Vanadium oxide (V2O3)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 2.7% (2 of 75) of reports.

H315 (28%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (97.3%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (84%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (32%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 75 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 2 of 75 reports by companies.

There are 7 notifications provided by 73 of 75 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P304+P340, P317, P319, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P261, P264+P265, P271, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, and P337+P317 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Vanadium compound, N.O.S./

Fire may produce irritating, corrosive, and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Vanadium compound, N.O.S./

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. /Vanadium compound, N.O.S./

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Waste material contaminated with vanadium shall be disposed of in a manner not hazardous to employees. The disposal method must conform with applicable local, state, and federal regulations and must not constitute a hazard to the surrounding population or environment. /Vanadium/

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for vanadium: Concentration process: chemical precipitation. /Vanadium/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains.

Precautions for safe handling: Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for VANADIUM TRIOXIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Air sensitive. Handle and store under inert gas. Keep in a dry place.

Containers of vanadium shall be kept tightly closed at all times when not in use. Containers shall be stored in a safe manner to minimize accidental breakage, spillage, or contact with moisture. Combustible materials, such as finely ground vanadium carbide, vanadium aluminum alloys, vanadium metal, or ferrovanadium should be kept away from heat, sparks, or flames. /Vanadium compounds/

Divalent and trivalent vanadium compounds are reducing agents and require storage under an inert atmosphere to avoid oxidation. /Divalent and trivalent vanadium compounds/

0.037 [mg/m3]

0.41 [mg/m3]

110 [mg/m3]

carcinogen category: 2; germ cell mutagen group: 2

Acute Inhalation: 0.0002 mg/m3 (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.003 mg/kg/day (L134)

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

The substance may have effects on the respiratory tract. This may result in chronic rhinitis and chronic bronchitis. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: For nuisance exposures use type P95 (US) or type P1 (EU EN 143) particle respirator. For higher level protection use type OV/AG/P99 (US) or type ABEK-P2 (EU EN 143) respirator cartridges. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for VANADIUM TRIOXIDE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Vanadium trioxide appears as a black crystalline solid. Density 4.87 g / cm3. Slightly soluble in water. Irritating to skin and eyes. May be toxic by ingestion. Used to make other chemicals. Used as a catalyst.

Dry Powder; CBI

Black solid; Insoluble in water; [Merck Index] Black or dark blue odorless powder; Slightly soluble in water; [MSDSonline]

BLACK POWDER.

Black powder

Black crystals

Approximately 3000 °C

In water, 0.01 g/100 mL at 20 °C

Insoluble in water

Slightly soluble in cold water (20-25 °C), soluble in hot water

Difficultly soluble in acids

Soluble in nitric acid, hydrogen fluoride, alkali ...

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.01 (very poor)

4.87 g/cu cm

4.87 g/cm³

4.87 @ 18°C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

On exposure to air it is gradually converted into indigo-blue crystals of /vanadium tetraoxide/.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /vanadium oxide/.

Has corundum (Al2O3) structure; air oxidation proceeds slowly at ambient temperatures but oxidation by chlorine at elevated temperatures to give VOCl3 and V2O5 is rapid

On exposure to air it is gradually converted into indigo-blue crystals of V2O4.

Enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K: -1218.8 kJ/mol; molar heat capacity at 298.15 K: 103.2 J/mol K

Within tissues in organisms, V3+ and V4+ predominate because of largely reducing conditions; in plasma however, which is high in oxygen, V5+ is formed.

Vanadium trioxide undergoes slow air oxidation at room temperature. It does ignite upon heating in air. Reacts rapidly with chlorine.

phonon wavenumber

electron density of states

dielectric constant

crystal structure

Debye frequency

dielectricity

interatomic angle

enthalpy

effective mass

isothermal section

Gibbs energy

phase equilibrium

positional coordinate

thermoelectric power

work function

temperature-composition section

Vanadium trioxide undergoes slow air oxidation at room temperature [Kirk-Othmer]. It does ignite upon heating in air. Slightly soluble in water.

Salts, Basic

Known Catalytic Activity

VANADIUM TRIOXIDE is basic. Reacts rapidly with chlorine. soluble in alkalis and in hydrofluoric acid.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents

Lithium, chlorine trifluoride. /Vanadium dust, Vanadium fume/

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Vanadium trioxide is a black powder. The most important application is as an alternative to vanadium pentoxide in the production of iron-vanadium, vanadium-aluminum master alloys, high purity vanadium metal, and vanadium carbides and carbonitrides. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Acute exposure to vanadium oxide dusts is associated with acute upper and lower airway irritation. Conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and pharyngitis commonly occur within 0.5 hr of exposure and up to 12 hours after the exposure. Cough, wheezing, dyspnea, and substernal soreness occur with more severe exposures. A green-black discoloration of the tongue sometimes occurs. The discoloration occurs from simple exposure of the tongue mucosa to vanadium powder. Inhalation of vanadium trioxide for 1-5 yr produced asthma in 3 of 20 workers. It induced micronuclei in cultured human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. ANIMAL STUDIES: Rabbits exposed to a dispersion aerosol of vanadium trioxide (40-75 mg/cu m, 2 hr/day for up to 12 months) exhibited a progressive weight loss amounting to an average of 4.6% at the termination of the study. Control animals gained weight by an average of 12.3%. Neurophysiological disturbances (impaired conditioned reflexes and neuromuscular excitability) /were observed/ in dogs and rabbits exposed orally or subcutaneously to vanadium trioxide. It did not induce mutation at the hprt locus of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. In Chinese hamster ovary cells at doses 0.02-0.25 TC50, vanadium trioxide was able to induce significant increases in the SCE frequency with or without the presence of rat hepatic S9 mix. It did not show sensitizing properties in guinea pigs,

Vanadium damages alveolar macrophages by decreasing the macrophage membrane integrity, thus impairing the cells' phagocytotic ability and viability. The pentavalent form of vanadium, vanadate, is a potent inhibitor of the Ca+-ATPase and Na+,K+-ATPase of plasma membranes, which decreases intracellular ATP concentration. Vanadium is also believed to induce the production of reactive oxygen species. This may damage DNA and also cause oxidative stress, which can damage the reproductive system. Vanadium also inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatases, producing insulin-like effects. (L837, A247, A248, A249, A250, A251)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Breathing high levels of vanadium affects the lungs, throat, and eyes. Ingestion of vanadium may cause kidney and liver damage, birth defects, or death. (L837)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol.

Oral (L837) ; inhalation (L837) ; dermal (L837)

Sore throat. Cough. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness.

Inhalation of vanadium causes lung irritation, coughing, wheezing, chest pain, runny nose, and a sore throat. (L837)

Chronic Bronchitis - Chronic bronchitis is persistent coughing and production of phlegm for at least 3 months out of the year for at least two successive years. (American Thoracic Society).

LD50: 566 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (L846)

LD50: 130 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (T14)

LD50: >2500 mg/kg (Dermal, Rat) (A556)

LC50: 4000 mg/m3 over 4 hours (Inhalation, Rat) (A250)

LD50 Mouse oral 130 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse sc 130 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral >2000 mg/kg b.w. p.o.

LC50 Rat inhalation (female) 1 mg/L/4 hr

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for VANADIUM TRIOXIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

Biological monitoring of vanadium in serum, blood, and urine has been used to monitor vanadium levels in the general population or in occupationally exposed workers. Vanadium levels in these matrices have not, however, been shown to correlate with vanadium levels in the air and as such are of limited usefulness as quantitative biomarkers of exposure. /Vanadium compounds/

Because of cases of bronchial asthma and bronchitis in worker population exposed to vanadium compounds, periodic testing of pulmonary function is recommended. /Vanadium compounds/

The assessment of vanadium exposure can be accomplished through measurement of vanadium. This test may be useful for assessing /exposure/ to larger than normal amounts of vanadium, but there was no information found in the literature showing a correlation of these levels with environmental levels or onset of clinical effects. Blood Reference Ranges: Normal - less than 1 ug/L; Exposed - not established; Toxic - not established. Serum or Plasma Reference Ranges: Normal - less than 0.24 ug/L; Exposed - not established; Toxic - not established. Urine Reference Ranges: Normal - 0.06 to 0.87 ug/L; Exposed - Workers exposed to average 8 hr air concentrations of 6.0 to 6.4 mg/cu m had urine vanadium levels between 2.6 to 4.6 ug/L in specimens that were collected at the start of the next work day. BAT for vanadium pentoxide (sampling time for long term exposures: after several shifts, measured as vanadium): 70 ug/g creatinine; Toxic - In a study involving controlled human exposure to vanadium pentoxide, where levels caused development of mild respiratory effects, the peak urine vanadium level was 130 ug/L at 3 days after exposure. /Vanadium/

Pulmonary Function Tests: The tests that have been found to be practical for population monitoring include: spirometry and expiratory flow-volume curves; determination of lung volumes; diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide; single-breath nitrogen washout; inhalation challenge tests; serial measurements of peak expiratory flow; exercise testing. /Vanadium/

Differentiating vanadium pulmonary toxicity from infection or allergy of the respiratory tract is difficult in that presenting signs and symptoms are similar. A specific vanadium exposure history must be elicited from affected individuals. Examination may reveal a patient with clear watery discharge from the eyes and nose. Mucosal surfaces may be erythematous. Auscultation of lung fields will reveal rhonchi or wheezing. /Vanadium compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Acute exposure to vanadium oxide dusts is associated with acute upper and lower airway irritation. Conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and pharyngitis commonly occur within 0.5 hr of exposure and up to 12 hours after the exposure. Cough, wheezing, dyspnea, and substernal soreness occur with more severe exposures. A green-black discoloration of the tongue sometimes occurs. The discoloration occurs from simple exposure of the tongue mucosa to vanadium powder. /Vanadium oxide dusts/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Vanadium poisoning in workers was /studied/. The men were primarily exposed to vanadium oxide dust and fume. They had a dry, irritating cough, blood stained sputum, and anemia preceded by an increased erythrocyte count, pallor, anorexia, emaciation, albuminuria and casts, hematuria, tremors, eye irritation, vertigo, hysteria, and depression. Tuberculosis often developed, sometimes resulting in death. /Vanadium oxide dust and fume/

/CASE REPORTS/ Inhalation of vanadium pentoxide and vanadium trioxide for 1-5 yr ... produced asthma in 3 of 20 workers.

/GENOTOXICITY/ It is concluded that divanadium trioxide did not induce apoptosis in cultured human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells, demonstrated by unaltered Caspase activity in all treated cultures. Divanadium trioxide induced micronuclei in cultured human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells when tested for 24+24 hours in the absence of S-9. In the same test system, divanadium trioxide showed evidence of inducing micronuclei when tested for 3+21 hours in the presence of S-9 but the observation was considered of questionable biological relevance.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for VANADIUM TRIOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ After treatment with divanadium trioxide, the relative absorbance values decreased to 86.2%. This value is well above the threshold for irritancy of </= 50%. Therefore, the test item is not considered to possess /skin/ irritant potential.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Under the present test conditions no local or systemic intolerance reactions were observed up to the highest tested dose-level of 2500 mg V2O3 technical grade pulverized/kg b.w. by dermal administration to rats.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Divanadium trioxide revealed no sensitizing properties in guinea pigs in a test model ... .

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The no-observed-adverse-effect concentration (NOAEC) in this /two-week rat/ study is established at the exposure concentration of 0.02 mg/L based on decreased body weights at the high exposure level of 0.25 mg/L (LOAEC). The changes of BAL parameters, lung weights and lung histopathology seen at all exposure levels can be considered adaptive responses to the exposure to vanadium trioxide aerosols.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for VANADIUM TRIOXIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Vanadium trioxide occurs in nature as the mineral karelianite(1). It is found in sulfide-rich portions of glacial boulders derived from high-grade metamorphic rocks (schists and quartzites). Karelianite is named for the Karelian shist belt where the mineral occurs(1).

During the combustion of residual oils organovanadium compounds found in fuel oils are oxidized and transformed into various compounds (e.g., vanadium pentoxide, vanadium tetroxide, vanadium trioxide, and vanadium dioxide) that are emitted as fly ash into the atmosphere(1).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Vanadium-containing particulates emitted to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources are frequently simple oxides. Generally, lower oxides formed during combustion of coal and residual fuel oils, such as vanadium trioxide, undergo further oxidation to the pentoxide form, often before leaving the stacks. The average residence time for vanadium in the atmosphere is unknown as the particle size varies considerably. Smaller particles, such as those emitted from oil-fired power plants, have a longer residence time in the atmosphere and are more likely to be transported farther away from the source. Vanadium transported within the atmosphere is eventually transferred to soil and water on the earth's surface by wet and dry deposition(1).

Fuel oils may contain vanadium in concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,400 ppm, depending on their origin. During the combustion of residual oils organovanadium compounds found in fuel oils are oxidized and transformed into various compounds (e.g., vanadium pentoxide, vanadium tetroxide, vanadium trioxide, and vanadium dioxide). These compounds are emitted as fly ash into the atmosphere(1).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 2 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of vanadium trioxide in the United States may be as low as 25-49 workers and as high as 50-99 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

Vanadium trioxide occurs in nature as the mineral karelianite(1). It is found in sulfide-rich portions of glacial boulders derived from high-grade metamorphic rocks (schists and quartzites). Karelianite is named for the Karelian shist belt where the mineral occurs(1).

During the combustion of residual oils organovanadium compounds found in fuel oils are oxidized and transformed into various compounds (e.g., vanadium pentoxide, vanadium tetroxide, vanadium trioxide, and vanadium dioxide) that are emitted as fly ash into the atmosphere(1).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Vanadium-containing particulates emitted to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources are frequently simple oxides. Generally, lower oxides formed during combustion of coal and residual fuel oils, such as vanadium trioxide, undergo further oxidation to the pentoxide form, often before leaving the stacks. The average residence time for vanadium in the atmosphere is unknown as the particle size varies considerably. Smaller particles, such as those emitted from oil-fired power plants, have a longer residence time in the atmosphere and are more likely to be transported farther away from the source. Vanadium transported within the atmosphere is eventually transferred to soil and water on the earth's surface by wet and dry deposition(1).

Fuel oils may contain vanadium in concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,400 ppm, depending on their origin. During the combustion of residual oils organovanadium compounds found in fuel oils are oxidized and transformed into various compounds (e.g., vanadium pentoxide, vanadium tetroxide, vanadium trioxide, and vanadium dioxide). These compounds are emitted as fly ash into the atmosphere(1).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 2 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of vanadium trioxide in the United States may be as low as 25-49 workers and as high as 50-99 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 851 workers (18 of these are female) were potentially exposed to vanadium trioxide in the US(1).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Waste material contaminated with vanadium shall be disposed of in a manner not hazardous to employees. The disposal method must conform with applicable local, state, and federal regulations and must not constitute a hazard to the surrounding population or environment. /Vanadium/

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for vanadium: Concentration process: chemical precipitation. /Vanadium/

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. /Vanadium compound, n.o.s./

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Vanadium compound, n.o.s./

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. /Vanadium compound, n.o.s./

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Vanadium compound, n.o.s./

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for VANADIUM TRIOXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 3285; Vanadium Compounds, NOS

IMO 6.1; Vanadium compounds, NOS

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Vanadium compounds, NOS is included on the dangerous goods list. /Vanadium compounds, NOS/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Vanadium compounds, NOS is included on the dangerous goods list. /Vanadium compounds, NOS/

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III