1-Methyl-4-Prop-1-En-2-Ylcyclohexene

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 3461) of reports.

H226 (> 99.9%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304 (49.2%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (> 99.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (> 99.9%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (14.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H400 (98.6%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (> 99.9%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338, P321, P331, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3461 reports by companies from 45 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 3461 reports by companies.

There are 44 notifications provided by 3460 of 3461 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226 (100%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304 (46%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P321, P331, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 417 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 100% (2 of 2) of all reports.

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 2 of 2 companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 2 of 2 reports by companies.

There are 0 notifications provided by 0 of 2 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

INHALATION: remove victim from contaminated area; administer artificial respiration if necessary; call physician.

EYES: flush with water for 15 min.; call physician.

SKIN: wash with soap and water.

INGESTION: induce vomiting; call physician. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

If a spill occurs, clean it up promptly. Don't wash it away. Instead, sprinkle the spill with sawdust, vermiculite, or kitty litter. Sweep it into a plastic garbage bag, and dispose of it as directed on the pesticide product label.

After Applying a Pesticide, Indoors or Outdoors. To remove pesticide residues, use a bucket to rinse tools or equipment three times, including any containers or utensils that you used when mixing the pesticide. Then pour the rinsewater into the pesticide sprayer and reuse the solution by applying it according to the pesticide product label directions. After applying any pesticide wash your hands and any other parts of your body that may have come in contact with the pesticide..To prevent tracking pesticides inside, remove or rinse your boots or shoes before entering your home. Wash any clothes that have been exposed to a lot of pesticide separately from your regular wash.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.

Safe Disposal of Pesticides. The best way to dispose of small amounts of excess pesticides is to use them - apply them - according to the directions on the label. If you cannot use them, ask your neighbors whether they have a similar pest control problem and can use them. If all of the remaining pesticide cannot be properly used, check with your local solid waste management authority, environmental agency, or health department to find out whether your community has a household hazardous waste collection program or a similar program for getting rid of unwanted, leftover pesticides. These authorities can also inform you of any local requirements for pesticide waste disposal.

Safe Disposal of Pesticides. An empty pesticide container can be as hazardous as a full one because of residues left inside. Never reuse such a container. When empty, a pesticide container should be rinsed carefully three times and the rinsewater thoroughly drained back onto the sprayer or the container previously used to mix the pesticide. Use the rinsewater as a pesticide, following label directions. Replace the cap or closure securely. Dispose of the container according to label instructions. Do not puncture or burn a pressurized container like an aerosol - it could explode. Do cut or puncture other empty pesticide containers made of metal or plastic to prevent someone from reusing them. Wrap the empty container and put it in the trash after you have rinsed it.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Wear the items of protective clothing the label requires: for example, non-absorbent gloves (not leather or fabric), rubber footwear (not canvas or leather), a hat, goggles, or a dust-mist filter. If no specific clothing is listed, gloves, long-sleeved shirts and long pants, and closed shoes are recommended. You can buy protective clothing and equipment at hardware stores or building supply stores.

Indoor Applications. If the label directions permit, leave all windows open and fans operating after the application is completed. If the pesticide product is only effective in an unventilated (sealed) room or house, do not stay there. Put all pets outdoors, and take yourself any your family away from treated areas for at least the length of time prescribed on the label. Apply most surface sprays only to limited areas such as cracks; don't treat entire floors, walls, or ceilings. Don't let pesticides get on any surfaces that are used for food preparation. Wash any surfaces that may have pesticide residue before placing food on them.

Indoor Applications. When using total release foggers to control pests, use no more than the amount needed and to keep foggers away from ignition sources (ovens, stoves, air conditioners, space heaters, and water heaters, for example). Foggers should not be used in small, enclosed places such as closets and cabinets or under tables and counters.

Outdoor Applications. Never apply pesticides outdoors on a windy day (winds higher than 10 mph). Position yourself so that a light breeze does not blow pesticide spray or dust into your face.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Store in a flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet away from ignition sources and corrosive and reacting materials. ... Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated area away from heat and incompatible materials.

Safe Storage of Pesticides. Always store pesticides in their original containers, complete with labels that list ingredients, directions for use, and first aid steps in case of accidental poisoning. Never store pesticides in cabinets with or near food, animal feed, or medical supplies. Do not store pesticides in places where flooding is possible or in places where they might spill or leak into wells, drains, ground water, or surface water.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL): 8-hr Time-weighted Average (TWA) 30 ppm. Last Revised: 1993.

Solvent-resistant gloves; safety glasses or face shield; self- contained breathing apparatus for high vapor concentrations. (USCG, 1999)

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact.

Dipentene appears as a colorless liquid with an odor of lemon. Flash point 113 °F. Density about 7.2 lb /gal and insoluble in water. Hence floats on water. Vapors heavier than air. Used as a solvent for rosin, waxes, rubber; as a dispersing agent for oils, resins, paints, lacquers, varnishes, and in floor waxes and furniture polishes.

Dry Powder; Liquid; Liquid

Colorless liquid with a citrus-like odor; [ChemIDplus]

A colorless liquid with an odor of lemon.

Colorless liquid

Colorless mobile liquid

Clear to light yellow liquid

Pleasant lemon-like

Sweet, citrus taste

352 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

Colorless liquid; lemon-like odor. Specific gravity: 0.857 at 15.5 °C/15.5 °C; BP: 175-176 °C; Refractive index: 1.473 at 20 °C. Miscible with alcohol; insoluble in water /Limonene, inactive/

-40 °F (USCG, 1999)

-95.5 °C

115 °F (USCG, 1999)

113 °F (45 °C) (Close cup)

In water, 7.57 mg/L at 25 °C

Miscible with alcohol

Miscible with alcohol, ether.

0.842 at 69.8 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8402 at 20.85 °C/4 °C

0.842 at 69.8 °F

4.7 (Air = 1)

1.55 [mmHg]

1.55 mm Hg at 25 °C /extrapolated/

log Kow = 4.57

458 °F (USCG, 1999)

458 °F (237 °C)

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

-19,520 Btu/lb = -10,840 cal/g = -454X10+5 J/kg

140 Btu/lb = 77 cal/g = 3.2x10+5 J/kg

26 dynes/cm = 0.026 N/m at 20 °C

Index of refraction: 1.4744 at 25 °C/D

Density: 0.8411 at 20 °C; BP: 176-176.4 °C (derived from lemon, bergamont, caraway, orange, and other oils)

Density: 0.8422 at 20 °C; BP: 176-176.4 °C (derived from peppermint and spearmint oils)

Oxidizes to a film in air, oxidation behavior similar to that of rubber or drying oils

With dry hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide it forms monohalides, and with aq hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide, the dihalide.

Liquid; BP: 175.5-176.5 °C; Specific gravity: 0.84007 at 20.5 °C/4 °C; Index of refraction: 1.474 at 21 °C/D; Specific optical rotation: -101.3 °C at 19.5 °C/D /L-limonene/

BP: 177-8 °C at 755 mm Hg, 64.4 °C at 15 mm Hg; density: 0.8422 at 20 °C/4 °C; index of refraction: 1.4746 at 20 °C/D; max absorption (isooctane): 220 nm (log e = 2.4), 250 nm (log e = 1.1); specific optical rotation: -122.1 deg at 20 °C/D (undiluted) /L-limonene/

BP: 175.5-176.5 °C; Density: 0.8402 at 20.85 °C/4 °C; Index of refraction: 1.4744 at 25 °C/D. Practically insolulble in water /Inactive limonene/

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.49X10-10 cu cm/molec-sec at 35 °C

Flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

DIPENTENE may react vigorously with strong oxidizing agents. May react exothermically with reducing agents to release hydrogen gas.

Forms explosive mixture with air. Contact with oxidizers may cause fire and explosion hazard.

Accidental contamination of a tetrafluoroethylene gas supply system with iodine pentafluoride caused a violent explosion in the cylinders. Exothermic reaction of ... limonene, /the polymerization/ inhibitor /of tetrafluoroethylene/, with the contaminant present in the gas cylinders may have depleted the inhibitor and initiated explosive polymerization. /D-Limonene/

Addition of molten sulfur to limonene in a 9 kl /critical/ reactor led to a violent runaway exothermic reaction. Small scale pilot runs had not shown the possibility of this. Heating terpenes strongly with sulfur usually leads to formation of benzene derivatives with evolution of hydrogen sulfide.

... Can react vigorously with oxidizing material.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Limonene is a colorless liquid. It is not registered for current pesticide use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. Limonene is used as a solvent in degreasing metals prior to industrial painting, for cleaning in the electronic and printing industries, and in paint as a solvent. Limonene is also used as a flavor and fragrance additive in food, household cleaning products and perfumes. It is also used as gallstone solubilizer. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Limonene is a skin irritant in humans. The oxidized forms of limonene are known to cause allergic contact dermatitis. Limonene liquid has been reported to irritate eyes, ingestion causes irritation of GI tract. Albuminuria and hematuria are probable if ingested in sufficient quantity. It is also associated with mouth and throat irritation, shortness of breath, and impaired lung function. ANIMAL STUDIES: Limonene is a skin irritant in experimental animals. The critical organ in animals (except for male rats) following oral or ip administration is the liver. Exposure to limonene affects the amount and activity of different liver enzymes, liver weight, cholesterol levels and bile flow. These changes have been noted in mice, rats and dogs. Limonene and its epoxides were not mutagenic when tested at concentrations of 0.3-3333 ug/plate in in vitro assays using different strains of Salmonella typhimurium, in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. When incubated with Syrian hamster embryo cells up to 100 ug/mL or 3 mM, limonene did not induce statistically significant cell transformation. There is no evidence that limonene was teratogenic or produced embryotoxic effects in the absence of maternal toxicity. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Terrestrial organisms are most likely exposed to limonene via the air. The few studies of terrestrial species (i.e. insects) using vapor exposure revealed effects of limonene at ppm levels. In the aquatic environment, limonene exhibits high acute toxicity to fish and Daphnia.

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of d-limonene. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of d-limonene. Overall evaluation: In making its overall evaluation of the carcinogenicity to humans of d-limonene, the Working Group concluded that d-limonene produces renal tubular tumors in male rats by a non-DNA reactive alpha-2u-globulin associated response. Therefore, the mechanism by which d-limonene incr the incidence of renal tubular tumors in male rats is not relevant to humans. d-Limonene is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). /d-Limonene/

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

LC50 (mice) = 67,500 mg/m3

LD50 Mouse oral 5.6-6.6 g/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 1.3 g/kg

LD50 Rat oral 5 g/kg bw

LD50 Rabbit dermal 5 g/kg bw

Inhalation of ozone (O3), a highly toxic environmental pollutant, produces airway inflammation and exacerbates asthma. However, in indoor air, O3 reacts with terpenes (cyclic alkenes), leading to formation of airway irritating pollutants. The aim of the study was to examine whether inhalation of the reaction products of O3 and the terpene, limonene, as well as limonene and low-level O3 by themselves, induced allergic sensitization (formation of specific immunoglobulin [Ig] E) and airway inflammation in a subchronic mouse inhalation model in combination with the model allergen ovalbumin (OVA). BALB/cJ mice were exposed exclusively by inhalation for 5 d/wk for 2 wk and thereafter once weekly for 12 wk. Exposures were low-dose OVA in combination with O3, limonene, or limonene/O3 reaction products. OVA alone and OVA + Al(OH)3 served as control groups. Subsequently, all groups were exposed to a high-dose OVA solution on three consecutive days. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected 24 hr later. Limonene by itself did not promote neither OVA-specific IgE nor leukocyte inflammation. Low-level O3 promoted eosinophilic airway inflammation, but not OVA-specific IgE formation. The reaction products of limonene/O3 promoted allergic (OVA-specific IgE) sensitization, but lung inflammation, which is a characteristic of allergic asthma, was not observed. In conclusion, the study does not support an allergic inflammatory effect attributed to O3-initiated limonene reaction products in the indoor environment.

Epidemiological investigations suggest a link between exposure to indoor air chemicals and adverse health effects. Consumer products contain reactive chemicals which can form secondary pollutants which may contribute to these effects. The reaction of limonene and ozone is a well characterized example of this type of indoor air chemistry. The studies described here characterize an in vitro model using an epithelial cell line (A549) or differentiated epithelial tissue (MucilAir). The model is used to investigate adverse effects following exposure to combinations of limonene and ozone. In A549 cells, exposure to both the parent compounds and reaction products resulted in alterations in inflammatory cytokine production. A one hour exposure to limonene+ozone resulted in decreased proliferation when compared to cells exposed to limonene alone. Repeated dose exposures of limonene or limonene+ozone were conducted on MucilAir tissue. No change in proliferation was observed but increases in cytokine production were observed for both the parent compounds and reaction products. Factors such as exposure duration, chemical concentration, and sampling time point were identified to influence result outcome. These findings suggest that exposure to reaction products may produce more severe effects compared to the parent compound.

Rauscher murine leukemiavirus infected F344 rat embryo cells were not transformed treated with subeffective doses of 3-methylcholanthrene. These cells treated with limonene showed carcinogenic transformation.

Mouse mammary glands respond to carcinogen stimulus to form mammary lesions in organ culture. In this study it was determined whether the effective chemopreventive agents are active against initiation or the promotion phase of lesion development. Mammary glands were subjected to 24 hr exposure to 2 mg/ml dimethylbenz(a)anthracene followed by a 5 day exposure to 7,12-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate. This treatment protocol allows the study of initiation and promotion aspects of lesion development. Chemopreventive agents effective when present prior to the carcinogen were considered as anti-initiators, whereas agents effective when present after the dimethylbenz[a]anthracene treatment along with 7,12-tetradecanoyl pherbol-13-acetate were considered as anti-promoters. Within the chemopreventive agents evaluated limonene was an anti-initiator.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for LIMONENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Turpentine, terpenes, and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharingeal or nasopharingeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. /Turpentine, terpenes, and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Turpentine, Terpenes, and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Dipentene tested /as irritation test/ at 20% in petrolatum produced no irritation after a 48 hr closed patch test in 25 human subjects. A maximization test... was carried out on 25 volunteers. The material was tested at concentration of 20%, in petrolatum and produced no sensitization reactions.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Reports of contact allergy to dipentene have appeared. In one investigation, 15 of 22 people with an allergy to oil of turpentine also reacted to dipentene.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The oxidized forms of the fragrance terpenes limonene and linalool are known to cause allergic contact dermatitis. Significant rates of contact allergy to these fragrances have been reported in European studies and in a recent worldwide study ... /The objective of the study was/ to investigate the prevalence of contact allergy to oxidized limonene and linalool in the U.K. Between 1 August 2011 and 31 December 2012, 4731 consecutive patients in 13 U.K. dermatology departments were tested for hydroperoxides of limonene 0.3% pet., hydroperoxides of linalool 1.0% pet., stabilized limonene 10.0% pet. and stabilized linalool 10.0% pet. Doubtful (?+) and equivocal (+/-) reactions were grouped together as irritant reactions. Two hundred and thirty-seven patients (5.0%) had a positive patch test reaction to hydroperoxides of limonene 0.3% pet. and 281 (5.9%) to hydroperoxides of linalool 1.0% pet. Irritant reactions to one or both oxidized terpenes were found in 242 patients (7.3%). Eleven patients (0.2%) had a positive patch test reaction to the stabilized terpenes alone. This large, multicenter U.K. audit shows a significant rate of allergy to the hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool plus a high rate of irritant reactions. Testing to the oxidized forms alone captures the majority (97.0%; 411 of 422) of positive reactions; testing to nonoxidized terpenes appears to be less useful. We recommend that the hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool be added to an extended baseline patch test series.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Myoga is a fragrant plant which is the special product of Japan and is cultivated throughout Japan. According to earlier investigation of myoga cultivators in Japan, 8 of 35 cultivators experienced contact dermatitis in the harvest season. The purpose of this study was to assess the allergenicity of myoga and its major volatile components. The volatile components of myoga were analyzed by gas chromatograph (GC). They included alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and R-(+)-limonene. We performed a toxicity study of each of the major fragrant components of myoga using acute dermal irritation assays and the Guinea-Pig Maximization test (GPMT) in order to probe the mechanism of allergic contact dermatitis. In acute dermal irritation assays, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and limonene showed positive responses at concentrations of 4%; limonene oxide at 20% and myoga showed a positive response at concentrations of 100%. From the results of the GPMT, according to Kligman scores, limonene oxide was identified as an extreme skin sensitizer and myoga as a mild skin sensitizer. The results of the present study show that R-(+)-limonene is the most important allergen amongst the chemical components of myoga, and we consider it to be the reason why myoga cultivators experience allergic contact dermatitis.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for LIMONENE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Increases in hepatic cytochrome P-450 content have been observed in female rats administered limonene (isomer unspecified; 40 mg/kg body weight per day for 3 days) by intraperitoneal injection.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Limonene / inhibited hepatic HMGCoA (hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA) reductase/ when administered intragastrically at 3 mmol/kg to rats.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Effects observed following the acute exposure of rodents to limonene include increased bile flow at 85 mg/kg body weight, inhibition of S-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity at 409 mg/kg body weight, enzyme induction at 600 and 1200 mg/kg body weight, and decreased motor activity, hypothermia, and potentiation of hexobarbital-induced sleep at 3 mL/kg body weight.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Administration to dogs at 1.2-3.6 mL/kg/day for 6 months caused frequent vomiting and nausea and decrease in body weight, blood sugar and cholesterol. No significant change observed in organs except in the kidney.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for LIMONENE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA has released the first beta version (version 0.5) of the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The beta version of the iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays; Click on the "Chemical Explorer" button on the tool bar to see the data./[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of April 22, 2015: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) age 16 weeks; oral >2000 mg/kg

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) age 10 day; dietary >5620 ppm for 8 days

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) age 14 days; dietary >5000 ppm for 8 days

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) age 14 days; dietary >5000 ppm for 8 days

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for LIMONENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In the aquatic environment, limonene shows high acute toxicity to fish and Daphnia. Limonene concentrations in surface waters are generally much lower than experimentally determined acute toxicity levels, and therefore it is likely that limonene poses a low risk for acute toxic effects on aquatic organisms.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Terrestrial organisms are most likely exposed to limonene via the air. The few studies on terrestrial species (i.e. insects) using vapor exposure revealed effects of limonene at parts per million levels.

Limonene's production and use in flavorings, fragrances, cosmetics, as a solvent, wetting agent and in the manufacture of resins may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its former use as an insecticide, insect repellant, and dog and cat repellant resulted in its direct release to the environment. Limonene is found in many oils and fruits and is emitted to the environment from plants and the combustion of wood. If released to air, an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.55 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates limonene will exist solely in the vapor-phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase limonene is degraded rapidly in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals and ozone. The half-lives for these reactions are very short, ranging from several minutes to about 2.6 hours. Limonene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, limonene is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1,100. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to occur given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.032 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces may also occur given the vapor pressure of limonene. Limonene is reported to undergo biodegradation under aerobic conditions, but is resistant to biodegradation under anaerobic conditions. If released to water, limonene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the Koc data. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to occur rapidly based upon the estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 5 days, respectively. Limonene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis since it lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. An estimated BCF of 480 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Occupational exposure to limonene may occur by inhalation or dermal contact during its production, formulation, transport or use. Exposure to the general population may occur through inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with consumer products containing limonene. (SRC)

Limonene is found in many oils and fruits including orange, lemon, grapefruit, berry, leaf, caraway, dill, bergamot, peppermint and spearmint oils(1-4). Limonene emissions to the environment are associated with wax myrtle, sweet acacia, oranges, tomatoes, grasses, and California western sagebrush(5). Emissions of limonene are also associated with balsam poplar, European larche, European fir, Scots pine, Siberian pine, silver fir, common juniper, zeravshan juniper, pencil cedar, evergreen cypress, northern white cedar, chinese arbor vitae, marsh tea and deciduous moss(6).

Limonene is widely distributed and occurs naturally in both d- and l- forms(1).

Limonene's production and use in flavorings, fragrances, cosmetics, as a solvent, wetting agent and in the manufacture of resins(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Limonene's former use(2) as an insecticide, insect repellant on humans, and dog and cat repellant(3) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,100 determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that limonene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to occur based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.032 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its extrapolated vapor pressure, 1.55 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 7.57 mg/L(4). Volatilization from dry soil surfaces may occur given the vapor pressure of this compound(3). Limonene is reported to undergo biodegradation under aerobic conditions, but is resistant to biodegradation under anaerobic conditions(5). Terpene acclimated inocula prepared from soil obtained from a coniferous forest and hardwood forest in North Carolina degraded limonene with a half-life of approximately 9-20 hours at 23 °C following a lag period of 15-23 hours(6).

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) age 16 weeks; oral >2000 mg/kg

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) age 10 day; dietary >5620 ppm for 8 days

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) age 14 days; dietary >5000 ppm for 8 days

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) age 14 days; dietary >5000 ppm for 8 days

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for LIMONENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In the aquatic environment, limonene shows high acute toxicity to fish and Daphnia. Limonene concentrations in surface waters are generally much lower than experimentally determined acute toxicity levels, and therefore it is likely that limonene poses a low risk for acute toxic effects on aquatic organisms.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Terrestrial organisms are most likely exposed to limonene via the air. The few studies on terrestrial species (i.e. insects) using vapor exposure revealed effects of limonene at parts per million levels.

Limonene's production and use in flavorings, fragrances, cosmetics, as a solvent, wetting agent and in the manufacture of resins may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its former use as an insecticide, insect repellant, and dog and cat repellant resulted in its direct release to the environment. Limonene is found in many oils and fruits and is emitted to the environment from plants and the combustion of wood. If released to air, an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.55 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates limonene will exist solely in the vapor-phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase limonene is degraded rapidly in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals and ozone. The half-lives for these reactions are very short, ranging from several minutes to about 2.6 hours. Limonene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, limonene is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1,100. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to occur given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.032 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces may also occur given the vapor pressure of limonene. Limonene is reported to undergo biodegradation under aerobic conditions, but is resistant to biodegradation under anaerobic conditions. If released to water, limonene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the Koc data. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to occur rapidly based upon the estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 5 days, respectively. Limonene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis since it lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. An estimated BCF of 480 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Occupational exposure to limonene may occur by inhalation or dermal contact during its production, formulation, transport or use. Exposure to the general population may occur through inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with consumer products containing limonene. (SRC)

Limonene is found in many oils and fruits including orange, lemon, grapefruit, berry, leaf, caraway, dill, bergamot, peppermint and spearmint oils(1-4). Limonene emissions to the environment are associated with wax myrtle, sweet acacia, oranges, tomatoes, grasses, and California western sagebrush(5). Emissions of limonene are also associated with balsam poplar, European larche, European fir, Scots pine, Siberian pine, silver fir, common juniper, zeravshan juniper, pencil cedar, evergreen cypress, northern white cedar, chinese arbor vitae, marsh tea and deciduous moss(6).

Limonene is widely distributed and occurs naturally in both d- and l- forms(1).

Limonene's production and use in flavorings, fragrances, cosmetics, as a solvent, wetting agent and in the manufacture of resins(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Limonene's former use(2) as an insecticide, insect repellant on humans, and dog and cat repellant(3) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,100 determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that limonene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to occur based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.032 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its extrapolated vapor pressure, 1.55 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 7.57 mg/L(4). Volatilization from dry soil surfaces may occur given the vapor pressure of this compound(3). Limonene is reported to undergo biodegradation under aerobic conditions, but is resistant to biodegradation under anaerobic conditions(5). Terpene acclimated inocula prepared from soil obtained from a coniferous forest and hardwood forest in North Carolina degraded limonene with a half-life of approximately 9-20 hours at 23 °C following a lag period of 15-23 hours(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,100 determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that limonene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.032 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its extrapolated vapor pressure, 1.55 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 7.57 mg/L(5). Volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 660(SRC), from a log Kow of 4.57(7), and a regression derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Limonene is reported to undergo biodegradation under aerobic conditions (73% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks in Japanese MITI test(8)), but is resistant to biodegradation under anaerobic conditions(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), limonene, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.55 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase limonene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals and ozone(SRC). The half-life for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals is estimated to be 2.6 hours(SRC) from its rate constant of 1.49X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The half-life for the reaction with ozone is estimated to be 0.5 hours(SRC) from its rate constant of 6.5X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec(4). The calculated nighttime lifetime for the reaction of limonene with nitrate radicals is 9 minutes(5). Limonene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Organisms isolated from soil and water were unable to oxidize limonene in laboratory experiments(1). Limonene was listed as a compound difficult to biodegrade and was classified in level 3 (difficult to biodegrade) in a 5 tiered rating system on ease of biodegradability(2). The concentration of limonene between the influent and effluent of aerated treatment lagoons was found to decrease significantly which the author ascribed to a biological removal process although complete documentation was not provided(3). Other studies have indicated that limonene is readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions. Limonene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 73% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(4). Terpene-acclimated inocula prepared from soil obtained from a coniferous forest and hardwood forest in North Carolina degraded limonene with a half-life of approximately 9-20 hours at 23 °C following a lag period of 15-23 hours(5). Degradation by unacclimated inocula did not begin until after a 182-hour lag period(5).

ANAEROBIC: Limonene is reported to undergo biodegradation under aerobic conditions, but is resistant to biodegradation under anaerobic conditions(1). In a test on methanogenic degradation (batch bioassay inoculated with granular sludge, maintained at 30 °C), there was no indication of any metabolism of limonene, possibly because of toxicity to the microorganisms(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of limonene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.49X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.6 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of limonene with ozone has been measured as 6.5X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 0.5 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 molecules per cu cm(2). The calculated nighttime lifetime for the reaction of limonene with nitrate radicals is 9 minutes(3). Reaction products include endolin; possible products include limonene-1,2-dinitrate amd 8-nitroperoxylimonene-9-nitrate(4). Photolysis of limonene in the presence of nitrogen oxides produces formaldehyde, formic acid, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, acetaldehyde, peroxyacetyl nitrate and acetone(5). Limonene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(6). Limonene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 480 was calculated for limonene(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.57(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for limonene can be estimated to be 1,100(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that limonene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for limonene is estimated as 0.032 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.55 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 7.57 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that limonene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). Limonene's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of limonene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUNDWATER: Limonene was detected in contaminated groundwater in The Netherlands at a maximum concentration of 10 ug/L(1). Limonene was detected in 11 of 11 ground water samples at the site of a former pine tar manufacturer in Gainesville, FL, at concentration ranging from 1 ug/L to 130 ug/L(2).

DRINKING WATER: Limonene was listed as a compound identified in U.S. drinking water supplies(1-3). It was qualitatively detected in treated drinking water supplies in the U.K., 1976(4).

SURFACE WATER: The concentration of limonene in seawater samples from Resurrection Bay, AK, was 84 ng/L in June 1985 and 0.47 ng/L in June, 1986(1). Limonene has been qualitatively detected in the Black Warrior River, near Tuscaloosa, AL, 1975(2). Limonene was identified, but not quantified, in the River Glatt, Switzerland, 1975(3), and in water samples taken from the River Lee, in the UK, date not provided(4).

RAIN/SNOW: Limonene was detected in snow samples from Finland at concentrations of 0.15 and 0.16 ug/kg(1).

Limonene was detected as a component of landfill gases from sites in the UK at measured concentrations of 21-84 mg/cu m in probes buried underground and 7.4 mg/cu m at above ground vents(1). Limonene was qualitatively detected in 2 of 46 U.S. industrial effluent samples(2). Limonene was detected in 6 of 7 samples of kraft pulp mill wastewater at concentrations ranging from 10-220 ppb in 2 Canadian mills monitored in 1973(3). Limonene was identified, not quantified, in landfill leachate(4). Limonene was qualitatively identified in the effluent gas from refuse waste obtained from a food center in an experiment designed to determine the gases emitted from decaying waste matter at refuse sites, landfills, and trash transfer sites(5). Limonene has been associated with effluent from the following industries: extraction of pine gum, paper and pulp mills, plastics materials-synthetic resins and non vulcanizable elastomers, perfumes, cosmetics and other toilet preparations, organic solvents and lubricating oils and greases(6).

SOIL: Limonene was detected in soil samples at the site of a former pine-tar manufacturer in Gainesville, FL, at a concentration ranging from not detected to 920 ug/g(1).

SOIL: Limonene concentrations at 30, 50, and 70 cm soil depths at the Case Passerini landfill in Florence, Italy. Concentrations in 2 gas recovery wells were <2 ppbV(1).

Table: Concentrations (ppbV) [Table#3592]

SEDIMENT: Limonene was identified, not quantified, in sediment samples obtained from the German Bight(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Limonene was listed as a compound typically identified in both indoor and outdoor air(1). Limonene was detected in 97% of 17 indoor air samples taken at residences in Ruston, WA, 1985-6, at a concentration ranging from 1.6 to 78 ug/cu m (mean and median 18 ug/cu m and 11 ug/cu m, respectively), outdoor concentrations were typically an order of magnitude lower(2). Limonene was identified, not quantified, in 37 indoor and 12 outdoor samples from 36 houses (50 total measurements) in Chicago, IL(3). The concentration of limonene in the air above Moscow Mountain, ID, 1976-1977, ranged from <10 to 50 parts per trillion(4). The mean and maximum concentration of limonene in 40 homes in Oak Ridge/Knoxville, TN, 1982-3, was 16 ug/cu m and 77.5 ug/cu m, respectively(5). The concentration of limonene in Houston, TX, ranged from not detected to 5.7 ppb(6). Limonene was detected indoors in an office building, 1987, at a concentration ranging 43-63 ug/cu m(7).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Limonene was qualitatively detected in the air of Leningrad, Russia 1976, and 5 other Russian cities(1,2). Limonene was detected in suburban air samples in Germany, 1985, at concentrations ranging from not detected-2.0 ng/cu m(3,4). Limonene was detected in outdoor air in Northern Italy, 1983-8, at a mean concentration of 2 ug/cu m(5).

INDOOR: Limonene was qualitatively detected in air samples taken at 2 Stockholm preschools, 1981-1982(1). Limonene was detected in indoor air of apartments and homes in Northern Italy, 1983-8, at mean a concentration of 140 ug/cu m(2).

INDOOR: Limonene was detected in 97% of 17 indoor air samples taken at residences in Ruston, WA, 1985-6, at a concentration ranging from 1.6 to 78 ug/cu m (mean and median 18 ug/cu m and 11 ug/cu m, respectively); outdoor concentrations were typically an order of magnitude lower(1).

RURAL/REMOTE: The concentrations of limonene and other monoterpenes in air vary considerably. Recorded concentrations in rural areas depend on many factors, such as the type of vegetation, temperature, time of the day, and time of the year(1). The concentration of limonene in the air above Moscow Mountain, ID, 1976-1977, ranged from <10 to 50 parts per trillion(3). The concentration of limonene in the air over a forest in the Republic of Georgia, July, 1979, ranged from 0.004 ug/cu m to 0.010 ug/cu m in 8 samples(3). The concentration of limonene 1.7 m above a maple forest in Quebec ranged from approximately 100-1750 parts per trillion over a two day period in June, 1989(4). Limonene was detected in forest air samples in Southern Black Forest region, Germany, 1985, at concentrations ranging from 1.0-89 ng/cu m(5,6). Traces of limonene were found in the air over the Landes Forest, France, 1984, which consists mainly of maritime pines(7).

Limonene (unspecified isomer) has been identified as a volatile component of fried chicken(1), chickpea seed (Cicer arietinum)(2), orange juice essence(3), mangos(4), roasted filberts (Corylus avellana)(5), Beaufort (Gruyere) cheese manufactured in the area of the French Alps(6) and Udaho Russet Burbank baked potatoes(7). It has been detected in a headspace analysis of intact, tree ripened nectarines, but not in an analysis of the blended fruit(8). Limonene was present at 0.62 and 0.21 nL/L in emissions from cereal silage and high-moisture ground corn, respectively, on farms sampled in California's San Joaquin Valley(9).

The flux of combined limonene and beta-phellandrene from a red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest in Japan was measured from May-November 2000(1). The largest values observed were in June with an average flux rate of 1.1 nmol/sq m-sec(1). The measured average emission rate of alpha-pinene and limonene in eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp) was reported as 3.25 ug/g-hour(2). Limonene emission concentrations were 18, 10, 9, 17 nmol/sq m-min from Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E globulus, E grandis and E viminalis, respectively, in southern Australia(3). Estimated limonene emissions were 40.7, 98.9, 173.9, and 41.5 ug/sq m-hr for broadleaf trees, needle leaf trees, shrubs and bushes, and grasses and crops, respectively, for the United States were between July 2001 and January 2002(4).

Limonene concentrations in plants(1).

Table: Top 40 Plants [Table#3591]

Limonene (unspecified isomer) was detected in the leg, body, and carapace of crabs (Charybdis feriatus) at average concentrations of 2.0, 1.1, and 7.6 ug/kg, respectively(1).

EXPERIMENTAL: Limonene was qualitatively detected in 8 of 8 samples of mother's milk obtained from residents of urban centers in PA, NJ, and LA(1). Limonene was detected not quantified in fish oil-enriched milk for up to 14 days storage at 2 °C(2).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.

Safe Disposal of Pesticides. The best way to dispose of small amounts of excess pesticides is to use them - apply them - according to the directions on the label. If you cannot use them, ask your neighbors whether they have a similar pest control problem and can use them. If all of the remaining pesticide cannot be properly used, check with your local solid waste management authority, environmental agency, or health department to find out whether your community has a household hazardous waste collection program or a similar program for getting rid of unwanted, leftover pesticides. These authorities can also inform you of any local requirements for pesticide waste disposal.

Safe Disposal of Pesticides. An empty pesticide container can be as hazardous as a full one because of residues left inside. Never reuse such a container. When empty, a pesticide container should be rinsed carefully three times and the rinsewater thoroughly drained back onto the sprayer or the container previously used to mix the pesticide. Use the rinsewater as a pesticide, following label directions. Replace the cap or closure securely. Dispose of the container according to label instructions. Do not puncture or burn a pressurized container like an aerosol - it could explode. Do cut or puncture other empty pesticide containers made of metal or plastic to prevent someone from reusing them. Wrap the empty container and put it in the trash after you have rinsed it.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substance may be transported hot. For UN3166, if Lithium ion batteries are involved, also consult GUIDE 147. If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for LIMONENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2052; Dipentene

IMO 3; Dipentene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid