Nickel tetracarbonyl

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360D ***: May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P271, P273, P280, P284, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P316, P318, P320, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351 (100%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360 (100%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 24 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P320, P321, P332+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H360D: May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Warning: Effects usually occur in two stages: immediate and delayed. Delayed effects may begin hours to days after exposure. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Nickel Carbonyl Exposure: Acute exposure to nickel carbonyl may result in dizziness, giddiness, weakness, convulsions, hallucinations, delirium, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Following inhalation, respiration will initially be rapid, accompanied by a nonproductive cough, and followed by pain and tightness in the chest. Pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, and hepatic (liver) degeneration may also occur. Vapor is irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat. Nickel contact dermatitis is the most common reaction to nickel carbonyl. Nickel itch may begin with a burning sensation and itching, often followed by erythema (redness) and nodular eruptions. Liquid nickel carbonyl will burn the skin and eyes.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to nickel carbonyl may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to nickel carbonyl.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. RUSH to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to nickel carbonyl.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. RUSH to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. RUSH to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

Material is too dangerous to health to expose fire fighters. A few whiffs of the vapor could cause death. If liquid or vapor penetrates fire fighter's protective gear it will cause fatality. Normal full protective gear available to the average fire department will not provide adequate inhalation or skin protection.

Use water, alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance.

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame evacuate to a radius of 1500 feet.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Fire fighting: self contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

Containers may explode when heated.

Closed containers may rupture violently when heated.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Small Spill

· Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1259 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 100 m (300 ft)

Large spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 1000 m (3000 ft)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 1.4 km (0.9 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 5.2 km (3.3 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 11.0+ km (7.0+ mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 11.0+ km (7.0+ mi)

Remove all ignition sources. Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1) REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2) VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 3) FOR SMALL QUANTITIES, ABSORB ON PAPER TOWELS. EVAPORATE IN A SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS A FUME HOOD). ALLOW SUFFICIENT TIME FOR EVAPORATING VAPORS TO COMPLETELY CLEAR THE HOOD DUCTWORK. LARGE QUANTITIES CAN BE COLLECTED AND ATOMIZED IN A SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AN APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE.

Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Eliminate all ignition sources. Use appropriate foam to blanket release and suppress vapors. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Nickel carbonyl is a poor candidate for incineration.

FOR SMALL QUANTITIES /OF NICKEL CARBONYL/, ABSORB ON PAPER TOWELS. EVAPORATE IN A SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS A FUME HOOD). ... BURN THE PAPER IN A SUITABLE LOCATION AWAY FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS. LARGE QUANTITIES CAN BE COLLECTED AND ATOMIZED IN A SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AN APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids and food and feedstuffs. Cool. Keep in the dark. Keep under inert gas. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Keep cylinders restrained.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Final

0.0033 [ppm]

0.036 [ppm]

0.16 [ppm]

0.001 ppm (0.007 mg/m³)

Ca TWA 0.001 ppm (0.007 mg/m3) See Appendix A

0.001 [ppm], as Ni

TWA 0.001 ppm (0.007 mg/m3)

2 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

2.0 [ppm], as Ni

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other human data: It has been stated that 3 ppm for 30 minutes is the probable short­term exposure limit [Kincaid et al. 1956].

NIOSH considers nickel carbonyl to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [2 ppm]

See: 13463393

0.05 [ppm], as Ni

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 0.05 ppm

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

(as Ni, ceiling value): 0.05 ppm as STEL; A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans)

0.05 mg/m³ [2013]

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.0002 mg/m3 (L134)

Chronic Inhalation: 0.00009 mg/m3 (L134)

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Nickel carbonyl appears as a clear colorless to yellow liquid. Boiling point 43 °C. Flash point below 0 °F. Very toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Carcinogenic. Denser than water and insoluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. Used to nickel coat steel and other metals and to make very pure nickel.

Colorless to yellow liquid with a musty odor. [Note: A gas above 110 degrees F.] [NIOSH]

VOLATILE COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless to yellow liquid with a musty odor.

Colorless to yellow liquid with a musty odor. [Note: A gas above 110 °F.]

Colorless liquid

GAS; CLEAR YELLOW LIQUID WHEN CONDENSED

Colorless liquid or needles

Colorless to yellow liquid [Note: A gas above 110 degrees F].

PECULIAR SOOTY ODOR @ LOW CONCN (GAS)

Musty odor

LIKE "BRICK DUST"

109 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

42.1 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-2.2 °F (EPA, 1998)

-19.3 °C

Synthesis temp: 30-50 °C; unreactive with aqueous acids & alkalies; oxygen rapidly decomposes the vapor to an amorphous hydrous nickel carbonate oxide; sulfuric acid liberates carbon monoxide and nickelous salts; carbon disulfide yields nickel sulfide and carbon; with air mixtures between 2-350 ppm, 5% dissociated in 50 sec, and 30% dissociated in a chamber with 1 air change every 4 min.

Less than -18C (EPA, 1998)

LESS THAN -24 °C (CLOSED CUP)

<-11.2 °F

0.05 % (NIOSH, 2024)

Sol in about 5000 parts water free from air; sol in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, acetone, carbon tetrachloride.

Soluble in alcohol and many organic solvents, soluble in concentrated nitric acid; insoluble in water

SOL IN AQUA REGIA, ETHER, NITRIC ACID; INSOL IN DIL ACID, DIL ALKALI.

0.018 G/100 CC WATER AT 9.8 °C

Solubility in water, g/l at 20 °C: 0.02 (practically insoluble)

1.318 at 62.6 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.318 @ 17 °C

Saturated liquid density: 82.330lb/cu ft at 70 °F.

Saturated vapor density: 0.19690 lb/cu ft at 70 °F.

Relative density (water = 1): 1.3

1.32 at 63 °F

1.31 @25 °C

(63 °F): 1.32

5.89 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative density (gas) at 50 °C= 5.95 (Air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.9

400 mmHg at 78.44 °F (EPA, 1998)

400.0 [mmHg]

400 mm Hg @ 25.8 °C

Highly flammable over a wide range of vapor-air concentrations. Is peroxidized by air to give a solid deposit that tends to decompose and ignite. Insoluble in water.

Organometallics

Pyrophoric

Peroxidizable Compound

NICKEL CARBONYL is easily oxidized. Presents a very serious fire hazard if exposed to heat, flame, sparks, oxidizing agents. Explodes when heated to about 60 °C. Reacts explosively with bromine (liquid), oxygen in the presence of mercury, or hydrocarbons (butane) mixed with oxygen. Undergoes violent reactions with air, oxygen, dinitrogen tetraoxide. Caused an explosion when added to an n-butane-oxygen at 20-40 °C [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70:2055-6. 1948]. Reacts with tetrachloropropadiene to form an extremely explosive dinickel chloride dimer. Emits highly toxic fumes of carbon monoxide when heated to decomposition or in contact with mineral acids or acid fumes [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 1734]. Vapor explodes in air or oxygen at 20 °C and a partial pressure of 15 mm.

DISASTER HAZARD: DANGEROUS; WHEN HEATED OR ON CONTACT WITH ACID OR ACID FUMES, EMITS HIGHLY TOXIC CARBON MONOXIDE FUMES; CAN REACT WITH OXIDIZING MATERIALS.

The two cmpd /tetracarbonyl nickel and bromine/ interact explosively in the liquid state ... .

A mixture of the dry nickel carbonyl and oxygen will explode on vigorous shaking with mercury.

Interaction of the liquids /dinitrogen tetraoxide & tetracarbonyl nickel/ are rather violent.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for NICKEL CARBONYL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Nitric acid, bromine, chlorine & other oxidizers; flammable materials

Nickel carbonyl is a volatile colorless liquid that decomposes at temperatures above 50 °C. ... Nickel carbonyl is unstable in the air & decomposes to form nickel oxide. ... Respiratory absorption with secondary GI absorption /nickel carbonyl is insoluble in water & soluble in organic solvents/ is the major route of entry during occupational exposure. ... Nickel carbonyl is the most rapidly & completely absorbed nickel cmpd in both animals & human beings. ... The most acutely toxic nickel cmpd is nickel carbonyl, the lung being the target organ; pulmonary edema may occur within 4 hr following exposure. ... Inhalation exposure to nickel carbonyl caused fetal death & decr weight gain, & was teratogenic in rats & hamsters. Information on maternal toxicity was not given in these studies. Nickel carbonyl has been reported to cause dominant lethal mutations in rats. ... A few pulmonary tumors were seen in rats in a series of inhalation studies with nickel carbonyl. ... Nickel carbonyl ... induced local mesenchymal tumors in a variety of experimental animals after im, sc, intrapleural, intraocular, intraosseous, intrarenal, intra-articular, intratesticular or intra-adipose admin. In terms of human health, nickel carbonyl is the most acutely toxic nickel cmpd. The effects of acute nickel carbonyl poisoning include frontal headache, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, insomnia & irritability, followed by pulmonary symptoms similar to those of viral pneumonia. Pathological pulmonary lesions include hemorrhage, edema & cellular derangement. The liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen & brain are also affected. ... Nephrotoxic effects, such as renal edema with hyperemia & parenchymatous degeneration have been reported in cases of accidental industrial exposure to nickel carbonyl.

Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (L41, A40)

Nickel carbonyl

CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based upon the observation of pulmonary carcinomas and malignant tumors at various sites in rats administered nickel carbonyl by inhalation and intravenous injection, respectively. Nickel administered as nickel carbonyl binds to DNA. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of nickel sulfate, and of the combinations of nickel sulfides and oxides encountered in the nickel refining industry. There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel and nickel alloys. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel, nickel monoxides, nickel hydroxides and crystalline nickel sulfides. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of nickel alloys, nickelocene, nickel carbonyl, nickel salts, nickel arsenides, nickel antimonide, nickel selenides and nickel telluride. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of nickel trioxide, amorphous nickel sulfide and nickel titanate. The Working Group made the overall evaluation on nickel compounds as a group on the basis of the combined results of epidemiological studies, carcinogenicity studies in experimental animals, and several types of other relevant data, supported by the underlying concept that nickel compounds can generate nickel ions at critical sites in their target cells. Overall evaluation: Nickel compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Metallic nickel is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). /Nickel compounds/

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. (L41)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and through the skin.

inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption, skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation (L41) ; oral (L41) ; dermal (L41)

Headache. Dizziness. Chest pain. Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting. Shortness of breath. Muscle pain. Weakness. Convulsions. Symptoms may be delayed.

headache, dizziness; nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain; substernal pain; cough, hyperpnea; cyanosis; lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); leukocytosis (increased blood leukocytes), pneumonitis; delirium, convulsions; ; In Animals: reproductive, teratogenic effects [potential occupational carcinogen]

Symptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. Nickel tetracarbonyl poisoning is characterized by a two-stage illness. The first consists of headaches and chest pain lasting a few hours, usually followed by a short remission. The second phase is a chemical pneumonitis which starts after typically 16 hours with symptoms of cough, breathlessness and extreme fatigue. These reach greatest severity after four days, possibly resulting in death from cardiorespiratory or renal failure. Convalescence is often extremely protracted, often complicated by exhaustion, depression and dyspnea on exertion. (L42, L508)

Lungs, paranasal sinus, central nervous system, reproductive system

[lung & nasal cancer]

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

Fibrogenic - Inducing tissue injury and fibrosis (scarring).

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

LC50 (rat) = 35 ppm/30 min

LC50: 35 ppm over 30 minutes (Inhalation, Mouse) (T76)

LC50 RAT INHALATION 35 PPM/30 MIN

LC50 Mouse inhalation 10 ppm/30 min

LC50 Cat inhalation 270 ppm/30 min

Excess exposure to nickel is usually handled by preventing further exposure and symptomatic treatment. Nickel poisoning may also be treated using chelation therapy with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. (L42)

... INHALATION OF NICKEL CARBONYL INHIBITED PHENOTHIAZINE INDUCTION OF BENZO(A)PYRENE HYDROXYLASE IN LUNG & LIVER OF RATS.

Whole body autoradiography and liq scintillation counting were used to study the effect of diethyldithiocarbamate on the tissue disposition of (63)nickel in mice exposed to (63)nickel-labeled nickel carbonyl by inhalation or ip. Diethyldithiocarbamate markedly affected the disposition of the (63)nickel in several tissues. Diethyldithiocarbamate forms lipophilic chelates with many metals, including nickel, and the mobilization of the (63)nickel is probably due to a redistribution in the tissue of the complex formed. In the lung, the principal target tissue for nickel carbonyl, a decrease was observed, and this may be the reason for the beneficial effect of diethyldithiocarbamate in nickel carbonyl intoxications. In mice which were exposed to (63)nickel carbonyl by inhalation, the level of (63)nickel in the brain was very high; however, diethyldithiocarbamate reduced the concentration of (63)nickel in the brain. Ip injections of (63)nickel carbonyl resulted in a low concentration of nickel in the brain.

The uptake of (14)C by the green algae, Selenastrum capricornutum, was inhibited by free nickel ... ions. In the presence of the chelator, nitrilotriacetic acid, the inhibition ... was reduced. Thus, the toxicity of metals may be reduced or increased by the presence of chelators.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 t0 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Nickel and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Nickel and related compounds/

MONITORING NICKEL CARBONYL (NI(CO)4) WORKERS ... 300 UG NI/L IN URINE HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE A THRESHOLD OF SAFETY WHICH IS WITHOUT SYMPTOMS. AS AN ADDED PRECAUTION 150 UG NI/L HAS BEEN TAKEN AS AN ACTION LEVEL. NORMAL PRE-EXPOSURE URINARY NI LEVEL IS UP TO 60 UG NI/L IN GENERAL POPULATION ... .

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

VAPORS MAY CAUSE IRRITATION, CONGESTION & EDEMA OF LUNG.

8.20e+02

1.10e+04

1.10e-02

4.70e-02

2.20e-02

4.0E+03(G)

2.60e-04

Volatile

2.50e+03

3.30e+04

4.40e-02

1.80e-01

8.80e-02

4.0E+03 (G)

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Inadvertent formation of nickel carbonyl can occur in various industrial processes that use nickel catalysts, such as coal gasification, petroleum refining, and hydrogenation of fats and oils.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The removal of nickel carbonyl by precipitation or by adsorption on surfaces has not been documented. Since this compound is soluble in water, precipitation scavenging is possible. Nothing is known about its reaction with natural surfaces or its uptake by vegetation. Thus, dry deposition rates cannot be predicted until some experimental investigations have been conducted.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: The only gaseous nickel compound of environmental importance is nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)4. Optimum conditions for its formation occur when carbon monoxide, under high partial pressure, contacts an active form of Ni in the temperature range of 50-150 °C. Under ambient conditions in moist air, it decomposes to form nickel carbonate. Thus, in the atmosphere at concentrations near the ppb level, it has a half-life of about 30 minutes.

... Nickel carbonyl decays spontaneously in air with a half-time of approx 30 min.

THE INDUSTRIAL MOND PROCESS WAS DEVELOPED IN WALES FOR PRODUCTION OF PURE NICKEL & REQUIRED MIXTURE OF NICKEL OXIDE & CARBON MONOXIDE TO MAKE NICKEL CARBONYL. IT IS THIS PROCESS WHICH HAS BEEN THE GREATEST CAUSE OF INDUSTRIAL ILLNESS ASSOCIATED WITH NICKEL EXPOSURE.

EXPOSURE TO VAPORIZED NICKEL CARBONYL OCCURS IN ELECTROPLATING, IN NICKEL REFINING, AND IN THE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY.

The toxicologically important routes of entry for nickel carbonyl are inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, and skin and/or eye contact.

NICKEL POISONING CAN OCCUR INDUSTRIALLY FOLLOWING INHALATION OF GASEOUS NICKEL CARBONYL ...

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Nickel carbonyl is a poor candidate for incineration.

FOR SMALL QUANTITIES /OF NICKEL CARBONYL/, ABSORB ON PAPER TOWELS. EVAPORATE IN A SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS A FUME HOOD). ... BURN THE PAPER IN A SUITABLE LOCATION AWAY FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS. LARGE QUANTITIES CAN BE COLLECTED AND ATOMIZED IN A SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AN APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE.

Incineration: Spray into a furnace. Incineration will become easier by mixing with a more flammable solvent.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for NICKEL CARBONYL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY.

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Nickel carbonyl [Table#3443]

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for NICKEL CARBONYL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1259; Nickel carbonyl

IMO 6.1; Nickel carbonyl

49 060 50; Nickel carbonyl

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Poison Inhalation Hazard Flammable Liquid

Airtight. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Severe marine pollutant.

Symbol: F, T+, N; R: 61-11-26-40-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61; Note: E

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 3; UN Pack Group: I