Ziram

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (22.4%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H302 (77.6%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (100%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H373 (99.8%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (99.8%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 487 reports by companies from 18 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P317, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Chemical Treatability of Ziram; Concentration Process: biological treatment; Chemical Classification: pesticide; Scale of Study: respirometer study; Type of Wastewater Used: unknown; Results of Study: slightly degraded.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, dampen the solid spill material with 5% ammonium hydroxide, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 5% ammonium hydroxide to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with 5% ammonium hydroxide followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under ambient conditions, and keep it away from all oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Separated from acids and food and feedstuffs. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Well closed.

Mezene must be stored in its sealed original containers, in well-aired, fresh & dry storehouses or in shaded & possibly well-aired places. It is recommended that the product's temp not exceed 25-30 °C. Container must be stacked in such a way to permit free circulation of air also at bottom & inside of piles.

0.01 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

(inhalable fraction): 0.01 mg/m

Intermediate Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (L134)

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is severely irritating to the eyes. The substance is irritating to the skin and respiratory tract.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Tumours have been detected in experimental animals but may not be relevant to humans.

Tolerances for residues of the fungicide ziram (zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate), calculated as zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate, in or on raw agricultural commodities are established as follows: 7 ppm in or on apples, apricots, beans, beets (with or without tops) or beet greens alone, blackberries, blueberries (huckleberries), boysenberries, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, celery, cherries, collards, cranberries, cucumbers, dewberries, eggplants, gooseberries, grapes, kale, kohlrabi, lettuce, loganberries, melons, nectarines, onions, peaches, peanuts, pears, peas, peppers, pumpkins, quinces, radishes (with or without tops) or radish tops, raspberries, rutabagas (with or without tops) or rutabaga tops, spinach, squash, strawberries, summer squash, tomatoes, turnips (with or without tops) or turnip greens, and youngberries.; 0.1 ppm in or on almonds and pecans.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)

NO open flames. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT! AVOID EXPOSURE OF ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Ziram is an odorless white powder. (NTP, 1992)

Wet Solid; Other Solid; Dry Powder

White solid; [ICSC] White solid; Formulated as water dispensable granules, flowable concentrate, and wettable powder for dust and spray; [Reference #2] White powder; [Aldrich MSDS]

WHITE POWDER.

Crystals from hot chloroform + alcohol

White when pure

Colorless powder

Crystalline white solid

Odorless when pure

482 °F (NTP, 1992)

MP: 250 °C (crystals); 148 °C (dust).

MP: 240-244 °C /Technical/

240-250 °C

200 °F (NTP, 1992)

less than 1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in carbon disulfide, chloroform, dilute alkalies, and concentrated HCl.

In alcohol: less than 0.2 g/100 ml @ 25 °C; in acetone: less than 0.5 g/100 ml @ 25 °C; in benzene: less than 0.5 g/100 ml @ 25 °C; in carbon tetrachloride: less than 0.2 g/100 ml @ 25 °C; in ether: less than 0.2 g/100 ml @ 25 °C; in naphtha: 0.5 g/100 ml @ 25 °C. sol in diluted caustic soln.

Soluble in alkali.

In water, 65 mg/l @ 25 °C

Solubility in water: very poor

1.66 at 77 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.66 @ 25 °C referred to water at 4 °C

1.7 g/cm³

Negligible (NTP, 1992)

0.00000001 [mmHg]

7.5X10-9 mm Hg @ 0 °C

log Kow = 1.23 @ 20 °C

Biological activity of Mezene remains practically unvaried for 2 yr under environmental conditions, provided stored as directed.

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides/.

NONCORROSIVE EXCEPT TO IRON & COPPER

THRESHOLD CONCN OF TASTE FOR ZINC SALTS /IN WATER/ APPROX 15 PPM ... 40 PPM ... /IMPARTS/ A METALLIC TASTE. /ZINC SALTS/

Ionization Potential: 7.72 electron volts

Potential endocrine disrupting compound

FCS -> FDA Inventory of Food Contact Substances Listed in 21 CFR

Agrochemicals -> Pesticide active substances

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Approved

Pesticides -> Dithiocarbamates (Pesticide)

Thio and dithiocarbamates slowly decompose in aqueous solution to form carbon disulfide and methylamine or other amines. Such decompositions are accelerated by acids. Insoluble in water.

Thiocarbamate Esters and Salts/Dithiocarbamate Esters and Salts

ZIRAM is a dithiocarbamate. Flammable gases are generated by the combination of thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates with aldehydes, nitrides, and hydrides. Thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates are incompatible with acids, peroxides, and acid halides. ZIRAM is corrosive to iron and copper. It is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and acids. It is also incompatible with mercury. (NTP, 1992)

... Incompatable with compounds containing iron, copper, mercury, TEPP, lime, & calcium arsenate.

Decomposed in acidic media, & by uv irradiation.

Anaemia results from the excessive absorption of zinc suppressing copper and iron absorption, most likely through competitive binding of intestinal mucosal cells. Unbalanced levels of copper and zinc binding to Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase has been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Stomach acid dissolves metallic zinc to give corrosive zinc chloride, which can cause damage to the stomach lining. Metal fume fever is thought to be an immune response to inhaled zinc. (L48, L49, A49)

Cancer Classification: Suggestive Evidence of Carcinogenicity, but Not Sufficient to Assess Human Carcinogenic Potential; Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans

Evaluation: No data were available from studies in humans. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of ziram. Overall evaluation: Ziram is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 53: (1991) Occupational Exposures in Insecticide Application, and Some Pesticides

TR-238: Carcinogenesis Bioassay of Ziram (CASRN 137-30-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Study) (1983 )

12/16/81

Clear Evidence

No Evidence

Equivocal Evidence

Under the conditions of these studies, ziram was carcinogenic for male F344/N rats, causing increased incidences of C-cell carcinomas of the thyroid gland. Ziram was not carcinogenic for either female F344/N rats or for male B6C3F1 mice. Increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and of combined alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas or carcinomas occurred in female B6C3F1 mice. However, the interpretation of this increase in lung tumors is complicated by an intercurrent Sendai virus infection.

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

Chronic exposure to zinc causes anemia, atazia, lethargy, and decreases the level of good cholesterol in the body. It is also believed to cause pancreatic and reproductive damage. (L49)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Oral (L49) ; inhalation (L49) ; dermal (L49)

Cough. Sore throat. Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting.

Ingestion of large doses of zinc causes stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Acute inhalation of large amounts of zinc causes metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Dermal contact with zinc results in skin irritation. (L49)

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

0.0125 MG/KG/DAY

Children

General Population

Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides - 2021 Update

LC50 (rat) = 70 mg/m3

LD50: 18 mg/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (T14)

LD50: 23 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 320 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T58)

LC50: 81 mg/m3 over 4 hours (Inhalation, Rat) (T14)

LD50 Rat percutaneous >6000 mg/kg

LD50 Mice ip 17 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 320 mg/kg

LD50 Guinea pig oral 100-150 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for ZIRAM (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Zinc poisoning is treated symptomatically, often by administering fluids such as water or milk, or with gastric lavage. (L49)

Ziram and thiram are wildlife repellents and therefore can be used as agents for agricultural pesticides. Thus, addition of 2% ziram to granular 3% bendiocarb reduced by 50% the mortality caused by the latter to birds in a wildlife park.

Administration of ziram with nitrite in aqueous soln by stomach tube to rats led to the formation of detectable amounts of N-nitrosodimethylamine in the stomach contents after 15 min.

LIKE MOST DITHIOCARBAMATES, ZIRAM INDUCES ACCUM OF ACETALDEHYDE IN BLOOD OF RATS RECEIVING ETHANOL AT SAME TIME. ADMIN OF ZIRAM WITH NITRITE IN AQ SOLN TO RATS BY STOMACH TUBE LED TO FORMATION OF DETECTABLE AMT OF N-NITROSO-DIMETHYLAMINE IN STOMACH CONTENTS 15 MIN LATER.

Female SPF Wistar rats were given /ziram/ by gavage /at/ 16 umol/kg ... . After 90 minutes, 2 gm/kg ethanol was injected ip. Blood was collected at intervals to 4 hr after ethanol administration and analyzed for ethanol concentration. ... Compared to control values, blood ethanol concentration after 4 hr was increased about 70% by 16 umol/kg ... ziram... .

LC50 Goldfish (Carassius auratus) (5-10 mg/l/5 hr) /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Tilapia metanopleura (5-10 mg/l/5 hr) /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LD50 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) oral 3346 ppm (95% confidence limit 2664-4430 ppm), diluent corn oil

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Incubation of Mytilus galloprovincialis /mussels/ with 0.5 mg/l /ziram/... for 1-3 days /halved/ ...muscle lactate dehydrogenase ...activity.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

Ziram's production and use as a rubber accelerator and biocide in water treatment, paper sizing, and adhesives may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as an agricultural fungicide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 7.5X10-9 mm Hg at 0 °C, indicates ziram will exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase ziram will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, ziram is expected to have slight to moderate mobility in soil based on Rf values ranging from 0.33 to 0.62. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.2X10-10 atm-cu m/mole. Under acidic conditions, dimethyldithiocarbamates readily decompose to form carbon disulfide and dimethylamine. Biodegradation in soil environments may occur as the compound ionizes to form dimethyldithiocarbamate ions that biodegrade in soil; a %CO2 evolution of 68-79 after 49 days has been reported. Ziram possesses antibacterial properties, particularly for gram positive organisms, which would hinder biodegradation under many situations. If released into water, ziram is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon Rf values ranging from 0.33 to 0.62, retardation factors derived using soil column studies. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected based upon the estimated Henry's Law constant. A BCF range of 5-90 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate. Ziram undergoes hydrolysis in the environment with half-lives in water of 2 to 18 days. Occupational exposure to ziram may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where ziram is produced or used. (SRC)

Ziram is not known to occur as a natural product.

Ziram's production and use as a rubber accelerator(1) and biocide in water treatment, paper sizing, and adhesives(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as an agricultural fungicide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: According to a classification scheme(1), Rf (retardation factor) values ranging from 0.33 to 0.62(2), indicate that ziram is expected to have slight to moderate mobility in soil(2). Volatilization of ziram from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.2X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 7.5X10-9 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 65 mg/l(4). Ziram is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Under acidic conditions, dimethyldithiocarbamates readily decompose to form carbon disulfide and dimethylamine(2). Biodegradation in soil environments may occur as the compound ionizes to form dimethyldithiocarbamate ions that biodegrade in soil(2); a %CO2 evolution of 68-79 after 49 days has been reported(1). However, ziram possesses antibacterial properties, particularly for gram positive organisms, which would hinder biodegradation under many situations(5).

AQUATIC FATE: According to a classification scheme(1), Rf (retardation factor) values ranging from 0.33 to 0.62(5), indicate that ziram is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.2X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 7.5X10-9 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 65 mg/l(5). This compound is expected to exist in the dissociated form in the environment and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF range of 5-90(1), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC). Ziram undergos hydrolysis in the environment with hydrolysis half-lives in water of 2 to 18 days(1). Under acidic conditions, dimethyldithiocarbamates readily decompose to form carbon disulfide and dimethylamine(2). Biodegradation in aquatic environments may occur as the compound ionizes to form dimethyldithiocarbamate ions that biodegrade in soil(2); a %CO2 evolution of 68-79 after 49 days has been reported(1). However, ziram possesses antibacterial properties, particularly for gram positive organisms, which would hinder biodegradation under many situations(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ziram, which has a vapor pressure of 7.5X10-9 mm Hg at 0 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase ziram may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Ziram is decomposed by acids and UV radiation, but is otherwise stable(4).

AEROBIC: Ziram ionizes to form dimethyldithiocarbamate ions that biodegrade in soil, releasing carbon disulfide and forming dimethylamine(1). A %CO2 evolution of 68-79 after 49 days has been reported(2). However ziram possesses antibacterial properties, particularly for gram positive organisms, and this would hinder biodegradation under many situations(3).

IN STUDIES WITH ... ZINC DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATES, VOLATILE PRODUCTS WERE FORMED FROM RESIDUES ON HIGHER PLANTS. SIGNIFICANT AMT OF CARBON DISULFIDE WERE RELEASED. THIS REACTION COULD OCCUR ON LEAF SURFACES WHERE THE APPROX PH= 5.7 IS PROBABLY DUE IN PART TO DISSOLVED CARBON DIOXIDE. THE OTHER PRODUCT OF ACIDIC DECOMP, TRIMETHYLAMMONIUM BICARBONATE, WOULD BE UNSTABLE. THIS WOULD DECOMP TO TRIMETHYLAMINE. ONLY SMALL AMT OF TRIMETHYLAMINE WERE OBSERVED. NO METHYLISOTHIOCYANATE OR HYDROGEN SULFIDE WAS DETECTED.

Ziram undergos hydrolysis in the environment with hydrolysis half-lives in water of 2 to 18 days(1) and 121 hr at pH 7.0(2) reported. Ziram is decomposed by acids and UV radiation, but is otherwise stable(4). Under acidic conditions, dimethyldithiocarbamates readily decompose to form carbon disulfide and dimethylamine(3). It is likely that ziram also complexes with cupric ions in soil as the fungicide readily forms a copper complex in the presence of copper sulfate(3).

A BCF range of 5-90 has been reported for ziram(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF range suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC).

Using soil thin layer chromatography experiments, an Rf range of 0.33-0.62, retardation factors defined as the distance moved by a pesticide in relation to the water front, was measured for ziram. According to a classification scheme(2), this Rf value range indicates that ziram is expected to have slight to moderate mobility in suspended solids and sediment. However, the compound was immobile in other experiments using a black clay and a red sandy loam soil(1).

The Henry's Law constant for ziram is estimated as 6.2X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 7.5X10-9 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 65 mg/l(2). This estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that ziram is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). This compound is expected to exist in the dissociated form in the environment and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. Ziram is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUNDWATER: Ziram was not detected in 319 California wells sampled from 1984 to 1989(1).

RURAL/REMOTE: Air samples collected in March of 1994 from Butte County, CA showed a maximum ziram concentration of 2.3 ug/cu m during 4.5 hrs of monitoring(1).

No ziram residues were reported in tested composite samples of cherries, peaches, and strawberries delivered to farmer's wholesale markets in Leamington and Toronto, Ontario, Canada(1). Ziram was detected in an unspecified number of the 6,325 food samples that tested positive for pesticides (out of a total 27,065 samples) analyzed in 10 state food laboratories in the US during 1988 and 1989(2). Results for ziram reported in the 1989 California Dept of Food and Agriculture analysis of pesticide residues in food crops were as follows (crop, no. samples, no. samples with no residue detection): almond, 63, 61; nectarine, 5, 5; peach, 19, 18(3). Levels detected did not exceed (unspecified) tolerance(3).

Exposure can occur during its production, its use in the rubber industry, and its application as a fungicude, and, at much lower levels, from consumption of foods containing residues.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 34,594 workers (5,542 of these are female) are potentially exposed to ziram in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to ziram may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where ziram is produced or used(SRC). Concns of dithiocarbamate fungicides in the workroom air of a pesticide residue laboratory were below the provisional threshold level value of 5 mg/cu m(2). Concn ranges in the field were 15 to 2,300 ng/cu m after application of ziram to an almond orchard in Butte Co., CA, applied at 6.7 kg/ha. Three days after application, measurable residues in air samples (minimum detection limit approx 14 ng/cu m) were detected within 18 m of the treated fields(4).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Chemical Treatability of Ziram; Concentration Process: biological treatment; Chemical Classification: pesticide; Scale of Study: respirometer study; Type of Wastewater Used: unknown; Results of Study: slightly degraded.

IMO 6.1; Carbamate pesticides, solid, toxic; Carbamate pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable, flashpoint between 23 °C and 61 °C; Carbamate pesticides, liquid, toxic

IMO 3.2; Carbamate pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, flashpoint less than 23 °C

UN 2757; Carbamate pesticides, solid, toxic

UN 2758; Carbamate pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, nos, flashpoint less than 23 °C

For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for ZIRAM (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 22-26-37-41-43-48/22-50/53; S: (1/2)-22-26-28-36/37/39-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I