1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P305+P351+P338, P330, P337+P317, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 39 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P264, P270, P319, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P264+P265, P305+P351+P338, P319, P332+P317, P337+P317, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Rest. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Tetrachloronaphthalene:

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: SOAP WASH IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide.

Extinguishant: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical. Also wear a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with a full facepiece operated in the pressure demand or other positive pressure mode.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder.

If you spill this chemical, dampen the solid spill material with toluene, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with toluene to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tigh plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent-wash all contaminated surfaces wit toluene followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquids containing tetrachloronaphthalene should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: Ensure plentiful supply of hydrocarbon fuel. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

You should dispose of all waste and contaminated materials associated with this chemical as specified by existing local, state and federal regulations concerning hazardous waste disposal. It is suggested that your contaminated materials should be destroyed by incineration in a special, high temperature ( >2000 degrees F), chemical incinerator facility.

If employees' clothing may have become contaminated with solid tetrachloronaphthalene, employees should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Clothing contaminated with tetrachloronaphthalene should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of tetrachloronaphthalene from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the tetrachloronaphthalene, the person performing the operation should be informed of tetrachloronaphthalene's hazardous properties.

Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with molten tetrachloronaphthalene should be removed immediately and not reworn until the tetrachloronaphthalene is removed from the clothing.

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to: prevent any possibility of skin contact with molten tetrachloronaphthalene; prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with solid tetrachloronaphthalene or liquids containing tetrachloronaphthalene; or prevent skin contact with tetrachloronaphthalene fumes from heated material.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for TETRACHLORONAPHTHALENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

CONDENSER IMPREGNATION & OTHER OPERATIONS INVOLVING MELTING OF CHLORONAPHTHALENE SHOULD BE ENCLOSED OR PROVIDED WITH EFFECTIVE LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION. /CHLORONAPHTHALENES/

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, dampen the solid spill material with toluene, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with toluene to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent-wash all contaminated surfaces with toluene followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Materials which are toxic as stored or which decompose into toxic components due to contact with heat ... should be stored in cool, well-ventilated place, out of direct rays of sun, away from areas of high fire hazard, and ... periodically inspected and monitored.

This material should be stored in a refrigerator.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

TWA 2 mg/m3 [skin]

2.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Animal data: It has been stated that tetrachloronaphthalene has been shown to be less toxic to the liver than more highly chlorinated derivatives of naphthalene [ACGIH 1986]. . . . Basis for revised IDLH: Due to a lack of relevant acute toxicity data, the IDLH for tetrachloronaphthalene remains Unknown.

See Appendix F

See: 1335882

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 2 mg/cu m.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

8 hr Time-weighted avg (TWA): 2 mg/cu m. /Tetrachloronaphthalene/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Tetrachloronaphthalene/

2 mg/m³ [1992]

Australia; Belgium; Denmark; France; Ireland; The Netherlands; The Philippines; Switzerland; United Kingdom: TWA 2 mg/cu m, skin. Ireland: STEL 4 mg/cu m. United Kingdom (Health and Safety Executive Occupational Exposure Standards): STEL/CEIL (C) 4 mg/cu m. /from table/

A harmful contamination of the air will not or will only very slowly be reached on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

The substance is mildly irritating to the eyes and skin.

The substance may have effects on the liver. This may result in liver impairment.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Tetrachloronaphthalene:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. (NIOSH, 2024)

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)

... Wear appropriate clothing to prevent any possibility of skin contact with molten material ... /or/ solutions. Wear eye protection ... /and/ wash promptly when skin ... is contaminated. /Chloronaphthalenes/

/Persons/ should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing gloves, faceshields (eight inch minimum) and other appropriate clothing to prevent skin contact with liquid or molten tetrachloronaphthalene or its fumes.

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for TETRACHLORONAPHTHALENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(See Appendix F)

NIOSH/OSHA

Up to 20 mg/m3 :

(APF = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece

(APF = 50) Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece

Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus

(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister having an N100, R100, or P100 filter.

Click here for information on selection of N, R, or P filters.

Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus

Important additional information about respirator selection

Tetrachloronaphthalene is a colorless to pale-yellow solid with an intense aromatic odor. Melting Point :182 C. Presents an environmental danger. Used in lubricants and in the manufacture of insulation for electrical wire. If released into the environment, bioaccumulation takes place in fish. Will persist in the environment causing long-term adverse effects. The halowaxes are technical-grade chlorinated naphthalenes containing tetrachloronaphthalene in its various isomers together with (mainly) trichloro- pentachloro- and hexa-chloronapthalenes in their various isomers.

1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene is a light-brown crystalline solid. (NTP, 1992)

Colorless to pale-yellow solid with an aromatic odor; [NIOSH]

Light-brown solid; [CAMEO]

COLOURLESS-TO-PALE-YELLOW CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless to pale-yellow solid with an aromatic odor.

Colorless to pale yellow solid

Aromatic odor

599 to 680 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

311.5 to 360 °C

312-360 °C

599-680 °F

360 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

360 °F (NTP, 1992)

410 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

210 °C (Open Cup)

210 °C o.c.

410 °F (open cup)

(oc) 410 °F

Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)

less than 1 mg/mL at 63.5 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 0.0056 mg/l @ 25 °C (average of 6 isomers)

In water, 0.00426 mg/l @ 25 °C

Solubility in water: none

Insoluble

1.59 to 1.65 (NIOSH, 2024)

1.59 to 1.65 (water= 1)

1.6 g/cm³

1.59-1.65

9.2 (Air= 1 at bp of tetrachloronaphthalene)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 9.2

less than 1 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

0.000001 [mmHg]

0.0000029 [mmHg]

2.9X10-6 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C:

log Kow = 5.86 (average of 6 isomers)

log Kow= 5.95

5.75-6.19

None to boiling point (i.e. 311.5 to 360 °C)

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Insoluble in water.

Aryl Halides

TETRACHLORONAPHTHALENE is non-flammable, but combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic gases in a fire. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Reacts violently with aluminum, with bases, and with liquid O2.

Simple aromatic halogenated organic compounds, such as 1,2,3,4-TETRACHLORONAPHTHALENE, are very unreactive. Halogenated organics generally become less reactive as more of their hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms. Materials in this group may be incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Also, they may be incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides.

Contact with strong oxidizing agents may cause fires and explosions.

Strong oxidizers.

Strong oxidizers

IDENTIFICATION: There are 75 possible congeners of chlorinated naphthalenes. Commercial products are generally mixtures of several congeners and range from thin liquids to hard waxes to high melting point solids. The higher chlorinated naphthalene products have been used as impregnants for condensers and capacitors and dipping encapsulating cmpd in electronic and automotive applications and as temporary binders in the manufacture of ceramic components, in paper coating and in precision casting of alloys, in electroplating, stop-off cmpd, as additive in gear oils and cutting cmpd, in flame proofing and insulation of electrical cable and conductors and moisture proof sealants, as separators in batteries, in refractive index testing oils, masking cmpd in electroplating and in grinding wheel lubricants. There are no known commercial uses for purified tetrachloronaphthalenes. HUMAN EXPOSURE: The major sources of release of chlorinated naphthalenes into the environment are likely from waste incineration and disposal of items containing chlorinated naphthalenes to landfill. In the past, chlorinated naphthalene concn of up to 14.5 mg/cu m have been measured in the workplace, while levels of 25-2900 ng/cu m have been recorded in out door air in vicinity of manufacturing sites. More recently, monitoring studies have revealed chlorinated naphthalene concn up to 150 pg/cu m at semirural sites and 1-40 pg/cu m at remote sites. Predominant cogeners in out door air were tri- and tetrachloronaphthalene. Chlorinated naphthalenes can be absorbed via oral, inhalative and dermal routes, with absorption and distribution over the whole body after oral admin. Chlorinated naphthalenes, especially the dioxin like congeners, have been detected in adipose tissue, liver, blood and breast milk samples from the general population at concn in the ng/kg lipid range. Severe skin reactions (chloracne) and liver disease have been reported after occupational exposure to chlorinated naphthalenes. Chloracne was common among workers who handling chlorinated naphthalenes in the 1930's to 1940's. A cohort study on workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes at a cable manufacturing plant found an excess of deaths from cirrhosis of the liver. However, individuals with chloracne did not show a higher mortality due to liver cirrhosis compared with other workers. The mortality from all cancers was slightly but significantly elevated among all exposed men (standardized mortality ratio =1.18), but was not more elevated in the subcohort with chloracne. This subcohort showed statistically significant excess mortality from cancer of the esophagus and from benign and unspecified neoplasms. Symptoms described in workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes included irritation of the eyes, fatigue, headache, anemia, hematuria, impotency, anorexia, vomiting and severe abdominal pain. ANIMAL STUDIES: Chlorinated naphthalenes have been shown to be highly bioaccumulative in fish, but less so in shrimp and algae. The amount of bioaccumulation observed incr with the degree of chlorination of the chlorinated naphthalenes. The most highly chlorinated naphthalenes do not appear to bioaccumulate. Chlorinated naphthalene concn in fish range up to a maximum of around 300 ug/kg lipid weight. 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene has demonstrated no mutagenicity. Monitoring studies with seabird eggs have revealed a decr in chlorinated naphthalene levels between 1974 and 1987. Hydroxy metabolites have been identified mostly for the lower chlorinated naphthalenes (mono- to tetra-) in experimental animals. There are also preliminary indications for the occurrence of methylthio- or methyl sulfoxide chloronaphthalene metabolites in the feces of rats. Elimination of the parent compounds and/or metabolites occurs via feces and urine. The higher chlorinated congeners appeared to be more toxic than the lower chlorinated ones. Long term and carcinogenicity studies with chlorinated naphthalenes have not been performed. Like related cmpd, chlorinated naphthalenes have been demonstrated to be inducers of the cytochrome p450 (CYP) dependent microsomal enzymes. Chlorinated naphthalenes were also found to change lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats in a manner indicative of oxidative stress. At least some of the biological and toxic responses of chlorinated naphthalenes are believed to be mediated via the cytosolic Ah receptor, resembling those of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related cmpd. All chlorinated naphthalenes tested cause skin irritations in laboratory animals. Chlorinated napthalenes appear to be of moderate to high acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. Tetra- and pentachloronaphthalene congeners tend to predominate in the biota. /Chlorinated naphthalenes, Tetrachloronaphthalenes and higher Chlorinated Naphthalenes/

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of fume and through the skin.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Headache. Nausea. Vomiting.

Acne-form dermatitis; headache, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), anorexia, dizziness; jaundice, liver injury

Liver, skin, central nervous system

Occupational hepatotoxin - Primary hepatotoxins: the toxic effect to the liver is the principal adverse effect of the chemical.

Dermatotoxin - Chloracne.

NAPHTHALENE toxicosis caused by vapor inhalation can usually be managed simply by removing the individual to fresh air. Skin contamination should be removed promptly by washing with soap and water. Eye contamination should be removed by flushing with copious amounts of clear water. Irritation may be severe, and if it persists, should receive medical attention. /SRP: It may be helpful to empty stomach and administer dose of activated charcoal/ Examine the plasma for evidence of hemolysis: a reddish-brown tinge. Examine the blood smear for "ghosts" and Heinz bodies. If /hemolysis is/ present, monitor red blood cell count and hematocrit for anemia, urine for protein, and cells. Measure direct- and indirect-reacting bilirubin in the plasma. Monitor fluid balance and blood electrolytes. If possible, monitor urinary excretion of naphthol to assess severity of poisoning and clinical progress. If hemolysis is clinically significnt, administer intravenous fluids to accelerate urinary excretion of the naphthol metabolite and protect the kidney from products of hemolysis. Use Ringer's-lactate or sodium bicarbonate to keep urine pH above 7.5. Consider use of mannitol, or furosemide, to promote diuresis. If urine flow declines, intravenous infusions must be carefully monitored to avoid fluid overload. Institute hemodialysis. Consider charcoal hemoperfusion in tandem to extract naphthalene and end-products. If anemia is severe, blood transfusions may be needed. Hydrocortisone may be of some benefit if significant hemolysis is present. /Fumigant poisoning/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Naphthalene and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Start an IV with lactated Ringer's. Adequate hydration must be maintained to prevent renal failure secondary to myoglobinuria unless signs of cerebral or pulmonary edema are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Naphthalene and related compounds/

Maintain an open air way and assist ventilation if necessary. Treat coma and seizures if they occur. Treat hemolysis and resulting hemoglobinuria if they occur by intravenous hydration and urinary alkalinization. There is no specific antidote. Administer activated charcoal if available. Do not induce vomiting, because of the risk of lethargy and seizures. Do not administer milk, fats or oils, which may enhance absorption /Naphthalene/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Skin conditions resulting from exposure to certain chlorinated hydrocarbons were studied in electrical condenser employees. The 31 workers examined in two facilities that used a combination of trichloronaphthalene (1321659) and tetrachloronaphthalene (1335882) in the manufacture of condensers were all employed in the finishing departments. Exposure to the chlorinated naphthalenes resulted in acneform eruptions, characterized by pustules, papules, and comedones. Eruptions usually occurred within the first few months of employment. Incidence of acneform eruptions appeared to be higher in summer than in winter. Acneform eruptions differed from acne commonly found among adolescents. One case of permanent facial disfigurement in a young girl involved the deeper layers of skin. In severe cases, there was a tendency to secondary infection, especially when there was coexisting pruritus and if the worker scratched the lesions. In one case, furunculosis of the cheek, superimposed on a severe acneform eruption, resulted in death from septicemia.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ An incidence in which 92 workers were exposed to a mixture of tetra- and pentachloronaphthalene in the manufacture of insulated electrical coils is described. The majority of 59 people examined had chloracne lesions and systemic effects occurring among some of the workers included headache, fatigue, vertigo and anorexia. Toxic effects resulted from exposures through direct contact of the skin and inhalation of fumes. Improvement of environmental controls and the in-plant medical program effectively controlled the health hazard.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Until 1956 there was general agreement that as degree of chlorination incr so did acneigenic properties & systemic toxicity... According to...result of... expt on...volunteers, unexpected fact emerged that whereas tri-, tetra-, hepta-, & octachloronaphthalenes were entirely nonacneigenic, penta- & hexachloro deriv /were/... .

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Tetrachlornaphthalene was nonacneigenic to exposed human volunteers where penta- and hexa-chloronaphthalene produced severe acneform folliculitis.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for TETRACHLORONAPHTHALENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ An acne-form dermatitis (chloracne) developed in workers after four months exposure to an unknown concn of wax containing a mixture of tetra- and penta-chloronaphthalene; headache, fatigue, anorexia and vertigo were also noted. /Tetra- and Pentachloronaphthalenes/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Until 1956 there was general agreement that as degree of chlorination incr so did acneigenic Properties & systemic toxicity... . According to...result of... expt on...volunteers, unexpected fact emerged that whereas tri-, tetra-, hepta-, & octachloronaphthalenes were entirely nonacneigenic, penta- & hexachloro deriv /were/... . /tetrachloronaphthalene/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Exposure to this chemical may cause acneform dermatitis, headache, fatigue, anorexia and vertigo. It may also cause jaundice and other symptoms of liver failure.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... 1,2,3,4-Tetra- and several lower chlorinated naphthalenes were inactive as inducers of microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase /when administered to/ immature male Wistar rats. The effects of structure on the induction activities of the polychlorinated naphthalenes were similar to those observed for other halogenated aryl hydrocarbons.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The lowest value was the 30-day LD50 of 2,3,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalene from the guinea pig. This was nearly the only experiment taking into account the prolonged time to death, which is typical for dioxin-like compoundsthe mean time to death for such substances is 2-3 weeks after a single exposure for most small laboratory animals and even longer for larger domestic animals, dogs, and non-human primates /Polychloronaphthalenes/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Repeated exposure of rats at an average concentration of 10.97 mg/cu m of a mixture of trichloronaphthalene and tetrachloronaphthalenevapor 16 hours/day for a total of 1232 hours (approx 2.5 months) produced slight liver injury (swelling with over-granulation and occasional mitotic figures. At1.31 mg/cu m, very slight swelling was observed.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Ingestion experiments with cattle have indicated tetrachloronaphthalene to be more toxic than trichloronaphthalene. Tri- or tetrachloronaphthalene was given orally in 3% solutions in mineral oil over a period of one to 30 days. Total doses of 5 to 27 mg/kg were administered. Two of three calves given tetrachloronaphthalene developed only mild symptoms associated with hyperkeratosis on the ninth and seventh days. Lacrimation, nasal discharge, and depression were slight and persisted for only several days. No other signs of hyperkeratosis were recorded. The third calf receiving tetrachloronaphthalene exhibited no signs of intoxication and was found to be normal on gross autopsy.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for TETRACHLORONAPHTHALENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene was intra peritoneal injected into immature male rats (n=4) on day 1 and day 3 at a dose of 150 mmol/kg bw (39.9 mg/kg). A control group (n=10) was injected with corn oil. On day 6 no effects were found on the relative liver weight and the activity of several liver enzymes

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ In case of lower chlorinated material represented largely by mixt of tri- & tetrachloronaphthalene, avg concentration of 1.31 mg/cu m of air essentially produced no effect other than possible slight enlargement of liver /over four and one half months exposure/. /CHLORINATED NAPHTHALENES/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Female Wistar JCL rats were fed an ordinary diet containing 0.2% of tetrachloronaphthalene for 3 wk. Degeneration of the fore stomach to translucent thin membrane-like tissue was observed after tetrachloronaphthalene administration. /Tetrachloronaphthalene/ induced hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes, similar to those induced by phenobarbital, and reduced serum GPT.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,2,3,4-TETRACHLORONAPHTHALENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50 Shrimp 69-90 ug/l water Tri/Tetrachloronapthalene mixture for 4 days /Tri-Tetrachloronaphthalene/

LC50 Shrimp 74 ug/l Tetra/penta mixture for 4 days /Tetra-Pentachloronaphthalenes/

Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in fish. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

Tetrachloronaphthalene consists of 22 individual isomers that may have been released to the environment through various waste streams where it was produced or used with other polychloronaphthalenes as waxes and impregnants for protective coatings, water repellents, and wood preservatives. U.S. demand for chloronaphthalenes has declined steadily; manufacturing of chloronaphthalene products ceased in 1977. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 4.8X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates tetrachloronaphthalene will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase tetrachloronaphthalene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 35 days. Particulate-phase tetrachloronaphthalene will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Tetrachloronaphthalene is susceptible to photolysis, however the rate of this potential reaction is not known. If released to soil, tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to have no mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 13,700. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-4 atm-cu m/mole; however, adsorption may attenuate this process. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is not expected based on this compounds estimated vapor pressure. No data were located regarding the biodegradation of tetrachloronaphthalene in soil or water, but it has been reported that higher polychlorinated naphthalenes such as tetrachloronaphthalene are slow to biodegrade. If released into water, tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant, but adsorption may attenuate this process. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7 hours and 9 days, respectively if adsorption is neglected. The volatilization half-life from a model pond is about 9 months if adsorption is considered. Halogenated aromatics are generally resistant to aqueous environmental hydrolysis; therefore, tetrachloronaphthalene is not expected to hydrolyze in water. BCF values measured in fish of 5,100-33,000 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. Occupational exposure to tetrachloronaphthalene may have occurred through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where tetrachloronaphthalene was produced or used. Monitoring data suggest that tetrachloronaphthalene is persistent in the environment and is present in fish and animals that may be consumed by the general population. (SRC)

1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene's former production and use with other polychloronaphthalenes as waxes and impregnants for protective coatings, water repellents, and wood preservatives may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams. The sole U.S. producer ceased manufacturing chloronaphthalene products in 1977. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.9X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthlene will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 35 days. Particulate-phase 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthlene may absorb light with wavelengths >290nm, and may be susceptible to photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to have no mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 14,000. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.38X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization of 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene from dry soil surfaces is not expected based upon its vapor pressure. 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene's chemical structure suggests that it will not biodegrade quickly because of the large number of aromatic chloride substituents. If released into water, 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 11 hours and 8 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. Experimental BCF values ranging from 5,100 to 33,000 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene may have occurred through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chlorinated naphthalenes were produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that general population exposure to 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound or consumer products containing 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene should be low. (SRC)

Polychlorinated naphthalenes do not occur naturally in the environment(1).

Tetrachloronaphthalene consists of 22 individual isomers may have been released to the environment through various waste streams where it has been produced or used with other polychloronaphthalenes as waxes and impregnants for protective coatings, water repellents, and wood preservatives(2). U.S. demand for chloronaphthalenes has declined steadily; manufacturing of chloronaphthalene products ceased in 1977(3).

Pyrolysis of polyvinylidene chloride was found to emit tetrachloronaphthalene concns of 94.5-104 ug/g(1). Tetrachloronaphthalene was identified, not quantified, in gas emissions from municipal waste incinerators(2).

1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene's former production and use with other polychloronaphthalenes as waxes and impregnants for protective coatings, water repellents, and wood preservatives may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams(1). The sole U.S. producer ceased manufacturing chloronaphthalene products in 1977(2).

LC50 Shrimp 69-90 ug/l water Tri/Tetrachloronapthalene mixture for 4 days /Tri-Tetrachloronaphthalene/

LC50 Shrimp 74 ug/l Tetra/penta mixture for 4 days /Tetra-Pentachloronaphthalenes/

Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in fish. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

Tetrachloronaphthalene consists of 22 individual isomers that may have been released to the environment through various waste streams where it was produced or used with other polychloronaphthalenes as waxes and impregnants for protective coatings, water repellents, and wood preservatives. U.S. demand for chloronaphthalenes has declined steadily; manufacturing of chloronaphthalene products ceased in 1977. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 4.8X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates tetrachloronaphthalene will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase tetrachloronaphthalene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 35 days. Particulate-phase tetrachloronaphthalene will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Tetrachloronaphthalene is susceptible to photolysis, however the rate of this potential reaction is not known. If released to soil, tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to have no mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 13,700. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-4 atm-cu m/mole; however, adsorption may attenuate this process. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is not expected based on this compounds estimated vapor pressure. No data were located regarding the biodegradation of tetrachloronaphthalene in soil or water, but it has been reported that higher polychlorinated naphthalenes such as tetrachloronaphthalene are slow to biodegrade. If released into water, tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant, but adsorption may attenuate this process. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7 hours and 9 days, respectively if adsorption is neglected. The volatilization half-life from a model pond is about 9 months if adsorption is considered. Halogenated aromatics are generally resistant to aqueous environmental hydrolysis; therefore, tetrachloronaphthalene is not expected to hydrolyze in water. BCF values measured in fish of 5,100-33,000 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. Occupational exposure to tetrachloronaphthalene may have occurred through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where tetrachloronaphthalene was produced or used. Monitoring data suggest that tetrachloronaphthalene is persistent in the environment and is present in fish and animals that may be consumed by the general population. (SRC)

1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene's former production and use with other polychloronaphthalenes as waxes and impregnants for protective coatings, water repellents, and wood preservatives may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams. The sole U.S. producer ceased manufacturing chloronaphthalene products in 1977. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.9X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthlene will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 35 days. Particulate-phase 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthlene may absorb light with wavelengths >290nm, and may be susceptible to photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to have no mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 14,000. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.38X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization of 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene from dry soil surfaces is not expected based upon its vapor pressure. 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene's chemical structure suggests that it will not biodegrade quickly because of the large number of aromatic chloride substituents. If released into water, 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 11 hours and 8 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. Experimental BCF values ranging from 5,100 to 33,000 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene may have occurred through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chlorinated naphthalenes were produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that general population exposure to 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound or consumer products containing 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene should be low. (SRC)

Polychlorinated naphthalenes do not occur naturally in the environment(1).

Tetrachloronaphthalene consists of 22 individual isomers may have been released to the environment through various waste streams where it has been produced or used with other polychloronaphthalenes as waxes and impregnants for protective coatings, water repellents, and wood preservatives(2). U.S. demand for chloronaphthalenes has declined steadily; manufacturing of chloronaphthalene products ceased in 1977(3).

Pyrolysis of polyvinylidene chloride was found to emit tetrachloronaphthalene concns of 94.5-104 ug/g(1). Tetrachloronaphthalene was identified, not quantified, in gas emissions from municipal waste incinerators(2).

1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene's former production and use with other polychloronaphthalenes as waxes and impregnants for protective coatings, water repellents, and wood preservatives may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams(1). The sole U.S. producer ceased manufacturing chloronaphthalene products in 1977(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 13,700(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of tetrachloronaphthalene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3); however, adsorption may attenuate this process(SRC). Tetrachloronaphthalene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.8X10-5 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). No data were located regarding the biodegradation of tetrachloronaphthalene in soil, but it has been reported that higher polychlorinated naphthalenes such as tetrachloronaphthalene are slow to biodegrade(5,6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 13,700(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7 hours and 9 days, respectively if adsorption is ignored(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model pond is 9 months if adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), BCF values measured in fish of 5,100-33,000(7,8) suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC). Halogenated aromatics are generally resistant to aqueous environmental hydrolysis(3); therefore, tetrachloronaphthalene is not expected to hydrolyze in water(SRC). No data were located regarding the biodegradation of tetrachloronaphthalene in water, but it has been reported that higher polychlorinated naphthalenes such as tetrachloronaphthalene are slow to biodegrade(9,10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), tetrachloronaphthalene, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 4.8X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C (SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase tetrachloronaphthalene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 35 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 9.1X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase tetrachloronaphthalene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Naphthalene and structurally related chemicals absorb light greater than 290 nm and are susceptible to photolysis(4); however the rate of this potential reaction is not known for tetrachloronaphthalene(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 14,000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthlene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.38X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.9X10-6 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.00426 mg/l(5). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC), based upon a vapor pressure of 2.9X10-6 mm Hg(4). 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene's chemical structure suggests that it will not biodegrade quickly, because of the large number of aromatic chloride substituents(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 14,000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.000238 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure 2.9X10-6 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.00426 mg/l(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 11 hours and 8 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 11 years if adsorption is considered(9). According to a classification scheme(6), BCF values in the range of 5,100(7) to 33,000(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC). 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene's highly chlorinated chemical structure suggests that it will not biodegrade quickly(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene, which has a vapor pressure of 2.9X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases. Vapor-phase 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 35 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 9.1X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene may absorb light with wavelengths >290 nm, and may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Tetrachloronaphthalene is reported to have "poor" biodegradability(1). Tetra to hexachlorinated naphthalenes showed no biodegradation during 28 day aerobic biodegradation experiments, although there is some evidence that lower chlorinated forms may biodegrade(2).

A predictive method based upon evaluated biodegradation data(1) and the fact that 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene contains 4 aromatic chlorine substructures predicts that 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene has a low probability of biodegrading quickly in the environment(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tetrachloronaphthalene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 9.1X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 35 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Naphthalene and structurally related chemicals absorb light greater than 290 nm and are susceptible to photolysis(2); however the rate of this potential reaction is not known for tetrachloronaphthalene(SRC). Halogenated aromatics are generally resistant to aqueous environmental hydrolysis(3); therefore, tetrachloronaphthalene is not expected to hydrolyze in water(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 9.1X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 35 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthlene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene may absorb light with wavelengths >290 nm, and may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

In a continuous flow through system, tetrachloronaphthalene BCFs of 25,000-33,000 were measured in guppies (Poecillia reticula) over a 7-day exposure period with three different tetrachloronaphthalene isomers(1). In a static system, a mean BCF of 5,100 was measured in rainbow trout (for the 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene isomer) over a 96 day exposure period(2). In a continuous flow through system, a mean BCF of 21,000 was measured in oligochaete worms (for the 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene isomer) over a 79 day exposure period(3). Fish BCFs of 5,000-20,000 have been reported for the Japanese MITI bioaccumulation test(4). According to a classification scheme(5), these BCFs suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC).

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were determined in plankton (mixed phyto and zooplankton) collected from various sites in the Southern part of the Baltic Sea in 1992. Total PCNs concentration ranged from 140 to 210 pg/g wet wt or 7500 to 20000 pg/g lipid wt, tetrachloronaphthalenes being the dominant congeners.

Using a continuous flow through system and a 7-day exposure period, a 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene BCF of 33,000 was measured in guppies (Poecillia reticula)(1). In a static system, a mean BCF of 5100 was measured in rainbow trout over a 96-day exposure period(2). In a continuous flow through system, a mean BCF of 21,000 was measured in oligochaete worms(Tubifex tubifex and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri) over a 79-day exposure period(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these BCF suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for tetrachloronaphthalene can be estimated to be 13,700(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthlene can be estimated to be 14,000(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to be immobile in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for tetrachloronaphthalene is estimated as 1.6X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2); however adsorption to suspended solids and sediment is expected to attenuate volatilization. Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 7 hours if adsorption is neglected(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 9 days if adsorption is neglected(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model pond is estimated as 9 months if adsorption is considered(3). Tetrachloronaphthalene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur, but adsorption may attenuate this process(SRC). Tetrachloronaphthalene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.8X10-5 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene is 0.000238 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.9X10-6 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 0.00426 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 11 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 8 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 11 years if adsorption is considered(4). 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). However, volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption(SRC). 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC), based upon a vapor pressure of 2.9X10-6 mm Hg(1).

SURFACE WATER: Tetrachloronaphthalene was identified, not quantified, in open waters of Lake Michigan(1). Polychlorinated naphthalenes were detected in groundwater from the Llobregat aquifer in Spain at concns of 0.5-79,100 ng/l, with tetrachloronaphthalene as the major group of congeners(2). Tetrachloronaphthalene was identified in 10 out of 32 wells and boreholes in the Llobregat aquifer at a max concn of 44,100 ng/l(2).

1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene was found in air-dried fly ash from a municipal incinerator(1).

Tetrachloronaphthalene concns of 400-3200 ng/kg were detected in surface sediments collected from 18 lakes in central Finland in 1988(1). Tetrachloronaphthalene (19 of the possible 22 isomers were identified) was detected at concns of 16.30-791.73 picograms/g in the Orbetello and Venice lagoons, Italy(2). Surface sediment (0-10 cm) collected in June 1982 from the nearshore sedimentation area of the Wisla River in Kiezmark under Gdansk in Poland contained 0.027 ng/g dry weight of 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,7-, and 1,2,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalenes combined(3). A chlor-alkali plant that is located in southeastern coastal Georgia, near Brunswick, GA, and operated from 1955 to 1994, disposed of its process wastes into large holding pits near the top of the marsh and directly into the marsh and tidal creek(4). Surficial sediment (0-5 cm) was collected in February 1996 from two intertidal locations during low tide in the contaminated marsh, about 200 m down from the holding pits and contained 2.4 ng/g dry weight of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,6-tetrachloronaphthalene combined(2). Another sediment sample collected at Purvis Creek, about 800 m down from the holding pits, contained 3.8 ng/g dry weight of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,6-tetrachloronaphthalene combined(4). Concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes were measured in ten lake and sea sediment samples from sites with no known present local pollution source(5). Concentrations of 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene were all approximately less than 0.05 ng/g dry weight(5).

SOIL: A chlor-alkali plant that is located in southeastern coastal Georgia, near Brunswick, GA, and operated from 1955 to 1994, disposed of its process wastes into large holding pits near the top of the marsh and directly into the marsh and tidal creek(1). Excavated soil samples taken in February 1996 from waste holding pits contained 3.7 ng/g dry weight of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,6-tetrachloronaphthalene combined(1).

SEDIMENT: Surface sediment (0-10 cm) collected in June 1982 from the nearshore sedimentation area of the Wisla River in Kiezmark under Gdansk in Poland contained 0.027 ng/g dry weight of 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,7-, and 1,2,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalenes combined(1). A chlor-alkali plant that is located in southeastern coastal Georgia, near Brunswick, GA, and operated from 1955 to 1994, disposed of its process wastes into large holding pits near the top of the marsh and directly into the marsh and tidal creek(2). Surficial sediment (0-5 cm) was collected in February 1996 from two intertidal locations during low tide in the contaminated marsh, about 200 m down form the holding pits and contained 2.4 ng/g dry weight of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,6-tetrachloronaphthalene combined(2). Another sediment sample collected at Purvis Creek, about 800 m down from the holding pits, contained 3.8 ng/g dry weight of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,6-tetrachloronaphthalene combined(2). Concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes were measured in ten lake and sea sediment samples from sites with no known present local pollution source(3). Concentrations of 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene were all approximately less than 0.05 ng/g dry weight(3).

Aquatic organisms collected in 1992 in the Baltic Sea from the harbor of the Port of Gdynia off the coast of Poland were analyzed for polychlorinated naphthalenes(1). Concentrations (ng/g lipid weight) of 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,7-, and 1,2,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalenes combined in the following organisms were: mixed plankton species, 0.18; mussel (Mytilus trossulus), 2.6; crab (Carcinus means), 1.4; lamprey (Lapetra fluviatillis), 0.05; flounder (Platychthis flesus), 0.041; stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), 1.1; lesser sand eel (Heperoplus lanceolatus), 0.12; Baltic herring (Clupea harengus), 0.10; pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca), 0.36; elepout (Zoarces viviparus) 0.098; round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), 0.80; cod (Gadus morhua), 0.042(1). Concentrations (ng/g lipid weight) of 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,7-, and 1,2,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalenes combined in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) collected from four sites in the beach zone in the south-western part of the Gulf of Gdansk in the Baltic Sea in June and July 1992 were: 1.1 at Gorki Zachodnie; 1.2 at Westerplatte; 0.39 at Redlowo; 1.3 at Oksywie(2). A chlor-alkali plant that is located in southeastern coastal Georgia, near Brunswick, GA, and operated from 1955 to 1994, disposed of its process wastes into large holding pits near the top of the marsh and directly into the marsh and tidal creek(3). The concentration of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,6-tetrachloronaphthalene combined in a composite muscle tissue sample striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) collected in March 1997 in Purvis Creek, 1-2 km from a Chlor-Alkali facility was 32 pg/g wet weight(3). Four samples of mixed phyto- and zooplankton, and three whole herrings were collected in the southern part of the Baltic Sea between 1991-1993(4). Combined 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,7-, and 1,2,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalene concentrations were 180, 560, 550, and 730 pg/g for the four samples of mixed phyto- and zooplankton, and 240 pg/g lipid weight for the herring sample(4). Tetrachloronaphthalene was detected in white fish and Arctic char from a lake in Sweden at concns of 0.44 and 1.4 ng/g, respectively(5). Tetrachloronaphthalene was detected in herring near Denmark and Sweden at concns of 1.4-2.5 ng/g(5).

Aquatic organisms collected in 1992 in the Baltic Sea from the harbor of the Port of Gdynia off the coast of Poland and analyzed for polychlorinated naphthalenes(1). Concentrations (ng/g lipid weight) of 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,7-, and 1,2,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalenes combined in the following organisms were: mixed plankton species, 0.18; mussel (Mytilus trossulus), 2.6; crab (Carcinus means), 1.4; lamprey (Lapetra fluviatillis), 0.05; flounder (Platychthis flesus), 0.041; stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), 1.1; lesser sand eel (Heperoplus lanceolatus), 0.12; Baltic herring (Clupea harengus), 0.10; pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca), 0.36; elepout (Zoarces viviparus) 0.098; round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), 0.80; cod (Gadus morhua), 0.042(1). Concentrations (ng/g lipid weight) of 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,7-, and 1,2,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalenes combined in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) collected from four sites in the beach zone in the south-western part of the Gulf of Gdansk in the Baltic Sea in June and July 1992 were: 1.1 at Gorki Zachodnie; 1.2 at Westerplatte; 0.39 at Redlowo; 1.3 at Oksywie(2). A chlor-alkali plant that is located in southeastern coastal Georgia, near Brunswick, GA, and operated from 1955 to 1994, disposed of its process wastes into large holding pits near the top of the marsh and directly into the marsh and tidal creek(3). The concentration of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,6-tetrachloronaphthalene combined in a composite muscle tissue sample striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) collected in March 1997 in Purvis Creek, 1-2 km from a Chlor-Alkali facility was 32 pg/g wet weight(3). Four samples of mixed phyto- and zooplankton, and three whole herrings were collected in the southern part of the Baltic Sea between 1991-1993(4). Combined 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,7-, and 1,2,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalene concentrations were 180, 560, 550, and 730 pg/g for the four samples of mixed phyto- and zooplankton, and 240 pg/g lipid weight for the herring sample(4).

Tetrachloronaphthalene was detected in rabbit and reindeer from Sweden at a concns of 1.4 and 0.19 ng/g, respectively(1). Tetrachloronaphthalene was detected in seals and osprey at concns of 0.016 and 13 ng/g, respectively(1). Tetrachloronaphthalene was identified as a constituent of the total polychlorinated naphthalene concentration in herring gulls and herring gull eggs near Lake Huron and Lake Superior(2).

A chlor-alkali plant that is located in southeastern coastal Georgia, near Brunswick, GA, and operated from 1955 to 1994, disposed of its process wastes into large holding pits near the top of the marsh and directly into the marsh and tidal creek(1). The concentration of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,6-tetrachloronaphthalene combined in a composite muscle tissue sample of two boat-tailed grackle (Quiscalus major) collected in August 1995 in Purvis Creek, 1-2 km from a Chlor-Alkali facility were <3 pg/g wet weight(1). The concentration of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,6-tetrachloronaphthalene combined in a composite heptopancreases tissue sample of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) collected in March 1997 in the same location was 45 pg/g wet weight(1). Combined 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,7-, and 1,2,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalene concentrations were 31 (male), 29 (male), 50 (female), and 57 (female) pg/g lipid weight for the four porpoise blubber samples collected in the southern part of the Baltic Sea between 1991 and 1993(2). Breast muscle, liver, and adipose tissue samples from five white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) found dead in 1991-1992 in north- and southwestern Poland were analyzed for polychlorinated naphthalenes(3). Concentrations of 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,7-, and 1,2,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalene (pg/g lipid weight) combined ranged from 210 to 740 in muscle tissue, 260 to 1100 in liver tissue, and 520 to 580 in adipose tissue(3). Three black cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) originating from the colony near Katy Rybackie on the south coast of the Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic Sea were collected in 1992 and analyzed for polychlorinated naphthalenes(4). Concentrations of 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,7-, and 1,2,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalene combined in muscle and liver were 0.18, 0.13, and 0.029, and 0.25, 0.25, and 0.24 ng/g lipid weight, respectively(4). Polychlorinated naphthalenes were analyzed in blubber, nuchal fat, liver, muscle, kidney, and brain of three male harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the west coast of Sweden(5). Mean concentrations of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,6-tetrachloronaphthalene combined in blubber samples taken from six anatomical sites ranged from 2.9 to 9.8 pg/g wet weight(5). Mean concentrations of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,6-tetrachloronaphthalene combined in nuchal fat, liver, kidney, muscle, and brain were 2.5, 3.9, 1.0, 1.1, and 0.66 pg/g wet weight, respectively(5).

A chlor-alkali plant that is located in southeastern coastal Georgia, near Brunswick, GA, and operated from 1955 to 1994, disposed of its process wastes into large holding pits near the top of the marsh and directly into the marsh and tidal creek(1). The concentration of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,6-tetrachloronaphthalene combined in a composite muscle tissue sample of two boat-tailed grackle (Quiscalus major) collected in August 1995 in Purvis Creek, 1-2 km from a Chlor-Alkali facility were <3 pg/g wet weight(1). The concentration of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,6-tetrachloronaphthalene combined in a composite heptopancreases tissue sample of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) collected in March 1997 in the same location was 45 pg/g wet weight(1). Combined 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,7-, and 1,2,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalene concentrations were 31 (male), 29 (male), 50 (female), and 57 (female) pg/g lipid weight for the four porpoise blubber samples collected in the southern part of the Baltic Sea between 1991 and 1993(2). Breast muscle, liver, and adipose tissue samples from five white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) found dead in 1991-1992 in north- and southwestern Poland were analyzed for polychlorinated naphthalenes(3). Concentrations of 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,7-, and 1,2,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalene (pg/g lipid weight) combined ranged from 210 to 740 in muscle tissue, 260 to 1100 in liver tissue, and 520 to 580 in adipose tissue(3). Three black cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) originating from the colony near Katy Rybackie on the south coast of the Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic Sea were collected in 1992 and analyzed for polychlorinated naphthalenes(4). Concentrations of 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,7-, and 1,2,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalene combined in muscle and liver were 0.18, 0.13, and 0.029, and 0.25, 0.25, and 0.24 ng/g lipid weight, respectively(4). Polychlorinated naphthalenes were analyzed in blubber, nuchal fat, liver, muscle, kidney, and brain of three male harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the west coast of Sweden(5). Mean concentrations of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,6-tetrachloronaphthalene combined in blubber samples taken from six anatomical sites ranged from 2.9 to 9.8 pg/g wet weight(5). Mean concentrations of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,6-tetrachloronaphthalene combined in nuchal fat, liver, kidney, muscle, and brain were 2.5, 3.9, 1.0, 1.1, and 0.66 pg/g wet weight, respectively(5).

Tetrachloronaphthalene was identified in plankton from the Baltic sea at concns of 140-210 picograms/g(1).

Occupational exposure to tetrachloronaphthalene may have occurred through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where tetrachloronaphthalene was produced or used. Monitoring data suggest that tetrachloronaphthalene is persistent in the environment and is present in fish and animals that may be consumed by the general population. (SRC)

Occupational exposure to 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene may have occurred through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chlorinated naphthalenes were produced or used (SRC). Polychlorinated naphthalenes are no longer produced in the US(1).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: Ensure plentiful supply of hydrocarbon fuel. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

You should dispose of all waste and contaminated materials associated with this chemical as specified by existing local, state and federal regulations concerning hazardous waste disposal. It is suggested that your contaminated materials should be destroyed by incineration in a special, high temperature ( >2000 degrees F), chemical incinerator facility.