Thiram

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302+H332 (20.8%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (100%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 (100%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (98.2%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 837 reports by companies from 30 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Fire Fighting: Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

If thiram is spilled, the following steps should be taken: 1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. For small quantities, sweep onto paper or other suitable material, place in an appropriate container. Quantities may be reclaimed.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Land spill: dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane,or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize spill. Apply appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard.

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U244, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Thiram may be disposed of: 1. By making packages of thiram in paper or other flammable material and burning in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. 2. By dissolving thiram in a flammable solvent (such as alcohol) and atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

Thiram can be dissolved in alcohol or other flammable solvents and burned in an incinerator with an afterburner and scrubber. Recommendable method: Incineration.

Incineration: Waste thiram should be disposed of by incineration. Bags should be thoroughly emptied before disposal. Empty bottles and drums should be thoroughly drained and triple rinsed. "Triple rinse" means the flushing of containers three times, each time using a volume of the normal diluent equal to approx ten percent of the container's capacity, and adding the rinse liquid to the spray mixture or disposing of it by a method prescribed for disposing of the pesticide.

Avoid long-term exposure, even to small quantities ... . Do not consume alcohol on a day when thiram is used.

Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas where thiram is handled, processed or stored.

Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from areas of spills until cleanup has been completed.

Clothing contaminated with thiram should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of thiram from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the thiram, the person performing the operation should be informed of thiram's hazardous properties.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for THIRAM (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from acids, strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Dry. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Keep out of reach of children. Keep away from food, drink and animal feeding stuffs.

1.0 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

0.15 [mg/m3]

17 [mg/m3]

100 [mg/m3]

TWA 5 mg/m3

5.0 [mg/m3]

100 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

100.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for thiram is 100 mg/m3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Marhold 1986]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute inhalation toxicity data for workers.

100 mg/cu m

100 mg/m³

100 mg/m3

See: 137268

0.05 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m (inhalable fraction and vapor), sensitizer.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

0.05 mg/m

0.05 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2007]

sensitization of skin (SH)

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly on spraying or when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. The substance may have effects on the thyroid and liver.

Tolerances for residues of the fungicide thiram (tetramethyl thiuram disulfide) in or on raw agricultural commodities are established as follows: apple, 7 ppm; peach, 7 ppm; and strawberry, 7 ppm.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Thiram:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Respirator Recommendations: Up to 50 mg/cu m: (Assigned Protection Factor = 10) Any chemical cartridge respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s) in combination with a dust, mist, and fume filter. Substance reported to cause eye irritation or damage; may require eye protection./(Assigned Protection Factor = 10) Any supplied-air respirator. Substance reported to cause eye irritation or damage; may require eye protection.

Respirator Recommendations: Up to 100 mg/cu m: (Assigned Protection Factor = 25) Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode. Substance reported to cause eye irritation or damage; may require eye protection./(Assigned Protection Factor = 50) Any chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s) in combination with a high-efficiency particulate filter/(Assigned Protection Factor = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister having a high-efficiency particulate filter/(Assigned Protection Factor = 25) Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s) in combination with a dust, mist, and fume filter. Substance reported to cause eye irritation or damage; may require eye protection./(Assigned Protection Factor = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece/(Assigned Protection Factor = 50) Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for THIRAM (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NIOSH/OSHA

Up to 50 mg/m3 :

(APF = 10) Any air-purifying half-mask respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s) in combination with an N95, R95, or P95 filter. The following filters may also be used: N99, R99, P99, N100, R100, P100.

Click here for information on selection of N, R, or P filters.*

(APF = 10) Any supplied-air respirator*

Thiram appears as a liquid solution of a white crystalline solid. Primary hazard is to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment. Easily penetrates the soil to contaminates groundwater and waterways.

Large Crystals; Dry Powder; Dry Powder; Other Solid; Dry Powder; Large Crystals

Colorless to yellow, crystalline solid with a characteristic odor. [Note: Commercial pesticide products may be dyed blue; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS.

Colorless to yellow, crystalline solid with a characteristic odor.

Colorless to yellow, crystalline solid with a characteristic odor. [Note: Commercial pesticide products may be dyed blue.]

White crystalline powder

Colorless to yellow, crystalline solid. (Note: commercial pesticide product may be dyed blue.)

Characteristic odor

264 °F at 20 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

129 °C at 20 mm Hg

at 2.6kPa: 129 °C

264 °F at 20 mmHg

Decomposes

311 to 313 °F (NTP, 1992)

155-156 °C

MP: 146 °C /Commercial grade/

280 °F (NTP, 1992)

89 °C (192 °F) (closed cup)

89 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

Solubility in alcohol and in ether less than 0.2%; solubility in acetone 1.2%; in benzene 2.5%.

Sol in carbon disulfide

Solubility in ethanol <10 g/L at 25 °C, acetone 80 g/L at 25 °C, chloroform 230 g/L at 25 °C, hexane 0.04 g/L at 20 °C; dichloromethane 170 g/L at 20 °C, toluene 18 g/L at 20 °C, isopropanol 0.7 g/L at 20 °C.

In water, 30 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water: none

1.43 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.3 g/cu cm

1.3 g/cm³

1.3 @25 °C

0 mmHg at 68 °F approximately (NTP, 1992)

0.0000172 [mmHg]

1.72X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure at 20 °C: negligible

0.000008 mmHg

0.000017 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 1.73

Henry's Law constant = 3.26X10-7 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

Decomposed in acidic media. Some deterioration on prolonged exposure to heat, air or moisture. DT50 (est.) (22 °C) 128 days (pH 4), 18 days (pH 7), 9 hr (pH 9).

Non-corrosive in the dry state.

Insoluble in water. Decomposes in acidic media to give toxic products. Decomposes to an extent on prolonged exposure to heat, air or moisture.

Thiocarbamate Esters and Salts/Dithiocarbamate Esters and Salts

THIRAM is incompatible with oxidizing materials and strong acids. Also incompatible with strong alkalis and nitrating agents (NTP, 1992).

Strong oxidizers, strong acids, oxidizable materials.

Strong oxidizers, strong acids, oxidizable materials

5 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

Cancer Classification: Not Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of thiram. There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of thiram in experimental animals. Overall evaluation: Thiram is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 53: (1991) Occupational Exposures in Insecticide Application, and Some Pesticides

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Confusion. Cough. Dizziness. Headache. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, mucous membrane; dermatitis; Antabuse-like effects

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

FAO/WHO ADI: 0.01 mg/kg

HEAST Current

Females 13-49 yrs

General Population

Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides - 2021 Update

LC50 (rat) = 500 mg/m3/4H

LD50 Rat percutaneous >1000 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation 500 mg/cu m/4 hr

LD50 Rat oral 560 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit oral 210 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for THIRAM (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Like most dithiocarbamates, thiram induces accumulation of acetaldehyde in blood of rats receiving ethanol at same time. Its reaction with nitrite at acid pH in stomachs of guinea pigs in vivo gives rise to n-nitrosodimethylamine.

Simultaneous admin of thiram and 10 mg/animal L-cysteine ip from day 5-15 of pregnancy resulted in significant decrease both in severity and in number of embryopathies.

Possible interactions between thiram and some drugs, ie, promethazine, meprobamate, and trihexyphenidyl, acting on the central nervous system were studied in rats by behavioral methods. Promethazine also inhibited orientation hypermotility, open-field behavior, and learning ability of rats only in high doses. A 10 mg/kg dose of thiram induced only a moderate decrease in the behavioral activity. In combination the inhibitory effect significantly increased. Thus, there was a definite synergism between the two. The dose-dependent decrease in the behavioral parameters from meprobamate was enhanced to a great extent by combination with thiram. The rate of interaction (synergism) was less than that seen for promethazine. Pretreatment with thiram before trihexylphenidyl (stimulation at < 40 mg/kg and inhibition at higher dose) resulted in the suspension of psychostimulant-like effect of the drug and enhancement of the inhibition. The pesticide-drug interaction was in all cases dose dependent.

Lead concentrations in blood and brain were measured in rats exposed to lead via drinking water, 0.25% lead (12 mM), and dithiocarbamate/thiram derivatives administered by gavage singly or in combination for 6 weeks. Diethyldithiocarbamate and dimethyldithiocarbamate were given in doses of 0.2 mmol/kg and thiram and disulfiram in doses of 0.1 mmol/kg twice a week. In rats that received lead + dithiocarbamate/thiram derivatives lead concentrations in blood and brain were significantly increased; disulfiram being most effective in increasing lead levels, followed by thiram, dimethyldithiocarbamate and diethyldithiocarbamate. In blood, lead levels were increased 3-fold and in brain almost 4-fold after treatment with lead + disulfiram compared to treatment with lead alone. When rats were given diethyldithiocarbamate or thiram by gavage (0.1 mmol/kg/day 5 days a week for 2 weeks) after cessation of the lead treatment, there was no increase in blood lead levels but in thiram-treated rats brain lead concentration was increased 2.7-fold. In rats treated with diethyldithiocarbamate ip after cessation of lead treatment, both blood and brain concentration of lead were increased. Apparently, combined exposure of lead and dithiocarbamate/thiram derivative causes a substantial increase in brain levels of lead which are not always reflected in increases of blood lead levels. This interaction effect ought to be taken into consideration when evaluating the health effects of environmental and occupational lead exposure.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for THIRAM (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If a large amount of thiram has been swallowed and effective vomiting has not already occurred, the stomach should be emptied by intubation, aspiration, and lavage, taking all precautions to protect the airway from aspiration of vomitus. Lavage should be followed by instillation of activated charcoal and cathartic.If only a small amount of thiram has been ingested and/or treatment has been delayed, oral administration of activated charcoal and cathartic probably represents optimal management.

Wash thiram from the skin with soap and water. Flush contamination from the eyes with copious amount of clean water. If irritation of skin or eyes persists, medical treatment should be obtained.

Appropriate iv fluids should be infused, especially if vomiting and diarrhea are severe. Serum electrolytes and glucose should be monitored and replaced as needed.

Placement and periodic medical examinations should give special attention to history of skin allergy, eye irritation, and significant respiratory, liver, or kidney disease. SRP: Special counseling for employees with history of heavy alcohol ingestion regarding potential exposure to thiram.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In percutaneous toxicity test in humans, application of the dry powder to the skin produced very slight erythema in 9% of cases.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ It has been noted that cutaneous exposure to thiram will produce ... inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase ... .

LD50 Anas Platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, female 3 month old) oral >2800 mg/kg /sample purity >/=99%/

LD50 Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant, male 3-4 months old) oral 673 mg/kg (95% confidence limit: 485-932 mg/kg) /sample purity >/= 99%/

LD50 /Agelaius phoeniceus/ (Redwing blackbird) oral >100 mg/kg

LC50 Cyprinus carpio (carp) 4 mg/l. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for THIRAM (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Mallards showed transient ataxia only. Pheasants showed tachypnea, wing drop, reluctance to move, fluffed feathers, ptosis, diarrhea, tremors like those produced by chlorinated organic compounds, immobility. /sample purity > or = 99%/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Acute toxicity experiments (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours) were carried out with an aqueous suspension of thiram. Animal sensitivity was variable. The six species can be classified according to increasing sensitivity as follows: Asellus, Lymnaea, Gammarus and Cloeon larvae at one level, Dugesia and Xenopus larvae. The spectrum of thiram activity is in the range of 10 ppb to 5000-6000 ppm. Thus, thiram presents a real threat to freshwater fauna.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Thiram, a dithiocarbamate fungicide, evolved to dimethylnitrosamine when associated with nitrites. Conditions of appearance of the carcinogenic compound were studied in short-term experiments by association of the fungicide, nitrates or nitrites, and species representative of freshwater biota. Dimethylnitrosamine was estimated by GLC equipped with a specific detector. Chlorella vulgaris can rapidly produce nitrites from nitrates and dimethylnitrosamine is obtained in presence of thiram. Daphnia magna can also synthesize dimethylnitrosamine but nitrites have to be added to the medium. Increased toxicity of thiram is observed. The same results are obtained on Cyprinus carpio and for a part on Brachydanio rerio. When the species are associated in a 15-day experimental food chain, and intoxicated algae feed the 2 other levels, no significant transfer is observed. Some dimethylnitrosamine hazard may exist for particular species exposed to thiram associated with nitrites or even nitrates if algae are present.

9.50e+02

1.20e+04

2.90e+02

2.00e+00

4.20e-01

1.50e-02

Volatile

2.80e+03

3.70e+04

8.80e+02

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Avoid release to the environment in circumstances different to normal use.

Thiram's production and use as a rubber accelerator and as a vulcanizing agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. It's use as a fungicide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.72X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates thiram will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase thiram will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1 hour. Particulate-phase thiram will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Photolysis half lives of 20 days and 4.3 hours have been calculated from measured rate constants for thiram in soil and water, respectively. If released to soil, thiram is expected to have low mobility based upon a Koc of 676. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.26X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. Thiram is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Half-lives for thiram measured during soil field studies range from 1 day to 15 weeks. Thiram is expected to undergo biodegradation in soil since this substance has been reported to degrade more rapidly in unsterilized soil than in sterilized soil. If released into water, thiram is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the measured Koc. Biodegradation is expected to be slow in water based on only 2.8% and 30% degradation after 20 days during screening tests that used sewage sludge innocula. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Measured BCF values of 1.1-4.4 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The hydrolysis half-lives measured for thiram at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9 were 68.5 days, 3.5 days, and 6.9 hours, respectively. Occupational exposure to thiram may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where thiram is produced or used. (SRC)

Thiram is not known to occur as a natural product(1).

Thiram's production and use as a rubber accelerator and a vulcanizing agent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. It's use as a fungicide(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc value of 676(2) indicates that thiram is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of thiram from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.26X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(3). Thiram is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an a vapor pressure of 1.72X10-5 mm Hg(2). The rate constant for the photolysis of thiram in soil has been reported to be 0.0346 per day(7). This rate constant corresponds to a half-life of 20 days(SRC). Microbial degradation in soil is expected since thiram has been reported to degrade faster in unsterilized soil than in sterilized soil; however, degradation rates were not specified(4). Half-lives for thiram measured during soil field studies range from 1 day to 15 weeks(5,6).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Thiram, at a concentration of 180 ppm thoroughly distributed in soil, had a half-life of 1-2 days(1). However, when it was added as a dressing on 0.7 mm glass beads, approximately 10% degradation was observed after 21 days(1). Thiram applied to soil at 100 and 1000 ppm persisted for 4 and >32 weeks, respectively(2). In soil with humus content less than or equal to 1.2%, an initial lag in the decomposition of thiram has been observed(3). Thiram persisted over two months in sandy soil, but disappeared within one week in a compost soil(2). In addition, thiram has been more persistent in sandy soil than laterite and alluvial soils(2). The half-life of thiram applied to bareground and turf plots of sandy loam soil (pH 8.2-9.6) were 27.4 days and 14.4 days, respectively, during terrestrial field studies in California(4). Degradation was biphasic, with rapid initial degradation during the first week followed by much slower degradation(4). Half-lives of thiram applied to bareground (pH 4.1-4.7) and turf plots (pH 4.4-4.5) of sandy loam soil were 36 days and 62.5 days, respectively, during terrestrial field studies in North Carolina(4). In sandy soil humus at pH 3.5, thiram was largely decomposed after 4-5 weeks(5). Thiram decomposed after 14-15 weeks in soil at pH 7.0(5). Persistence of thiram in soil was much greater at 1000 ppm than at 100 ppm in soil(6). However, many of the soil microflora were killed at these concentrations(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 676(2), indicates that thiram is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.26X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). According to a classification scheme(5), BCF values of 1.1-4.4(6) suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The hydrolysis half-lives measured for thiram at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9 were 68.5 days, 3.5 days, and 6.9 hours, respectively(7). The rate constant for the photolysis of thiram in water has been reported to be 3.8 per day, which corresponds to a half-life of 4.3 hours(8). Biodegradation is not expected to be an important fate process in water(SRC) based on 2.8% to 30% degradation after 20 days in screening tests using sewage sludge innocula(6,9,10). The half-life of thiram measured during a monitoring study conducted on the Po River in Italy was 15 days(11).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), thiram, which has a vapor pressure of 1.72X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase thiram is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1 hour(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.62X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase thiram may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

AEROBIC: Thiram, present at 100 mg/L, reached 2.8% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(1). Thiram, at 100 ppm, inoculated with 30 ppm activated sludge at 25 °C and pH 7.0 was less than 30% degraded after two weeks(2,3). Thiram has been reported to degrade more rapidly in unsterilized soil than in sterilized soil; however, degradation rates were not specified(4,5). Thiram, at 300 ppm, was 20% and 25% degraded after 24 days in autoclaved and non-autoclaved alluvial sandy loam (pH 7.3), respectively(6). Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate, dithiocarbamate, dimethylamine, and carbon disulfide are major metabolites in soil(5,7,8). Other metabolites include elemental sulfur, methionine, formaldehyde, dimethyldithiocarbamate-alpha-aminobutyric acid, and the corresponding keto-acid(2). Rubber accelerators, such as thiram, are biocidal at concentrations used in rubber formulations(9).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of thiram with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.62X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1 hour at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The hydrolysis half-lives measured for thiram at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9 were 68.5 days, 3.5 days, and 6.9 hours, respectively(2). Hydrolysis products from this reaction included dimethyldithiocarbamic acid and dimethylaminothioxomethane sulfenic acid which were ultimately broken down to carbon disulfide and carbonyl sulfide(2). Photolysis rate constants for thiram in soil and water have been reported to be 0.0346 per day and 3.8 per day, respectively(3). These rate constants correspond to half-lives of 20 days and 4.3 hours, respectively. After 24 hours of exposure to UV irradiation, 2, 16, and 2% thiram remained in river water, lake water, and seawater samples from northern Greece, respectively(4).

During a 6-week bioconcentration study using carp, BCF values of 1.1-4.4 and <3.4 were experimentally determined at thiram concentrations of 25 and 2.5 ug/L, respectively(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

A Koc value of 676 has been measured for thiram(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that thiram is expected to have low mobility in soil. Thiram has been reported to be relatively immobile in loamy sand, peat moss, and black clay(3).

The Henry's Law constant for thiram is 3.26X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that thiram is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil and water surfaces(2). Thiram is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.72X10-5 mm Hg(1).

GROUNDWATER: Thiram was not detected in well water samples collected in Colusa County, California(1). The minimum detection limit was not specified. Thiram was not detected in groundwater samples collected during the 1990s from 35 golf courses throughout the US and one in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Canada(2).

SURFACE WATER: Thiram was not detected in surface water samples collected during the 1990s from 35 golf courses throughout the US and one in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Canada(1).

Occupational exposure to thiram may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where thiram is produced or used. (SRC)

Occupational exposure scenarios with the highest risk include some loading scenarios for aerial applications, aerial granular application, some handheld equipment use, and a few commerical and on-farm seed treatment scenarios(1). Workers may be exposed to thiram through its release to sweat during the wearing of natural rubber gloves(2). Air samples taken in a factory workroom contained thiram at a level of 3.2 percent of the airborne dust(3). Dermal exposure of 95 workers to thiram during cutting of carnations in a greenhouse ranged between 5-100 mg/hr(4). Average dermal exposure to thiram (dusted) during carnation culture in a greenhouse during cutting and sorting/bundling of carnations was 48, and 8 mg/task, respectively(4). Average inhalation exposure to thiram (dusted) during cutting of carnations was 0.2 mg/task(4).

Inhalation of dust, spray, or mist, ingestion, skin and eye contact.

/Workers may be exposed to thiram/ in rubber industry /operations/.

For more Probable Routes of Human Exposure (Complete) data for THIRAM (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The acute dietary exposure for the general U.S. population has been estimated to be 0.019022 mg/kg/day(1). The chronic dietary exposure for the general U.S. population has been estimated to be 0.000121 mg/kg/day(1).

The estimated daily intakes of dithiocarbamates (including thiram) for Danish farmers with low (166 farmers), medium (39 farmers), and high (46 farmers) consumption of organically grown foods were 12.747, 12.995, and 4.432 ug/person-day, respectively(1).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U244, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Thiram may be disposed of: 1. By making packages of thiram in paper or other flammable material and burning in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. 2. By dissolving thiram in a flammable solvent (such as alcohol) and atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

Thiram can be dissolved in alcohol or other flammable solvents and burned in an incinerator with an afterburner and scrubber. Recommendable method: Incineration.

Incineration: Waste thiram should be disposed of by incineration. Bags should be thoroughly emptied before disposal. Empty bottles and drums should be thoroughly drained and triple rinsed. "Triple rinse" means the flushing of containers three times, each time using a volume of the normal diluent equal to approx ten percent of the container's capacity, and adding the rinse liquid to the spray mixture or disposing of it by a method prescribed for disposing of the pesticide.

UN 2771; Thiocarbamate pesticides, solid, toxic

UN 2772; Thiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 degees C

UN 3005; Thiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable, flash point not less than 23 degree C

UN 3006; Thiocarbamate pesticide, liquid, toxic

IMO 6.1; Dithiocarbamate pesticides, solid, toxic, not otherwise specified

49 411 87; Thiram

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 20/22-36/38-43-48/22-50/53; S: (2)-26-36/37-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 9; UN Pack Group: III