL /hydrochloric acid/. Discharge into the sewer with sufficient water. Recommendable methods: Neutralization & discharge to sewer. Peer review: Dilute greatly (< pH 9) before discharge. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Sodium hydroxide, bead; Sodium hydroxide, dry; Sodium hydroxide, flake; Sodium hydroxide, granular; Sodium hydroxide, solid; Sodium hydroxide solution/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Sodium hydroxide, bead; Sodium hydroxide, dry; Sodium hydroxide, flake; Sodium hydroxide, granular; Sodium hydroxide, solid; Sodium hydroxide solution/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Sodium hydroxide, bead; Sodium hydroxide, dry; Sodium hydroxide, flake; Sodium hydroxide, granular; Sodium hydroxide, solid; Sodium hydroxide solution/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Sodium hydroxide, bead; Sodium hydroxide, dry; Sodium hydroxide, flake; Sodium hydroxide, granular; Sodium hydroxide, solid; Sodium hydroxide solution/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for SODIUM HYDROXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1823 154(dry, solid)

1824 154(solution)

IMO 8.0; Sodium hydroxide solid; Sodium hydroxide solution

UN 1823; Sodium hydroxide, solid

UN 1824; Sodium hydroxide solution

49 352 35; Dry

49 352 40; Liquid

49 352 43; 52% Solution

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Corrosive

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: C; R: 35; S: (1/2)-26-37/39-45

UN Hazard Class: 8; UN Pack Group: II