arsenictrioxide

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P318, P321, P330, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

Warning: Effects usually appear within 30 minutes of exposure but may be delayed for several hours. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Arsenous Oxide Exposure: Hypotension (low blood pressure), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), dehydration, intense thirst, difficulty swallowing, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea are among the first signs and symptoms noticed following acute arsenous oxide exposure. Headache, conjunctivitis (red, inflamed eyes), runny nose, and lacrimation (tearing) are also common. Garlic odor of breath and feces may be noted. Cardiovascular effects include shock, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), ventricular fibrillation, and other cardiac abnormalities. Pulmonary edema may occur. Altered mental status, seizures, and delirium are further complications of arsenous oxide exposure. Intense muscle cramping is common. Exposure to airborne dust is generally accompanied by irritation of exposed skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to arsenous oxide may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to arsenous oxide.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. RUSH to a health care facility!

4. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to arsenous oxide.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. RUSH to a health care facility!

7. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. RUSH to a health care facility!

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of arsenous oxide is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

5.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of arsenous oxide may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

5.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

5. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

6. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Arsenic trioxide, solid/

Personnel protection: ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Arsenic trioxide, solid/

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. Use flooding quantities of water as spray. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Arsenical cmpd, solid, NOS/

Personnel protection: ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Arsenical cmpd, solid, NOS/

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable, plastic containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Flush with water /for neutralizing acids and caustics/.

A technique was developed for cleansing excavated soils contaminated by hazardous substances. The chemicals tested included arsenic trioxide. The two soils used are organic loam and an inorganic mixture of sand, gravel, silt, and clay. The steps used in this process are water-knife size reduction, soaking, countercurrent extraction, hydrocyclone separation, and wasted fluid treatment for reuse. Arsenic is not easily removed. Contaminated soils can be treated in situ with water or aqueous solutions that are frequently encountered. Soil characteristics are important factors in the removal or retention of contaminants. Tables and diagrams illustrate the results and designs of the process.

Prompt cleanup and removal are necessary. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

Floors and other accessible surfaces contaminated with inorganic arsenic may not be cleaned by the use of compressed air, and shoveling and brushing may be used only where vacuuming or other relevant methods have been tried and found not to be effective. /Inorganic arsenic compounds/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Recycling: Dissolve in a minimum amt of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Add to water until the appearance of white precipitate. Add 6 M-HCL /6 M-hydrochloric acid/ just to dissolve again. Saturate with hydrogen sulfide. After filtration, wash the precipitate, dry, package and return to suppliers. Recommendable methods: Precipitation, solidification /hazardous waste/, landfill. Not recommendable methods: Thermal destruction, discharge to sewer. Peer-review: Arsenic trioxide can be dissolved in sodium hydroxide, treated to precipitate the sulfide, solidified and deposited in a landfill. Small amt of As2O3 /arsenic trioxide/ in containers can be buried in landfills. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Storage: To convert the gas-cleaning residues obtained during the metallurgical processing of arsenic-containing ores into a portable and less water-soluble form, the metals are precipitated as hydroxides by using an excess of lime water and the arsenic is precipitated as calcium arsenate and calcium arsenite. This "arsenic sludge" is recycled, on the one hand, in order not to lose the valuable metals, and on the other, in order to reduce the problem of arsenic sludge disposal. Arsenic trioxide is removed from waste gases by means of electrostatic separators (efficiency 70-90%) or bag filters (efficiency up to 99%). Bag filters, however, require twice to three times as much energy as electrostatic separators. The following storage possibilities are available today for arsenic residues that cannot be recycled immediately or at all /hazardous waste landfill/.

Arsenic trioxide is a poor candidate for incineration.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. All contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Do not eat or smoke in area where arsenic trioxide is being used. Protective clothing should be laundered daily.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Arsenic trioxide, solid/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Store only in original container. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from acids, halogens, and iron salts.

Protect container against physical damage. Store in well ventilated area away from food or food products and combustible materials. /Inorganic arsenic cmpd/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Inorganic arsenic plus methylated metabolites in urine = 35 ug As/L; end of workweek;

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: mg/m3)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: mg/m3)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: mg/m3)

3.7 mg/m3

11 mg/m3

3.0 mg/m3

9.1 mg/m3

1.9 mg/m3

5.7 mg/m3

1.2 mg/m3

NOTE THAT VALUES ARE IN mg/m3, NOT ppm. NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Interim

0.27 [mg/m3]

3.0 [mg/m3]

9.1 [mg/m3]

0.01 [mg/m3], as As

5 mg As/m3 ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

5.0 [mg/m3], as As

5 mg/cu m (as AS); NIOSH considers arsenic (inorganic cmpd, as As) to be a potential occupational carcinogen. /Arsenic (inorganic cmpd, as As)/

8 hr Time weighted Avg (TWA) 0.01 mg/cu m /Arsenic and inorganic compounds, as As/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Arsenic and inorganic compounds, as As/

A1: Confirmed human carcinogen. /Arsenic and inorganic compounds, as As/

BEI (Biological Exposure Index): Determinant: Inorganic arsenic plus methylated metabolites in urine; Sampling Time: end of workweek; BEI: 35 ug As/L. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. /Arsenic, elemental and soluble inorganic compounds/

0.01 mg/m

(inhalable fraction): 0.01 mg/m

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 1; germ cell mutagen group: 3A.

Acute Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.0003 mg/kg/day (L134)

Chronic Inhalation: 0.01 mg/m3 (L134)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

Arsenic trioxide appears as white or transparent, glassy amorphous lumps or crystalline powder. Slightly soluble in water, but dissolves very slowly; more soluble in hot water. Noncombustible. Corrosive to metals in the presence of moisture. Toxic by ingestion.

Dry Powder; Wet Solid

Colorless or white solid; [ICSC] White powder; Soluble in water; May decompose in presence of moisture; [MSDSonline]

WHITE LUMPS OR CRYSTALLINE POWDER.

White cubic crystals (Arsenolite)

Colorless monoclinic crystals (Claudette)

White or transparent, glassy, amorphous lumps or crystalline powder

Exists in 3 allotropic forms. The amorphous form ... the octahedral form ... the rhombic form

Odorless

Tasteless

869 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

460 °C @760 [mm Hg]

379 to 594.1 °F ; Arsenolite and claudetite forms sublime at 379 °F. (EPA, 1998)

313 °C (claudetite); 274 °C (arsenolite)

275-313 °C

SOL IN DIL HYDROCHLORIC ACID, IN ALKALI HYDROXIDE; SOL IN CARBONATE SOLN; PRACTICALLY INSOL IN ALC; PRACTICALLY INSOL IN CHLOROFORM, ETHER.

Soluble in glycerol

In water, 1.7X10+4 mg/l @ 16 °C.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 1.2-3.7

3.738 amorphous or vitreous; 3.865 arsenolite; 4.15 claudetite (EPA, 1998)

3.865 (cubes); 4.15 (rhombic crystals)

Relative density (water = 1): 3.7-4.2

3.86 @25 °C

66.1 mmHg at 593.6 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.000247 [mmHg]

2.47X10-4 mm Hg @ 25 °C

IT IS STABLE IN AIR BUT SLOWLY OXIDIZED IN ACID MEDIA

Not combustible, but if involved in a fire decomposes to produce arsenic fumes.

DANGEROUS WHEN HEATED TO DECOMP ... IT EMITS TOXIC FUMES OF ARSENIC /SRP: INCLUDING ARSINE/. /ARSENIC CMPD/

Corrosive to metals in the presence of moisture.

77 kJ/mol @ 25 °C

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.755 (ARSENOLITE); 1.871, 1.92, 2.01 (CLAUDETITE)

1.1X10-4 at 25 °C

Slowly heated sublimes unchanged; rapidly heated crystal sublimes without fusion, while amorphous first fuses then sublimes

IT DISSOLVES IN ALKALI TO FORM ARSENITES

Arsenic trioxide sublimes at 193 °C

All /cubic and monoclinic/ forms sublime @ 125-150 °C

Metals -> Arsenic Compounds, Inorganic

Carcinogens

Breast Feeding; Lactation; Antineoplastic Agents

Slightly soluble in water, but dissolves very slowly; more soluble in hot water [Merck].

Salts, Acidic

Reducing Agents, Weak

ARSENIC TRIOXIDE reacts vigorously with fluorine at ordinary temperatures [Mellor 9:34 1946-47]. Dissolves in aqueous acids. Incompatible with tannic acid, infusions of cinchona and other vegetable astringent infusions and decoctions, and with iron in solution [Merck].

A mixture of arsenic trioxide with excess zinc filings will explode on heating.

INCOMPATIBILITIES: TANNIC ACID, INFUSION CINCHONA & OTHER VEGETABLE ASTRINGENT INFUSIONS & DECOCTIONS; IRON IN SOLN.

FORMS TOXIC VOLATILE HALIDES IN CONTACT WITH HALIDE ACIDS. FORMS VOLATILE, HIGHLY TOXIC ARSINE WHEN REDUCED IN ACID SOLN.

Chlorine trifluoride produces a violent reaction without flame in presence of arsenic trioxide ... .

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The mechanism of action of Arsenic Trioxide is not completely understood. Arsenic trioxide causes morphological changes and DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis in NB4 human promyelocytic leukemia cells <i>in vitro</i>. Arsenic trioxide also causes damage or degradation of the fusion protein PML/RAR-alpha. It is suspected that arsenic trioxide induces cancer cells to undergo apoptosis. Arsenic and its metabolites disrupt ATP production through several mechanisms. At the level of the citric acid cycle, arsenic inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and by competing with phosphate it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, thus inhibiting energy-linked reduction of NAD+, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide production is also increased, which might form reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Arsenic's carginogenicity is influenced by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. The binding of other arsenic protein targets may also cause altered DNA repair enzyme activity, altered DNA methylation patterns and cell proliferation. (T1, A17)

Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank 2.0)

Arsenic trioxide

Ambiguous-DILI-concern

Adverse reactions

DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2016.02.015

Classification of carcinogenicity: 1) evidence in humans: sufficient; 2) evidence in animals: limited. Overall summary evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans is Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans. NOTE: This evaluation applies to the group of chemicals as a whole and not necessarily to all individual chemicals within the group. /Arsenic and arsenic compounds/

A1: Confirmed human carcinogen. /Arsenic and inorganic compounds, as As/

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans that arsenic in drinking-water causes cancers of the urinary bladder, lung and skin ... Overall evaluation: Arsenic in drinking-water is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Arsenic in drinking water/

... There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of sodium arsenite, calcium arsenate and arsenic trioxide ... /Arsenic in drinking water/

For more Evidence for Carcinogenicity (Complete) data for ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Arsenic poisoning can lead to death from multi-system organ failure, probably from necrotic cell death, not apoptosis. Arsenic is also a known carcinogen, especially in skin, liver, bladder and lung cancers. (T1, L20)

◉ Summary of Use during Lactation

Most sources consider breastfeeding to be contraindicated during maternal antineoplastic drug therapy. It might be possible to breastfeed safely during intermittent therapy with an appropriate period of breastfeeding abstinence; the manufacturer recommends an abstinence period of 1 week after the last dose. Chemotherapy may adversely affect the normal microbiome and chemical makeup of breastmilk. Women who receive chemotherapy during pregnancy are more likely to have difficulty nursing their infant.

◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants

Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk

A telephone follow-up study was conducted on 74 women who received cancer chemotherapy at one center during the second or third trimester of pregnancy to determine if they were successful at breastfeeding postpartum. Only 34% of the women were able to exclusively breastfeed their infants, and 66% of the women reported experiencing breastfeeding difficulties. This was in comparison to a 91% breastfeeding success rate in 22 other mothers diagnosed during pregnancy, but not treated with chemotherapy. Other statistically significant correlations included: 1. mothers with breastfeeding difficulties had an average of 5.5 cycles of chemotherapy compared with 3.8 cycles among mothers who had no difficulties; and 2. mothers with breastfeeding difficulties received their first cycle of chemotherapy on average 3.4 weeks earlier in pregnancy. Of the 9 women who received a fluorouracil-containing regimen, 8 had breastfeeding difficulties.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Oral (L2) ; inhalation (L2) ; dermal (L2)

Burning sensation behind the breastbone. Cough. Dizziness. Headache. Shortness of breath. Sore throat. Weakness. See Ingestion. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Pain. Blisters. Skin burns.

Redness. Pain. Burns.

Burns in mouth and throat. Abdominal cramps. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Vomiting. Shock or collapse.

Symptoms of overdose include convulsions, muscle weakness and confusion. Exposure to lower levels of arsenic can cause nausea and vomiting, decreased production of red and white blood cells, abnormal heart rhythm, and damage to blood vessels.

Neurotoxin - Sensorimotor

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Aplastic anemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as primary toxic effect.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Human.

WHO= 0.002 mg/kg /Inorganic arsenic cmpd, as As; from table/

LD50: 871 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 31 500 ug/kg (Oral, Mouse) (T14)

LD50: 9800 ug/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (T14)

LD50: 10 700 ug/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (T14)

LD50 Mice (several strains) gavage 26-47 mg/kg

LD50 Rat gavage 15 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral (in food) 145 mg/kg

LC50 Oncorhynchus keta (Chum salmon) 8,330 ug/l/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC54 Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (pink salmon) 3,787 ug/l/10 days /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC100 Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (pink salmon) 7,195 ug/l/7 days /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to birds, fish and mammals. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

ARSENIC TRIOXIDE OCCURS IN NATURE AS MINERAL ARSENOLITE (AS4O6).

... SINCE ARSENIC TRIOXIDE IS FORMED WHEN ARSENIC-CONTAINING ORES ARE ROASTED, IT MAY OCCUR AS POLLUTANT IN WASTE GASES & WASTE WATERS FROM ORE REFINERIES. OTHER POTENTIAL SOURCES INCL THE PLANTS WHERE IT IS FURTHER REFINED & THE MANY OPERATIONS IN WHICH IT IS USED (PESTICIDE SYNTHESIS, GLASS MFR, ETC).

Terrestrial Fate: Half-life is 6.5 years for arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in soil. Microorganisms in the soil metabolize soil arsenic to volatile arsine derivatives. Depending on the conditions, 17-60% of the total arsenic present in the soil may be volatilized.

Lepomis macrochirus: whole body, bioconcentration factor was 4 at a 28 day exposure.

Daphnia magna: whole body, bioconcentration factor was 10 at a 21 day exposure.

Heliosoma campanulata: whole body, bioconcentration factor was 17 at a 28 day exposure.

Stagnilola emarginata: whole body, bioconcentration factor was 3 at a 28 day exposure.

For more Environmental Bioconcentration (Complete) data for ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Market Basket Surveys by FDA for arsenic trioxide showed: 0.1-4.7 ppm in Baltimore in May 1964 with residues found in meat, fish, poultry, grain and cereal products, potatoes, legumes, root vegetables, and fruit.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Recycling: Dissolve in a minimum amt of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Add to water until the appearance of white precipitate. Add 6 M-HCL /6 M-hydrochloric acid/ just to dissolve again. Saturate with hydrogen sulfide. After filtration, wash the precipitate, dry, package and return to suppliers. Recommendable methods: Precipitation, solidification /hazardous waste/, landfill. Not recommendable methods: Thermal destruction, discharge to sewer. Peer-review: Arsenic trioxide can be dissolved in sodium hydroxide, treated to precipitate the sulfide, solidified and deposited in a landfill. Small amt of As2O3 /arsenic trioxide/ in containers can be buried in landfills. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Storage: To convert the gas-cleaning residues obtained during the metallurgical processing of arsenic-containing ores into a portable and less water-soluble form, the metals are precipitated as hydroxides by using an excess of lime water and the arsenic is precipitated as calcium arsenate and calcium arsenite. This "arsenic sludge" is recycled, on the one hand, in order not to lose the valuable metals, and on the other, in order to reduce the problem of arsenic sludge disposal. Arsenic trioxide is removed from waste gases by means of electrostatic separators (efficiency 70-90%) or bag filters (efficiency up to 99%). Bag filters, however, require twice to three times as much energy as electrostatic separators. The following storage possibilities are available today for arsenic residues that cannot be recycled immediately or at all /hazardous waste landfill/.

Arsenic trioxide is a poor candidate for incineration.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1561; Arsenic trioxide

IMO 6.1; Arsenic trioxide

49 231 15; Arsenic trioxide, solid (arsenic white)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 45-28-34-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61; Note: E

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II