zinc phosphide

H260: In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously [Danger Substances and mixtures which in contact with water, emit flammable gases]

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P223, P231+P232, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P335+P334, P321, P330, P370+P378, P391, P402+P404, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H260 (100%): In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously [Danger Substances and mixtures which in contact with water, emit flammable gases]

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (35.9%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H312 (50%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P223, P231+P232, P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P335+P334, P302+P352, P316, P317, P321, P330, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P402+P404, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 78 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

P223, P231+P232, P264, P270, P280, P301+P316, P302+P335+P334, P321, P330, P370+P378, P402+P404, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 4 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P223, P231+P232, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P316, P302+P335+P334, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P402+P404, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P223, P231+P232, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P316, P302+P335+P334, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P402+P404, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P223, P231+P232, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P335+P334, P302+P352, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P402+P404, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Warning: Highly toxic phosphine gas may evolve from vomitus and feces of victim.

Signs and Symptoms of Zinc Phosphide Exposure: Acute symptoms of oral ingestion include nausea, abdominal pain, tightness in the chest, excitement, agitation, and chills. Signs of severe poisoning include labored breathing, shock, halted urine output, metabolic acidosis, muscle cramps, and convulsions. The compound's caustic action may cause the esophagus to close. Inhalation of zinc phosphide dust is followed in several hours by vomiting, diarrhea, bluing of the skin, rapid pulse, fever, and shock. The vomitus, feces, and sometimes the breath may have a decaying fish odor.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to zinc phosphide may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victim to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to zinc phosphide.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Rush to a health care facility.

4. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to zinc phosphide.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

6. Rush to a health care facility.

7. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or respiratory support.

2. Rush to a health care facility.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

4. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

Wear boots, protective gloves, and goggles. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk.

Do not use water or foam. Small fires, use dry chemical, soda ash or lime. Large fires, withdraw from area and let burn. Do not use any agent with an acid reaction (i.e., carbon dioxide or halogenated agents) as phosphine will be liberated. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Dry powder.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not use water. Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Use approved Class D extinguishers or smother with dry sand, dry clay, or dry ground limestone. DO NOT use carbon dioxide or halogenated extinguishing agents. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products.

Do not use water or foam. For small fires, use dry chemical, soda ash, or lime. For large fires, withdraw from area and let burn. Do not use water or any agent with an acid reaction (i.e., carbon dioxide or halogenated agents) as phosphine will be liberated. ... Wear boots, protective gloves, and goggles. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk.

/Water/ moisture reacts with zinc phosphide with production of phosphine, a spontaneously flammable gas.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Dike for later disposal; do not apply water unless directed to do so.

Powder Spill

· Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading and keep powder dry.

· DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 139 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable and Toxic Gases)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered dry containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wetbrushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations ... . Do not flush with water. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be contained with a flexible impermeable membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates or greater concentration.

Emergency response personal protective equipment: Wear special protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. ... Prompt cleanup and removal is necessary. Shovel into suitable dry container.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Do not use water. Keep sparks, flames, and other sources or ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Keep material dry. Avoid breathing dusts and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. For a land spill, dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. For water spill, neutralize with agricultural lime (slaked lime), crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized wastes of pollutants and precipitates. Small dry spills: With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area. Large spills: Dike spill for later disposal. Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Clean up only under supervision of an expert. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. ... UN1714, zinc phosphide is on the DOT's list of dangerous water-reactive materials which create large amounts of toxic vapor when spilled in water. Dangerous from 0.5 to 10 km (0.3-6.0 miles) downwind.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P122 and U249, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Zinc phosphide is a poor candidate for incineration.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Zinc phosphide (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 139 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable and Toxic Gases)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Dike for later disposal; do not apply water unless directed to do so.

POWDER SPILL: Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading and keep powder dry. DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, acids and water. Dry. Cool. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Never allow product to get in contact with water during storage. Do not store near acids. Keep in a dry place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Hazardous materials, which set free flammable gases upon contact with water.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Isolate from water, acids, and oxidizing materials. Outside or detached storage is preferred.

Store in a secure poison location. ... Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from moisture and oxidizers.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.1 [mg/m3] (respirable fraction), 2 mg/m3 (inhalable fraction) for Zn inorg. cmpnds[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Final

1.0 [mg/m3]

11 [mg/m3]

19 [mg/m3]

(respirable fraction): 0.1 mg/m

Intermediate Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (L134)

· DO NOT USE WATER OR FOAM. (FOAM MAY BE USED FOR CHLOROSILANES, SEE BELOW)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or sand.

Large Fire

· DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime or withdraw from area and let fire burn.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam; DO NOT USE dry chemicals, soda ash or lime on chlorosilane fires (large or small) as they may release large quantities of hydrogen gas that may explode.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Table: AEGLs for Zinc Phosphide (ppm) [Table#2786]

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly , especially if powdered.

The substance is irritating to the respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the liver, kidneys, heart and nervous system. Exposure at high levels could cause death. Inhalation of decomposition products (phosphine) may cause lung oedema.

The substance may have effects on the nervous system.

Tolerances are established for residues of the phosphine resulting from the use of the rodenticide zinc phosphide in or on the raw agricultural commodities as follows:[Table#2780]

Tolerances with regional registration, as defined in section 180.1(l), are established for residues of phosphine resulting from the use of the rodenticide zinc phosphide in or on the following raw agricultural commodities as follows:[Table#2781]

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. Flame retardant protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. ... All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available each day, and put on before work. ... Wear dust-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full face-piece respiratory protection is worn.

NO contact with acids, water or oxidizing agents.

Zinc phosphide is a dark gray granular solid. It is slowly decomposed by water giving off phosphine, a flammable poison gas. It is toxic by ingestion. It is used in medicine and as a rat poison.

Dark gray crystals or powder with a faint phosphorus or garlic odor; [HSDB]

DARK GREY CRYSTALS, POWDER OR PASTE WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Dark gray tetragonal crystals; lustrous or dull powder

Dark gray, gritty powder

Amorphous gray-black powder

Gray to black powder (Technical)

Faint phosphorus odor

Garlic-like odor

Disagreeable odor

2012 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

1100 °C @760 [mm Hg]

788 °F (EPA, 1998)

High melting point

Practically insoluble in water, decomposes slowly

Slightly soluble in carbon disulfide, benzene; practically insoluble in alcohols

Solubility in water: none, slowly decomposes

4.55 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

4.55 at 15 °C

4.6 g/cm³

4.55 @ 13°C

Negligible in the dry state

0.0000001 [mm Hg] @25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

This material is stable while kept dry. In moist air, it decomposes slowly.

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Oxides of phosphorus, zinc/zinc oxides.

In moist air, it decomposes slowly. ... When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /phosphorus oxides and zinc oxide/ /SRP: and phosphine/.

Slightly corrosive to metals

-4,100 Btu/lb= -2,270 cal/g= -95X10+5 J/kg

Reacts violently with water and acids to liberate phosphine, a flammable and toxic gas. Stable when dry.

Reacts violently with acids to form (>400 °C) phosphine gas (PH3). Insoluble in alcohol; reacts with acids or more slowly with water

Sublimes in hydrogen

Stable in dry conditions, but reacts slowly with water, including atmospheric moisture, to form phosphine gas; it is decomposed violently by acids to produce phosphine

electronegativity

dielectric constant

pseudobinary system

crystal structure

Debye frequency

effective mass

isothermal section

Experiments conducted at Argonne showed that no gas is generated upon mixing with water. "Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Distances for the 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook", ANL/DIS-09-2, D.F. Brown, H.M. Hartmann, W.A. Freeman, and W.D. Haney, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, June 2009.

Nitrides, Phosphides, Carbides, and Silicides

Strong Reducing Agent

ZINC PHOSPHIDE is a reducing agent. They slowly generate flammable or noxious gases in contact with water. Phosphides react quickly upon contact with moisture or acids to give the very toxic gas phosphine; phosphides also can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. In general, materials in this group are incompatible with oxidizers such as atmospheric oxygen. They are violently incompatible with acids, particularly oxidizing acids.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents. Keep away from water. Bases, acids.

Reacts violently with water and acids to liberate phosphine, a flammable and toxic gas.

Reacts violently with acids or acid fumes to emit the highly toxic and flammable phosphine. Violent reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and oxidizing materials. Incompatible with /hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid/.

/Water/ moisture reacts with zinc phosphide with production of phosphine, a spontaneously flammable gas.

Heat and contact with water causes decomposition, producing toxic and flammable fumes of phosphorus, zinc oxides, and toxic and flammable phosphine gas. Reacts violently with concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and other oxidizers. Reacts with hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid with the evolution of spontaneously flammable phosphine gas. Incompatible with carbon dioxide, halogenated agents.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Zinc phosphide is a grey powder. It is used as a rodenticide to control mice, rats, gophers, ground squirrels and prairie dogs. HUMAN STUDIES: Zinc phosphide is a serious health hazard. It may be harmful if absorbed through skin or inhaled. Zinc fumes may be released in fire situations and cause "metal fume fever". Zinc phosphide poisoning causes fatalities. Most patients have mild symptoms, and GI symptoms are the most common. Patients who present with abnormal vital signs or electrolytes might have more severe poisoning. When death is rapid, abnormal findings may be restricted to pulmonary edema or cerebral edema. Other findings that may be present, especially in persons who survive longer, include centrilobular necrosis of the liver, tubular necrosis of the kidneys, mucosal hemorrhage of the stomach, and bloody pleural, peritoneal, or pericardial fluid. ANIMAL STUDIES: Zinc phosphide has a toxic action on the heart, liver and kidneys. Death results from heart and kidney failure. After a massive dose, death may be delayed, animals may become prostrate with deep slow respiration, finally terminating in convulsions. After repeated doses, kidney damage and hyaline degeneration of the myocardium was noted. Livers showed cloudy swelling, hyaline degeneration and necrosis, usually located in the center of the lobules. The toxicity of zinc phosphide can be accounted for by the phosphine gas (PH3) formed on ingestion following a hydrolytic reaction with water in the stomach. Zinc phosphide was negative for gene mutation in the Ames test with or without metabolic activation. Zinc phosphide was positive for gene mutation in mouse lymphoma assay. Zinc phosphide was negative for mutagenicity in an in vivo micronucleus test in mice. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Epizootic mortality in several geese species, including cackling geese (Branta hutchinsii) and Canada geese (Branta canadensis), has been recognized in the Willamette Valley of Oregon for over a decade. Birds are generally found dead on a body of water or are occasionally observed displaying neurologic clinical signs such as an inability to raise or control the head prior to death. Investigation of these epizootic mortality events has revealed the etiology to be accidental poisoning with the rodenticide zinc phosphide. Secondary poisoning in ferrets fed with rats that were killed with zinc phosphide was indicated by significant decreases (18-48%) in hemoglobin, increases of 35-91% in serum iron and elevated levels of serum globulin, cholesterol and triglycerides. Acidity hydrolyzes zinc phosphide to the toxic phosphine, and therefore large-scale application may poison fish in acid waters.

Anaemia results from the excessive absorption of zinc suppressing copper and iron absorption, most likely through competitive binding of intestinal mucosal cells. Unbalanced levels of copper and zinc binding to Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase has been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Stomach acid dissolves metallic zinc to give corrosive zinc chloride, which can cause damage to the stomach lining. Metal fume fever is thought to be an immune response to inhaled zinc. Phosphine inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, preventing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This non-competitive inhibition prevents cellular respiration and leads to multi-organ dysfunction. Phosphine can also react with hydrogen peroxide to form the highly reactive hydroxyl radical, which can cause lipid peroxidation. (A291, A292, L48, L49, A49)

Zinc phosphide

3 x 10 ^-4 mg/kg-day

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Chronic exposure to zinc causes anemia, atazia, lethargy, and decreases the level of good cholesterol in the body. It is also believed to cause pancreatic and reproductive damage. Inhalation of phosphine may cause severe pulmonary irritation leading to acute pulmonary oedema, cardiovascular dysfunction, CNS excitation, coma and death. Gastrointestinal disorders, renal damage and leukopenia may also occur. Chronic exposure to phosphine can result in anemia, bronchitis, gastrointestinal effects, and visual, speech and motor problems. (L980, L982, L49)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

Inhalation (L49) ; oral (L49) ; dermal (L49)

Cough. Headache. Fatigue. Nausea. Diarrhoea. Vomiting.

Burning sensation.

Pain. Photophobia.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Incoordination. Fatigue. Vomiting. Cough. Diarrhoea. Dizziness. Headache. Laboured breathing. Unconsciousness.

Ingestion of large doses of zinc causes stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Acute inhalation of large amounts of zinc causes metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Dermal contact with zinc results in skin irritation. Early symptoms of acute phosphine intoxication include pain in the diaphragm, nausea, vomiting, excitement, and a phosphorus smell on the breath. Higher levels can cause weakness, bronchitis, pulmonary edema, shortness of breath, convulsions, and death. Some effects, such as pulmonary edema, convulsions, and liver injury, may appear or continue to be present days after an exposure. Ingestion of metal phosphides results in release of phosphine in your stomach which can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. (L980, L49)

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

Zinc Phosphide

Children

General Population

Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides - 2021 Update

LD50: 40.5 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T80)

LD50: 2000-5000 mg/kg (Percutaneous, Rabbit) (T58)

LD50 Mouse oral 40 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 263 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 450 mg/kg

LD50 Sheep oral 60-70 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Zinc phosphide (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Zinc poisoning is treated symptomatically, often by administering fluids such as water or milk, or with gastric lavage. Artificial respiration, and/or administration of activated charcoal may be necessary to treat phosphine poisoning. (L982, L49)

The acute ... effects of zinc-phosphide was studied in ... dogs and rabbits. ... Fasting dogs were given a single oral dose of 30 to 1,000 mg/kg zinc-phosphide; some dogs were also given 0.5 percent hydrochloric-acid or were fed immediately. Rabbits were given a single oral dose of 35 to 200 mg/kg zinc-phosphide, with or without 600 mg/kg sodium-bicarbonate given simultaneously or 30 minutes before. Dogs and rabbits were observed for symptoms and death. ... Fasting dogs survived doses as high as 1,000 mg/kg zinc-phosphide with no symptoms, but dogs that were fed or given hydrochloric-acid displayed vomiting or depressed blood pressure in the first hour after 200 mg/kg and died in 3 hours. Rabbits died after doses as low as 40 mg/kg. Concurrent administration of sodium-bicarbonate had no effect, but administration of sodium-bicarbonate 30 minutes prior to zinc-phosphide delayed death by several hours.

Patients who are able may assist with their own decontamination. If the patient has been exposed to solid phosphides, brush the powder from skin, hair, and clothes. Remove and double-bag the patient's clothing and personal belongings. Flush the skin and hair with water (preferably under a shower). Remove contact lenses if easily removable without additional trauma to the eye. Use caution to avoid hypothermia when decontaminating children or the elderly. Use blankets or warmers when appropriate. /Phosphides/

If phosphides have been ingested, do not induce emesis. Phosphides will release phosphine in the stomach; therefore, watch for signs similar to those produced by phosphine inhalation. Administer a slurry of activated charcoal ... . A soda can and a straw may be of assistance when offering charcoal to a child. ... Permanganate oxidizes phosphine in the stomach to form phosphate, thus reducing the available phosphine. /Phosphides/

Routine laboratory studies for all exposed patients include CBC, glucose, and electrolyte determinations. Additional studies for patients exposed to phosphine include ECG monitoring, renal function tests, and liver-function tests. Chest radiography, pulse oximetry (or ABG measurements), and PFl3 are recommended to establish baseline for pulmonary status. Serial myocardial enzyme levels may also be helpful. Phosphine is metabolized to phosphite and hypophosphite, which are excreted in the urine. Although analysis for these metabolites is not clinically useful in an emergency setting, urine samples can be collected and frozen for future analysis, particularly if questions on the nature or extent of exposure are likely. /Phosphine and Phosphides/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. /Zinc and related compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Zinc phosphide (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/Lab/ findings may include metabolic acidosis, reducing agents in the urine, increased serum bilirubin and other abnormal tests of liver function, thrombocytopenia, methemoglobin, and electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities. The reducing substances in the urine include glucose but may induce hypophosphite and dissolved phosphine.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ When death is rapid, abnormal findings may be restricted to pulmonary edema or ... and cerebral edema. Other findings that may be present especially in persons who survive longer include centrilobular necrosis of the liver, tubular necrosis of the kidneys, mucosal hemorrhage of the stomach, and bloody pleural, peritoneal, or pericardial fluid.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Serious health hazard. May be harmful if absorbed through skin or inhaled. Zinc fumes may be released in fire situations and cause "metal fume fever".

/CASE REPORTS/ Human poisonings are virtually unknown in this country but, at least 25 deaths have been reported in European literature. Ingestion of 4-5 g has produced death in human adults on at least two occasions, but doses of 25 and 50 g have been survived by 2 victims. Perhaps initial reaction is due to phosphine ... released from zinc phosphide by action of gastric acid ... Chemical form responsible for late phases of syndrome is not well established. Some experimental evidence suggests that it may be due to phosphide, but clinical ... /symptoms/ closely match description of poisonings of yellow phosphorus.

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite quail) oral 12.9 mg/kg (12.0-13.9 mg/kg) /technical grade/ /from table/

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite) dietary 468.5 ppm for 8 days

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) oral 67.4 mg/kg (56.3-80.9 mg/kg) /technical grade/ /from table/

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) dietary 2885 ppm for 8 days

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Zinc phosphide (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Epizootic mortality in several geese species, including cackling geese (Branta hutchinsii) and Canada geese (Branta canadensis), has been recognized in the Willamette Valley of Oregon for over a decade. Birds are generally found dead on a body of water or are occasionally observed displaying neurologic clinical signs such as an inability to raise or control the head prior to death. Investigation of these epizootic mortality events has revealed the etiology to be accidental poisoning with the rodenticide zinc phosphide (Zn(3)P(2)). Gross and histologic changes are restricted to acute pulmonary congestion and edema, sometimes accompanied by distension of the upper alimentary tract by fresh grass. Geese are unusually susceptible to this pesticide; when combined with an epidemiologic confluence of depredation of specific agricultural crops by rodents and seasonal avian migration pathways, epizootic toxicosis may occur. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion, appropriate sample collection and handling, plus specific test calibration for this toxicant. Interagency cooperation, education of farmers regarding pesticide use, and enforcement of regulations has been successful in greatly decreasing these mortality events since 2009.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Mechanically distributed cracked corn bait containing about 2% zinc-phosphide is used in orchards to poison meadow mice. Pheasants also eat the bait, however. Tests with 16 pheasants showed that zinc-phosphide is highly toxic to these birds; a median lethal dose is 9 mg/kg. Tests of the cracked corn bait showed that, after weathering for 27 days, it lost both its zinc-phosphide (as determined by chemical analysis) and its toxicity (as determined by bioassay). The loss of the zinc-phosphide was by physical erosion of the zinc-phosphide coating. The loss of toxicity may be partly but not entirely explained as loss of zinc-phosphide, since rate of toxicity loss was greater than rate of zinc-phosphide loss.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Secondary poisoning in ferrets fed with rats that were killed with zinc phosphide was indicated by significant decreases (18-48%) in hemoglobin, increases of 35-91% in serum iron and elevated levels of serum globulin, cholesterol and triglycerides. Hemoglobin/iron, urea N/creatinine and albumin/globulin ratios also were altered by the treatments. Siberian ferrets, or other species with a sensitive emetic reflex, are afforded a degree of protection from acute zinc phosphide poisoning due to its emetic action.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Studies were conducted on the toxic effect of seed-dressings containing zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) ... in five species of birds (pheasant, partridge, pigeon, mallard and rook), using various doses and techniques of setting out poisoned grain. The seeds with zinc phosphide placed in a number of rodents' burrows and at various depth have caused poisoning only in rooks. The remaining species have shown very little or no interest in the burrows and their content. However, a surface grain containing zinc phosphide constitutes a threat of poisoning to all the studied species, beginning with a dose of 1 kg/ha. A minimal amount of grain with 1.3% of pure Zn3P2, causing lethal effects in the pheasant, is 25 grains, in partridge-7, in pigeon-4, in mallard-26 and in rook-10.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Zinc phosphide (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2.30e+01

3.50e+02

6.00e+00

1.00e+04

3.00e-04

Volatile

7.00e+01

1.10e+03

1.80e+01

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to birds and mammals.

Zinc phosphide's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a rodenticide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, zinc phosphide will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere, based on a negligible vapor pressure in the dry state. Particulate-phase zinc phosphide will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Zinc phosphide may be hydrolyzed by moist air. If released to soil, zinc phosphide is considered to be immobile. Hydrolysis is the major route of degradation of zinc phosphide, with rates increasing as soil pH either increase or decreases from neutrality. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process for zinc phosphide, however, its degradation product, phosphine gas, is volatile. Zinc phosphide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Zinc phosphide at low concentrations is reported to be either relatively stable to aerobic soil metabolism or to hydrolyze before any biodegradation can occur. In dry soils, zinc phosphide was reported to dissipate with half-lives of one month or longer; in moist soils dissipation half-lives were less than one week. If released into water, zinc phosphide hydrolyzes to phosphine gas and zinc ions. As in soil, the rate of hydrolysis is dependent on the pH of aquatic systems, with rates increasing as the pH either increases or decreases from neutrality. Because zinc phosphide is expected to break down rapidly in the environment, bioconcentration is not expected. Occupational exposure to zinc phosphide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where zinc phosphide is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to zinc phosphide through its residential use. Due to zinc phosphide's rapid hydrolysis, dietary exposure is not expected from drinking water derived from either ground or surface water. (SRC)

Zinc phosphide's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a rodenticide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Zinc phosphide absorbs to soil making it immobile(1). Hydrolysis is the major route of degradation of zinc phosphide, resulting in the formation of phosphine gas and zinc ions(1). Hydrolysis rates increase as soil pH either increases or decreases from neutrality(1). Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process for zinc phosphide, however, its degradation product, phosphine gas, is volatile(SRC). Zinc phosphide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC), since it has a negligible vapor pressure in its dry state(2). Zinc phosphide at low concentrations is reported to be either relatively stable to aerobic soil metabolism or to hydrolyze before any biotic processes can occur(1). Zinc phosphide in bait formulations showed 12-39% reduction of parent material upon exposure to the environment over 21-27 days(1). Hydrolysis was likely the major route of decomposition in soils and the slow degradation rate was most likely due to protection of the zinc phosphide ingredient by the formulation additives and packaging(1). In dry soils, zinc phosphide was reported to dissipate with half-lives of one month or longer; in moist soils dissipation half-lives were less than one week(1).

AQUATIC FATE: Hydrolysis is the major route of degradation of zinc phosphide, resulting in the formation of phosphine gas and zinc ions(1). The rate of hydrolysis is dependent on the pH of aquatic systems, with rates increasing as the pH either increases or decreases from neutrality(1). In bait formulations, zinc phosphide has been shown to be relatively stable in neutral aquatic systems, with half-lives longer than one month(1). Bioconcentration is not expected to be an important fate in aquatic organisms(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), zinc phosphide, which has a negligible vapor pressure in its dry state(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase zinc phosphide may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

Limited data are available on the metabolism of zinc phosphide; hydrolysis is likely to occur before biodegradation(1).

Hydrolysis is the major route of degradation of zinc phosphide, resulting in the formation of phosphine gas and zinc ions. The rate of hydrolysis of zinc phosphide is dependent on the pH, with rates increasing as the pH either increase or decreases from neutrality(1).

Zinc phosphide is expected to break down rapidly in the environment(1), therefore, bioconcentration is not expected(SRC).

Zinc phosphide absorbs to soil making it immobile(1).

The rate of volatility of phosphine gas, a hydrolysis product of zinc phosphide, from moist soils is dependent on soil moisture and pH(1). Zinc phosphide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC), since it has a negligible vapor pressure in its dry state(2).

Zinc phosphide is listed as an ingredient in four home use products(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 3862 workers (48 of these are female) were potentially exposed to zinc phosphide in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to zinc phosphide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where zinc phosphide is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to zinc phosphide through its residential use(SRC). Due to zinc phosphide's rapid hydrolysis, dietary exposure is not expected from drinking water derived from either ground or surface water(2).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P122 and U249, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Zinc phosphide is a poor candidate for incineration.

/GUIDE 139 SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE (Emitting Flammable and Toxic Gases)/ Fire or Explosion: Produce flammable and toxic gases on contact with water. May ignite on contact with water or moist air. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Some are transported in highly flammable liquids. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.

/GUIDE 139 SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE (Emitting Flammable and Toxic Gases)/ Health: Highly toxic: contact with water produces toxic gas, may be fatal if inhaled. Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. May produce corrosive solutions on contact with water. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 139 SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE (Emitting Flammable and Toxic Gases)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate the area before entry.

/GUIDE 139 SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE (Emitting Flammable and Toxic Gases)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Zinc phosphide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1714; Zinc phosphide

IMO 4.3; Zinc phosphide

49 234 96; Zinc phosphide (Zinc salts, not elsewhere classified)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Zinc phosphide is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Zinc phosphide is included on the dangerous goods list.

Dangerous When Wet Poison

Symbol: F, T+, N; R: 15/29-28-32-50/53; S: (1/2)-3/9/14-30-36/37-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 4.3; UN Subsidiary Risks: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I