Vanadium oxide (V2O5)

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H361fd: Suspected of damaging fertility; Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H362: May cause harm to breast-fed children [Reproductive toxicity, effects on or via lactation]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P263, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (25.3%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H302 (71.3%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H318 (28.7%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (25.2%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (74.7%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (99.9%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H341 (100%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (25.3%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H361 (74.8%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H361fd (25.1%): Suspected of damaging fertility; Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H362 (25.1%): May cause harm to breast-fed children [Reproductive toxicity, effects on or via lactation]

H372 (99.7%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H411 (100%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P263, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P317, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 770 reports by companies from 35 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 66.7% (2 of 3) of all reports.

H302 (33.3%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H319 (33.3%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (33.3%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (33.3%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P330, P337+P317, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 2 of 3 reports by companies.

There is 1 notification provided by 1 of 3 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Vanadium Pentoxide Exposure: Acute exposure to vanadium pentoxide may result in pulmonary irritation, bronchospasm, hemoptysis (coughing up of blood), pulmonary edema, emphysema, and pneumonia. Gastrointestinal effects may include nausea, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, anorexia, and black stools. Headache, dry mouth, dizziness, nervousness, insomnia, and tremor may be found. Vanadium pentoxide is irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Contact may result in a green staining of the tongue and skin. Blindness and epistaxis (bloody nose) are further complications.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to vanadium pentoxide may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to vanadium pentoxide.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to vanadium pentoxide.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

4. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of vanadium pentoxide is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

5.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

5.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

5. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

6. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

7. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site.

Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Extinguish fire using an agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment, and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Do not touch spilled materials; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. Small dry spills: With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area. Large spills: Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. Collect spilled /dust/ material in the most convenient and safe manner for reclamation, or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill.

If potentially hazardous amounts of vanadium pentoxide fume are inadvertently released, ventilate the area of the release to disperse the fume.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for VANADIUM PENTOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P120, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Waste material contaminated with vanadium shall be disposed of in a manner not hazardous to employees. The disposal method must conform with applicable local, state, and federal regulations and must not constitute a hazard to the surrounding population or environment. /Vanadium/

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for vanadium: Concentration process: chemical precipitation. /Vanadium/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for VANADIUM PENTOXIDE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat.3 / toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects.

Store in a secure poison location. ... Vanadium pentoxide must be stored to avoid contact with chlorine trifluoride, lithium, and peroxyformic acid, since violent reactions can occur. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat.

Containers of vanadium shall be kept tightly closed at all times when not in use. Containers shall be stored in a safe manner to minimize accidental breakage, spillage, or contact with moisture. Combustible materials, such as finely ground vanadium carbide, vanadium aluminum alloys, vanadium metal, or ferrovanadium should be kept away from heat, sparks, or flames. /Vanadium compounds/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.045 [mg/m3]

0.50 [mg/m3]

62 [mg/m3]

0.05 mg/m³ [15 minutes]

C 0.05 mg V/m3 [15-minute]

0.1 mg/m³ (fume); 0.5 mg/m³ (respirable dust)

C 0.1 mg V2O5/m3 See Appendix G

35 mg V/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

35.0 [mg/m3], as V

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: Respiratory irritation following exposures to V2O5 ranging from 1 to 48 mg V/m3 has been described in workers [Sjoberg 1955]. Vanadium intoxication (i.e., rhinorrhea, sneezing, lacrimation, and sore throat) has been reported in workers exposed to concentrations of V2O5 during the workshift ranging from 10 to 33 mg/m3 [Williams 1952]. Concentrations of V2O5 exceeding 56 mg V/m3 have resulted in local respiratory effects [Vintinner et al. 1955]. Other workers exposed intermittently to 56 mg V/m3 showed no evidence of intoxication [McTurk et al. 1956].

35 mg/m³ (as V)

35 mg/m3 (as V)

See: vanfume

0.05 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction, as V

8 hr Time Weighted Average: 0.05 mg/cu m (inhalable fraction) /Vanadium pentoxide, as V/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increase in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Vanadium pentoxide, as V; inhalable particulate matter/

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Vanadium pentoxide, as V; inhalable particulate matter/

(as V, inhalable fraction): 0.05 mg/m

0.05 mg/m³ (inhalable particulate matter) [2008]

carcinogen category: 2; germ cell mutagen group: 2

Acute Inhalation: 0.0002 mg/m3 (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.003 mg/kg/day (L134)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

The aerosol is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Inhalation of high concentrations may cause lung oedema, bronchitis and bronchospasm. The effects may be delayed.

Vanadium pentoxide appears as a yellow to red crystalline powder. Slightly soluble in water and denser than water. Contact may cause severe irritation to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption.

Large Crystals; Other Solid; Dry Powder; Dry Powder; Other Solid

Dry Powder

Yellow-orange powder or dark-gray, odorless flakes dispersed in air; [NIOSH]

YELLOW-TO-RED CRYSTALLINE POWDER OR SOLID IN VARIOUS FORMS.

Yellow-orange powder or dark-gray, odorless flakes dispersed in air.

Finely divided particulate dispersed in air.

Yellow to rust-brown orthorhombic crystals

Finely divided particulate dispersed in air /Vanadium pentoxide fume/

Yellow to red crystalline powder

Odorless

3182 °F at 760 mmHg decomposition (EPA, 1998)

1750 °C (decomp)

3182 °F (decomposes)

1750 °C @760 [mm Hg]

3182 °F (Decomposes)

1274 °F (EPA, 1998)

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 0.07 g/100 g water at 25 °C

In water, 904-935.8 mg/L at 20 °C and pH 2.7

1 gram dissolves in approximately 125 mL water

Soluble in concentrated acids, alkalies; insoluble in alcohol

Solubility in water, g/100ml: 0.8

3.357 at 64.4 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

3.654 at 21.7 °C, relative density to water at 4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 3.4

3.35 @25 °C

Approximately 0 at 68F (EPA, 1998)

Approximately 0 mm Hg at 68 °F

0 mmHg (approx)

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Vanadium usually occurs in the pentavalent state. Pentavalent vanadium is stable in aqueous solutions over a wide range of pH. /Pentavalent vanadium compounds/

Decomposes at 1750 °C

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes of /vanadium oxides/.

pH = 2.7, saturated aqueous solution at 20 °C

Index of refraction: 1.46, 1.52, 1.76

Loses oxygen reversibly in the region 700-1125 °C; its acid solutions are reduced by sulfur dioxide, zinc and hydrochloric acid and by evaporation with hydrochloric acid; forms red and yellow solutions in concentrated acids; forms vanadates in alkalis

Enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K: -1550.6 kJ/mol (crystal); molar heat capacity at 298.15 K: 127.7 J/mol K (crystal)

Enthalpy of fusion: 64.5 kJ/mol at 670 °C

... Vanadium pentoxide has been reported to catalyze the oxidation of carcinogenic hydrocarbons, benzo(a)pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene, and 2-acetylaminofluorene.

Slightly soluble in water.

Salts, Acidic

Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Strong Oxidizing Agent

VANADIUM PENTOXIDE is acidic in many reactions. Hence, soluble in bases. [Kirk-Othmer]. Can react with ClF3, Li, peroxyformic acid and (Ca+S+H2O). Also reacts with strong acids. (NTP, 1992)

Incompatible materials: Strong acids

The reaction of lithium and vanadium pentoxide occurs around 400 °C; the temperature then rises rapidly to 768 °C.

A mixture of calcium and vanadium oxide that was contaminated with sulfur and some moisture caused a severe fire.

Chlorine trifluoride reacts violently, producing flame, with ... vanadium pentoxide.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for VANADIUM PENTOXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Lithium, chlorine trifluoride

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Vanadium pentoxide is yellow to red crystalline powder forming finely divided particulate dispersed in air. Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst as well as in the production of superconductive magnets. Vanadium pentoxide is also used as a catalyst in dye mordants, paint and varnish drying, glass and ink manufacture, pesticides, and photographic chemicals. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: It is a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. The main signs and symptoms of intoxication caused by single iv doses of the order of 100 mg vanadium pentoxide included nausea, vomiting, salivation, and lacrimation, disappearance of pulse, and cylindrical casts and albumin in the urine. Men exposed to vanadium pentoxide while cleaning oil-fired burners or gas-fired turbines had symptoms consisting of cough, wheezing, rhinitis, sneezing, nosebleeds, sore throat, fatigue, nervousness, eye irritation, hoarseness, and chest pain. Workers exposed to vanadium pentoxide for only a few days may develop irritation of the conjunctivae, rhinitis, dryness of the throat, hoarseness, bronchitis with coughing and wheezing, dyspnea, and pneumonitis. A green-black discoloration of the tongue sometimes occurs. Inhalation of vanadium pentoxide for 1-5 yr produced asthma in 3 of 20 workers. In human leukocytes V(2)O(5) causes oxidation of DNA bases, affects DNA repair, and induces formation of micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds, suggesting that the workers are at increased risk for cancer and other diseases that are related to DNA instability. It is also induced single-strand DNA breaks in human lymphocytes. Vanadium workers are more susceptible to colds and other respiratory illnesses than others. Exposure to vanadium may impair the lung resistance to respiratory infection. ANIMAL STUDIES: Rabbits were exposed to vanadium pentoxide dust at concentrations of 77, 109, 205, and 525 mg/cu m for 7, 4, 4, and 1 hours, respectively. On autopsy, the animals exhibited chronic inflammatory changes in the nasal and tracheal mucosa, slight emphysema of the lungs, bronchopneumonic patches, pyelonephritis, and hepatitis. In rats 1 hr exposures to vanadium pentoxide pulverized dust at 80 mg/cu m caused acute intoxication. Acute inhalation toxicity in rats was characterized by an irritation of the respiratory mucosa and nasal discharge that sometimes contained blood. Autopsy showed severe congestion and small hemorrhages in all internal organs, signs of increased intracranial pressure, and fatty degeneration of the liver. In the lungs, there was capillary congestion, edema, bronchitis, and focal interstitial pneumonia. Administration of 10 mg/kg bw to mice causes hindlimb paralysis, increased reflex excitability, and GI tract upsets. Gross pathology examination revealed congestion and capillary stasis in the visceral organs. Rats and mice were exposed via inhalation six hours/day, five days/week for three months at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 mg/cu m. In male mice vanadium accumulates in the testes starting with the initial inhalation (24 hr). In general, vanadium was capable of significantly decreasing the percentage of gamma-tubulin in all analyzed testicular cells (Sertoli, Leydig, and germ cells) starting with the first week of treatment. There was a statistically significant decrease in the number of implantation sites, live fetuses, and fetal weight among the progeny of the exposed mice compared to controls. There was a statistically significant increase in resorptions and dead fetuses among the females mated with exposed males compared to those mated to controls. In other study, there was a statistically significant decrease in skeletal ossification among the fetuses of mice exposed on day eight. In addition, 6 of 106 exposed fetuses and one of the controls had broken spinal cords. Inhalation of vanadium pentoxide clearly increases the incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms in male and female mice at all concentrations tested (1, 2, or 4 mg/cu m). V(2)O(5) exposure was a pulmonary carcinogen in male rats and male and female mice. Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity test protocol conducted with multiple strains of S. typhimurium with and without metabolic activation enzymes and cofactors were negative. However, REC assay suggested that vanadium pentoxide caused DNA damage at 0.5 umol (91 ug/mL). The selective immunotoxic effects (depression of phagocytosis, splenotoxicity enlargement of spleen, elevation of peripheral blood leukocytes, and T-and B-cell activation) were observed in rats given vanadium pentoxide in drinking water for 6 months, and mice given vanadium pentoxide in water 5 days a week for 6 weeks. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The 96-hr LC50 of vanadium pentoxide to adult American flagfish (J. floridae) was 11.2 mg/L in very hard water. Larvae showed 28-day LC50 of 1.13 and 1.88 mg/L of vanadium with larger larvae being more resistant.

Vanadium damages alveolar macrophages by decreasing the macrophage membrane integrity, thus impairing the cells' phagocytotic ability and viability. The pentavalent form of vanadium, vanadate, is a potent inhibitor of the Ca+-ATPase and Na+,K+-ATPase of plasma membranes, which decreases intracellular ATP concentration. Vanadium is also believed to induce the production of reactive oxygen species. This may damage DNA and also cause oxidative stress, which can damage the reproductive system. Vanadium also inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatases, producing insulin-like effects. (L837, A247, A248, A249, A250, A251)

Vanadium pentoxide

9 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Vanadium pentoxide, as V, inhalable particulate matter/

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 86: (2006) Cobalt in Hard Metals and Cobalt Sulfate, Gallium Arsenide, Indium Phosphide and Vanadium Pentoxide

Vanadium Pentoxide

TR-507: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Vanadium Pentoxide (CASRN 1314-62-1) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (2002 )

10/18/01

Some Evidence

Equivocal Evidence

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of this 2-year inhalation study, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of vanadium pentoxide in male F344/N rats and equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of vanadium pentoxide in female F344/Nrats based on the occurrence of alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of vanadium pentoxide in male and female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms.

Exposure to vanadium pentoxide caused a spectrum of nonneoplastic lesions in the respiratory tract (nose, larynx, and lung) including alveolar and bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia, inflammation, fibrosis, and alveolar histiocytosis of the lung in male and female rats and mice and an unusual squamous metaplasia of the lung in male and female rats. Hyperplasia of the bronchial lymph node occurred in female mice.

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Breathing high levels of vanadium affects the lungs, throat, and eyes. Ingestion of vanadium may cause kidney and liver damage, birth defects, or death. (L837)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L837) ; inhalation (L837) ; dermal (L837)

Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Wheezing.

Redness. Burning sensation. Pain.

Pain. Redness. Conjunctivitis.

Abdominal cramps. Diarrhoea. Drowsiness. Nausea. Unconsciousness. Vomiting.

irritation eyes, throat; green tongue, metallic taste; cough, fine rales, wheezing, bronchitis, dyspnea (breathing difficulty); eczema

Inhalation of vanadium causes lung irritation, coughing, wheezing, chest pain, runny nose, and a sore throat. (L837)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

Chronic Bronchitis - Chronic bronchitis is persistent coughing and production of phlegm for at least 3 months out of the year for at least two successive years. (American Thoracic Society).

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

7 x 10^-6 mg/m^3

1 x 10^-4 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential

PPRTV Current

IRIS Current

HEAST Archive

LC50 (rat) = 126 mg/m3/6H

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna /(Water flea)/; Concentration: 2.387 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50; Species: Daphnia similis (Water Flea) age 6-24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 1400 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /98% purity/

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (Goldfish) length 3-5 cm, weight 0.3-2.9 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 22.5 °C, pH 6.0-6.5, hardness 35 mg/L as CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 4 mg/L; Concentration: 4520 ug/L for 6 days (95% confidence interval: 2880-7286 ug/L) /total vanadium ion/

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (Goldfish) eggs; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 22 °C, pH 7.4, hardness 195 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 4600 ug/L for 7 days (95% confidence interval: 510-9100 ug/L) /total vanadium ion/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for VANADIUM PENTOXIDE (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effects of Vanadium /as vanadium pentoxide/ (25-595 mg/L) ... on embryonic survival and hatching of eyed eggs of rainbow trout, S. gairdneri, were investigated. ... V induced premature hatching of eyed eggs at concentrations of 44-595 mg/L. ... Vanadium concentrations approximately 15 times higher were required to produce mortality in eyed eggs than in juveniles.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The 96-hr LC50 of Vanadium /as vanadium pentoxide/ to adult American flagfish (J. floridae) was 11.2 mg/L in very hard water. Larvae showed 28-day LC50 of 1.13 and 1.88 mg/L of vanadium with larger larvae being more resistant. These appeared to be thresholds of lethality. During continuous exposure for 96 days, larval growth and survival were the most sensitive indicators of vanadium toxicity and were marginally reduced at 0.17 mg/L. At 0.041 mg/L, there were no deleterious sublethal effects but there was definite stimulation of growth in females and of reproductive performance. The threshold for chronic toxicity was judged to be about 0.08 mg/L. The safe-to-lethal ratio was 0.007 and this could be used as an application factor for other species. There was no clear evidence that vanadium had any long-term cumulative toxicity.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Factors influencing toxicity include water hardness, and the LC50 values are higher in hard water. ... The influence of pH on the toxicity of vanadium pentoxide for rainbow trout fingerlings /was studied/. The 96-hr LC50 ranged from 6.43 to 21.75 mg/L. There was some indication of vanadium pentoxide being most toxic at a pH of 7. Also, ... zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) /were tested/ with vanadium pentoxide and found that a pH of 7.5 provided the most toxic conditions. At this pH, death occurred between 23.5 and 45 hr at a concentration of 22 mg/L, whereas at pH 8.2, the time decreased to 32 hr and, at pH 8.8-9, to 37-39 hr.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Vanadium pentoxide mainly used as catalyst in sulfuric acid, maleic anhydride and ceramics industry, is a pollutant watering redistributed around the environment. Research on biological influence of vanadium pentoxide has gained major importance because it exerts toxic effects on a wide variety of biological systems. In this work ...the effects of vanadium pentoxide ranging from 0 to 2 mM in culture media on a wine wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae from Alentejo region of Portugal /are evaluated/. ...Results show that 2.0 mM vanadium pentoxide in culture medium induced a significant increase of malonaldehyde level and Glutathione peroxidase activity, a slight increase of Catalase A activity as well as a decrease of wet weight and mitochondrial NADH cit c reductase of S. cerevisiae UE-ME(3). Also... results show that cycloheximide prevent cell death when cells grow 30 min in presence of 1.5 mM of vanadium pentoxide.

4.60e+02

2.00e+03

3.40e-04

1.50e-03

1.50e+02

3.00e+01

8.30e-03

9.00e-03

Volatile

2.50e+04

2.20e-02

9.20e-02

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Vanadium is a constituent of titaniferous magnetites that are widely distributed in Russia, South Africa, Finland, People's Republic of China, eastern and western United States, and Australia(1); titaniferous magnetites contain 1.5-2.5% vanadium pentoxide(2). Vanadium pentoxide can be solvent extracted from uranium ores(2). Natural sources of atmospheric vanadium include continental dust, marine aerosol, and volcanic emissions(1). Vanadium is a constituent of nearly all coal and petroleum crude oils(1).

Although ores containing small amounts of vanadium are rather widely distributed throughout the world, the most important ones are found in the Western Hemisphere. During the 1970s domestic USA sources (mine production and recovery) have been largely confined to four states, Colorado, Arkansas, Idaho, and Utah. The chief vanadium ores in uranium-bearing sandstones are carnotite (K2O.2UO3.V2O5.3H2O), roscoelite (CaO.3V2O5.9H2O), and vanadinite (Pb(PbCl)(V2O4)). In all, more than 65 vanadium ores have been described, but all except 5 or 6 are of secondary origin formed by oxidation or weathering. Other potential sources are weathered shale, 1% vanadium pentoxide, and oil crudes, up to 3.72 ug vanadium/mL.

Flue gas deposits from oil fired furnaces may contain over 50% vanadium pentoxide(1). Combustion of heavy fuels, especially in oil-fired power plants, refineries, and industrial boilers, and coal are the major source of anthropogenic emissions of vanadium into the atmosphere(2).

During the combustion of residual oils organovanadium compounds found in fuel oils are oxidized and transformed into various compounds (e.g., vanadium pentoxide, vanadium tetroxide, vanadium trioxide, and vanadium dioxide) that are emitted as fly ash into the atmosphere(1).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Vanadium-containing particulates emitted to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources are frequently simple oxides. Generally, lower oxides formed during combustion of coal and residual fuel oils, such as vanadium trioxide, undergo further oxidation to the pentoxide form, often before leaving the stacks. The average residence time for vanadium in the atmosphere is unknown as the particle size varies considerably. An estimated residence time of about 1 day has been proposed for the settling of fly ash vanadium pentoxide when associated with hydrogen sulfate. Smaller particles, such as those emitted from oil-fired power plants, have a longer residence time in the atmosphere and are more likely to be transported farther away from the source. Vanadium transported within the atmosphere is eventually transferred to soil and water on the earth's surface by wet and dry deposition(1).

Fuel oil combustion results in the formation of vanadium-containing dust, and large amounts of dust result from operations connected with removal of ash encrustations when cleaning boilers and the blades of gas turbines(1). Dust concentrations in the air inside the boilers have been reported to range from 20 to 400 mg/cu m, the most common range being 50-100 mg/cu m, with the dust containing 5-17% vanadium pentoxide(1).

Fuel oils may contain vanadium in concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,400 ppm, depending on their origin. During the combustion of residual oils organovanadium compounds found in fuel oils are oxidized and transformed into various compounds (e.g., vanadium pentoxide, vanadium tetroxide, vanadium trioxide, and vanadium dioxide). These compounds are emitted as fly ash into the atmosphere(1).

... The maximum concentration of vanadium pentoxide found in the breathing zone of workers at a steel plant was 0.078 mg/cu m (0.044 mg V/cu m); most values were less than 0.01 mg/cu m (0.0056 mg V/cu m).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 13 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of vanadium pentoxide in the United States may be as low as <10 workers and as high as 1000-9999 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 4,468 workers (541 of these are female) were potentially exposed to vanadium pentoxide in the US(1). Occupational exposure to vanadium pentoxide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where vanadium pentoxide is produced or used(2). The general population may be exposed to vanadium pentoxide via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with dust or consumer products containing vanadium pentoxide(SRC). Exposure to vanadium oxides through inhalation may be of importance in urban areas, particularly in the northeastern United States where large amounts of residual fuel oil are burned(2). Average vanadium concentrations in workplace air during a shift, in a factory producing vanadium pentoxide were (mg/cu m (working activity)): 3.7 (crushing vanadium slag), 1.6 (milling vanadium slag), 3.7 (crushing vanadium slag), 4.5 (rotary calcinator), 0.6 (mixing vanadium leachate), 0.6 (percolation), 1.6 (milling vanadium slag), and 4.4 (smelting vanadium slag)(3).

Full-shift, personal breathing sampling was conducted on nine employees working in the finishing and cut-off areas (torch cutting, pneumatic hammer, water blast, and the five finishing workstations) of a titanium investment casting plant in Redmond, Oregon during July 7-10, 2003(1). Respirable vanadium pentoxide concentrations ranged from 0.0005 to 0.0089 mg/cu m, with the highest measurement of 0.123 mg/cu m in the torch cutting area(1).

In milling, exposure to vanadium containing dust can occur near the production sites of numerous vanadium compounds, particularly vanadium pentoxide and, to a lesser extent, the vanadates.

Vanadium is present in all fuel oils and it remains in the residue after the more volatile fractions have been distilled. After combustion it appears as the pentoxide, which, when mixed with water, forms an acid solution irritating to the skin and eyes.

Chimney sweeps who inhaled 0.7 to 14 mg vanadium pentoxide per day in soot from the cleaning operation had a urine concentrations which fluctuated between 0.15 and 13 ug/L vanadium(1). Average vanadium concentrations in blood of occupationally-exposed workers producing vanadium pentoxide were, ug/L (working activity): 6.9 (crushing vanadium slag), 3.1 (milling vanadium slag), 4.1 (crushing vanadium slag), 9.8 (rotary calcinator), 13.4 (driving forklift/Liftruck), 5.9 (mixing vanadium leachate), 19.2 (percolation), 19.1 (milling vanadium slag), and 217.0 (smelting vanadium slag)(2).

A report... on 30 vanadium workers in a metallurgical plant described particularly severe signs and symptoms. ...Workers... had been exposed for a long time (up to 22 years in 27 subjects, mostly in ferrovanadium and vanadium pentoxide smelting operations)... . The average value of vanadium in urine among permanent employees was 45 ug/L... . /Ferrovanadium/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P120, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Waste material contaminated with vanadium shall be disposed of in a manner not hazardous to employees. The disposal method must conform with applicable local, state, and federal regulations and must not constitute a hazard to the surrounding population or environment. /Vanadium/

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for vanadium: Concentration process: chemical precipitation. /Vanadium/

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways.

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for VANADIUM PENTOXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2862; Vanadium pentoxide, non-fused form

IMO 6.1; Vanadium pentoxide, non-fused form

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Vanadium pentoxide, non-fused form is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Vanadium pentoxide, non-fused form is included on the dangerous goods list.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 20/22-37-48/23-51/53-63-68; S: (1/2)-36/37-38-45-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III