Butyl Acrylate

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P272, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 3522) of reports.

H226 (> 99.9%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315 (> 99.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (> 99.9%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (> 99.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (75.4%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (> 99.9%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H412 (73.8%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3522 reports by companies from 55 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 3522 reports by companies.

There are 54 notifications provided by 3521 of 3522 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H305: May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways [Warning Aspiration hazard]

H313: May be harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P272, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P272, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious); polymerization hazard]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use powder, AFFF, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use water spray to keep fire exposed containers cool. Solid streams of water may be ineffective or may cause frothing. Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid stream of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Butyl acrylates, stabilized/

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or foam extinguishers. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

Wear full protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious); polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit and filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Remove all ignition sources. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in covered containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Spill Handling: Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Cover liquids with dry lime or soda ash or absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Disposal method suggested: Incineration /SRP: with emissions Controls/

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for butyl acrylate: Activated carbon.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner that results in no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose of, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance procedures to confirm the efficacy of the cleaning procedures should be implemented prior to the decontaminated protective clothing being returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing (including shoes/socks) should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Awareness of the dangers and of good engineering design are essential to safety. Employees should be instructed about the necessity of cleansing the skin if it is contaminated by materials which are irritants or skin-absorbed. With careful design, however, and complete enclosure of those processes where toxic chemicals or intermediates occur, dangerous exposures can be avoided. /Acrylic acid & derivatives/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock down vapors. /Butyl acrylates, stabilized/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for n-Butyl acrylate (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious); polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Cool. Keep in the dark. Separated from strong oxidants. Store only if stabilized.

Do not store unless stabilized. Before entering a confined space where butyl acrylate may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated, fireproof area. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard.

Separate from any oxidizing materials, peroxides, or other initiators. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Outside or detached storage is preferred.

The effectiveness of phenolic inhibitors is dependent on the presence of oxygen and the monomers must be stored under air rather than an inert atmosphere. Temp must be kept low to minimize formation of peroxides and other products ... The acrylic esters may be stored in mild or stainless steel, or aluminum. /Acrylic acid and derivatives/

2.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Interim

8.3 [ppm]

130 [ppm]

480 [ppm]

10 ppm (55 mg/m³)

TWA 10 ppm (55 mg/m³)

none See Appendix G

113 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

See: 2016-173

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 2 ppm, sensitization

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

2 ppm as TWA; A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen); (SEN).

2 ppm [1996]

ERPG-1: 0.05 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or objectionable odor [AIHA]

ERPG-2: 25 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 2 = impaired ability to take protective action [AIHA]

ERPG-3: 250 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 3 = life threatening health effects [AIHA]

Australia: 10 ppm, sensitizer (1990); Federal Republic of Germany: 10 ppm, short-term level 20 ppm, 5 min, 8 times per shift, sensitizer, ... (1990); Sweden: 10 ppm, short-term value 15 ppm, sensitizer (1984); United Kingdom: 10 ppm (1991).

Emergency Response Planning Guidlines (ERPGs) for n-butyl acrylate: [Table#1009]

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. If this liquid is swallowed, aspiration into the lungs may result in chemical pneumonitis.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Butyl acrylate:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Suitable protective clothing and self-contained resp protective apparatus should be available for use of those who may have to rescue persons overcome by fumes. /Acrylic acid and derivatives/

Protection required for safe handling of acrylic acid and esters commonly includes use of impervious gloves, shoe soles, and clothing ... /Acrylic acid & derivatives/

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for n-Butyl acrylate (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Butyl acrylate appears as a clear colorless liquid with a sharp characteristic odor. Very slightly soluble in water and somewhat less dense than water. Hence forms surface slick on water. Flash point 105 °F. Density 7.5 lb / gal. Used for making paints, coatings, caulks, sealants, adhesives.

Clear, colorless liquid with a strong, fruity odor. [Note: Highly reactive; may contain an inhibitor to prevent spontaneous polymerization.]; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Clear, colorless liquid with a strong, fruity odor.

Clear, colorless liquid with a strong, fruity odor. [Note: Highly reactive; may contain an inhibitor to prevent spontaneous polymerization.]

Colorless liquid

Water-white monomer

Clear, colorless liquid [Note: Highly reactive; may contain an inhibitor to prevent spontaneous polymerization].

Sharp, fragrant

Sharp, biting characteristic odor

Strong, fruity odor

295 to 298 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

BP: 138 °C at 760 mm Hg; 84-86 °C at 101 mm Hg; 59 °C at 25 mm Hg; 39 °C at 10 mm Hg; 35 °C at 8 mm Hg

145-149 °C

145 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-84.3 °F (NTP, 1992)

-64.6 °C

120 °F (NTP, 1992)

84 °F (29 °C) (closed cup)

48.9 °C, open cup

36 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Solubility of water in n-butyl acrylate at 20 °C: 0.8 mL/100 g

Sol in ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone; slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride

0.14 g/100 mL water at 20 °C; 9.12 g/100 mL at 40 °C

In water, 2,000 mg/L 23 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml: 0.14

0.899 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8898 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.90

0.8898 @ 20°C

4.42 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.42 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.42

10 mmHg at 95.9 °F ; 4 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

4.0 [mmHg]

5.45 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.43

7.5 [mm Hg] @30.4 °C

log Kow = 2.36

Flammable. Very slightly soluble in water.

Acrylates and Acrylic Acids

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

BUTYL ACRYLATE reacts exothermically with acids to liberate heat along with alcohols and acids. Reacts with strong oxidizing agents, perhaps sufficiently exothermically to ignite the reaction products. Mixing with basic solutions generates heat. Generates flammable hydrogen with alkali metals and hydrides. Attacks many plastics [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 233]. Polymerizes readily, generating much heat in a reaction that is favored by heat and light [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 235].

Incompatible with oxidizing materials.

Strong acids and alkalis, amines, halogens, compounds, oxidizers, heat [Note: Polymerizes readily on heating].

Strong acids & alkalis, amines, halogens, hydrogen compounds, oxidizers, heat, flame, sunlight [Note: Polymerizes readily on heating.]

Evaluation: No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of n-butyl acrylate were available. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of n-butyl acrylate. Overall Evaluation: n-Butyl acrylate is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

n-Butyl acrylate

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 39: (1986) Some Chemicals Used in Plastics and Elastomers

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and through the skin.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Burning sensation. Cough. Shortness of breath. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting. Diarrhoea.

irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system; sensitization dermatitis; dyspnea (breathing difficulty)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

LD50 Rat oral 3,730 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 900 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 3143 mg/kg

LD50 Rat (male) oral 9050 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for n-Butyl acrylate (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Esters and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Provide a low-stimulus environment. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Treat frostbite by rapid rewarming ... . /Esters and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Esters and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Human skin sensitization to n-butyl acrylate was reported. Patch test concentration ranged from 0.1 to 0.5%. 6 out of 124 patients were positive, but also /it was noted/ that those results should be interpreted with caution, due to clinical history of the patients and purity of the different tested acrylates ... Another /study/ described ... a data collection of 82 patients between 1987 and 1992 suspected of occupational acrylic sensitization, showed in the patch test with 1% in petrolatum 2 patients to be sensitized to n-butyl acrylate.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... In 542 dermatitis patients given covered patch tests with 1% EMA or 1% nBMA in petrolatum, one individual responded to EMA and another to both EMA and nBMA ... No reactions were seen in 22 contact dermatitis patients given 24-hr covered patch tests with esters within the category at a concentration of 1% in petrolatum ... The contact dermatitis of many of the tested individuals was attributed to (meth)acrylate exposure ... The prevalence of positive clinical challenge responses /was reported/ in dental clinicians that had been referred with dermatitis and suspected of having allergy to (meth)acrylates as 1.2% (51/4221) for MMA, 0.7% (16/2323) for EMA and 0.3% (1/347) for BMA ... The prevalence in a similar, pre-selected clinical cohort /was reported/ as 0.8% (9/1161) for MMA and 0.3% (2/625) for EMA ... The prevalence of positive clinical challenge tests in patients referred with dermatitis with previous contact with (meth)acrylates was reported as 4.8% (17/352) for MMA, 4.4% (11/246) for EMA and 0.6% (2/331) for BMA ... Cross-reactivity with common acrylates (i.e. between methacrylates and acrylates) has not been observed ... and methacrylic acid, the common hydrolysis product for these methacrylate esters, is not a contact allergen ... /Short chain alkyl-methacrylate esters/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ n-Butyl acrylate ... /can/ cause allergic contact dermatitis.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The acute toxicity of the acrylates decreases with increasing molecular weight ... Human signs and symptoms following ingestion of acrylic monomers include collapse, severe respiratory difficulties, and CNS stimulation. Acute inhalation of higher concentration may cause marked irritation, salivation, conjunctival irritation, and pronounced pulmonary irritation or edema. Prolonged skin or eye contact may result in severe tissue damage. The pathology from single exposure is contrary to repeated exposure effects, which include pulmonary congestion or hemorrhage and cloudy swelling of liver and kidney. /Acrylates/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for n-Butyl acrylate (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ n-Butyl acrylate was applied to the skin of rabbits (strain unknown) with an occlusive covering for one minute, 5 minutes, 15 minutes and 20 hours. After 24 hours, moderate to strong erythema and edema were observed in all exposure groups. The 20-hour exposure also caused weak necrosis. The effects were reversible and much weaker 8 days after exposure.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Gavage administration of equimolar doses (2 mmol/kg) of methyl or ethyl acrylate in corn oil resulted in profound gastric toxicity in male F344 rats, while acrylic acid and n-butyl acrylate were without effect. Furthermore, gavage administration of equimolar doses of methyl propionate or ethyl propionate (saturated analogues of methyl acrylate and ethyl acrylate, respectively) as well as methacrylic acid esters were without gastric toxicity. These results indicate that structural requirements for acrylate esters to cause gastric lesions include an intact ester moiety, a double bond, and no substitution at carbon number 2. Additional studies indicate that gastric toxicity may be attributed to the intact ester molecule or to metabolite(s) other than products of carboxylesterase-mediated hydrolysis (acrylic acid and alcohol) and that gastric toxicity is dependent upon both acrylate ester concentration in dose vehicle and the lipophilicity of the dose vehicle (corn oil vs water).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Given the increasing prevalence of occupational sensitization to acrylate compounds, n-butyl acrylate (BAC), ethyl acrylate (EAC), and trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMT) were recommended by the National Toxicology Program for hypersensitivity testing in female B6C3F1 mice. The objectives of these studies were to determine the irritating and sensitizing potential of these three compounds using an irritation assay, the murine Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA), and the Mouse Ear Swelling Test (MEST). The minimal irritating concentration for TMT was determined to be 1.0%, whereas BAC and EAC demonstrated no irritation up to 30%, the highest concentration tested. TMT tested positive in the LLNA at concentrations as low as 0.1% whereas an induction concentration of 0.3% was required to elicit a positive response in the MEST. Furthermore, BAC tested negative in the MEST at induction concentrations as high as 30%, but yielded positive results in the LLNA at concentrations as low as 20%. EAC, at all concentrations tested, was negative in both the MEST and the LLNA. Cross reactivity was only seen when mice were sensitized with TMT and challenged with BAC. In these studies, the LLNA was a more sensitive indicator of the allergic potential of these three acrylates when compared to the MEST.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Skin irritation is slight and eye effect is moderate in rabbits (strain not listed). /From table/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for n-Butyl acrylate (41 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: /Agelaius phoeniceus/ (Red-wing blackbird); Concentration: >103 mg/kg bw for 18 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age < or =24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-22 °C, pH 7.6-7.7; Concentration: 230 mg/L for 24 hr /formulation/

LC50; Species: Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead minnow); Conditions: flow-through, temperature 22.5-23.5 °C, pH 7.8-7.9, salinity 20-22% (parts per thousand), dissolved oxygen 6.0-7.8 mg/L; Concentration: 2.1 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout); Conditions: flow through, hardness 43-44 mg/L (as CaCO3), alkalinity 56-57 mg/L (as CaCO3), pH 7.5-7.9, conductivity 102-115 uMhos/cm, total organic carbon <1 mg/L, suspended solids 0.4 mg/L; Concentration: 5.2 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: /Agelaius phoeniceus/ (Red-wing blackbird); Concentration: >103 mg/kg bw for 18 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age < or =24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-22 °C, pH 7.6-7.7; Concentration: 230 mg/L for 24 hr /formulation/

LC50; Species: Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead minnow); Conditions: flow-through, temperature 22.5-23.5 °C, pH 7.8-7.9, salinity 20-22% (parts per thousand), dissolved oxygen 6.0-7.8 mg/L; Concentration: 2.1 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout); Conditions: flow through, hardness 43-44 mg/L (as CaCO3), alkalinity 56-57 mg/L (as CaCO3), pH 7.5-7.9, conductivity 102-115 uMhos/cm, total organic carbon <1 mg/L, suspended solids 0.4 mg/L; Concentration: 5.2 mg/L for 96 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for n-Butyl acrylate (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Toxicity tests were conducted using freshwater and marine fish, invertebrates, and algae. Acrylic acid effect concentrations for fish and invertebrates ranged from 27 to 236 mg/L. Effect concentrations (LC50 or EC50) for fish and invertebrates using methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate ranged from 1.1 to 8.2 mg/L. The chronic maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for acrylic acid with Daphnia magna was 27 mg/L based on length and young produced per adult reproduction day and for ethyl acrylate was 0.29 mg/L based on both the reproductive and growth endpoints.

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

n-Butyl acrylate's production and use as an intermediate in organic synthesis, polymers and coploymers for solvent coatings, adhesives, paints, binders, and emulsifiers may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 5.45 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-butyl acrylate will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-butyl acrylate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 28 hours and 7 days, respectively. Experimental photodegradation first-order rate constants in distilled water, river water, artificial seawater, and seawater of 5.7X10-4, 5.9X10-4, 4.7X10-4, and 4.1X10-4/sec, respectively, which correspond to half-lives of 20 min, 19 min, 25 min, and 28 min, respectively, suggest that n-butyl acrylate may be susceptible to direct photolysis in sunlight. If released to soil, n-butyl acrylate is expected to have very high to high mobility based upon Koc values of 40-148. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.6X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. n-Butyl acrylate may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 61.3% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process. If released into water, n-butyl acrylate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 hours and 5 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 17 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important process based on estimated hydrolysis half-lives of 11 and 1.1 years at pHs 7 and 8, respectively. Occupational exposure to n-butyl acrylate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-butyl acrylate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-butyl acrylate via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with products emitting n-butyl acrylate. (SRC)

n-Butyl acrylate's production and use as an intermediate in organic synthesis, polymers and coploymers for solvent coatings, adhesives, paints, binders, and emulsifiers(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 40-148(2), indicate that n-butyl acrylate is expected to have very high to high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-butyl acrylate from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.6X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 5.45 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 2,000 mg/L(4). n-Butyl acrylate is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test 61.3% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks(5) suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). n-Butyl acrylate had a theoretical BOD of 56% and 40% in other biodegradation tests using OECD methods(2).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 40-148(2), indicate that n-butyl acrylate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.6X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 5.45 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 2,000 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 17(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.36(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important process(SRC) based on estimated hydrolysis half-lives of 11 and 1.1 years at pHs 7 and 8, respectively(9). n-Butyl acrylate has experimental aquatic first-order photochemical degradation rates of 5.7X10-4, 5.9X10-4, 4.7X10-4, and 4.1X10-4/sec in distilled water, river water, artificial seawater, and seawater, respectively(10), corresponding to half-lives of 20 min, 19 min, 25 min, and 28 min, respectively(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 61.3% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks(11), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-butyl acrylate, which has a vapor pressure of 5.45 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-butyl acrylate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 28 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Vapor-phase n-butyl acrylate is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.8X10-18 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Experimental photodegradation rates in distilled water, river water, artificial seawater, and seawater of 5.7X10-4, 5.9X10-4, 4.7X10-4, and 4.1X10-4/sec, respectively(4), which correspond to half-lives of 20 min, 19 min, 25 min, and 28 min, respectively(SRC), suggest that n-butyl acrylate may be susceptible to direct photolysis in sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: n-Butyl acxrylate reached 61.3% of its theoretical BOD in 14 days using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). n-Butyl acrylate had a theoretical BOD of 56% and 40% in other biodegradation tests using OECD methods(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of n-butyl acrylate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 28 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of n-butyl acrylate with ozone has been estimated as 1.8X10-18 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 0.021 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(3); this corresponds to half-lives of 11 and 1.1 years at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(3). n-Butyl acrylate contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). n-Butyl acrylate has experimental aquatic photochemical degradation rates of 5.7X10-4, 5.9X10-4, 4.7X10-4, and 4.1X10-4/sec in distilled water, river water, artificial seawater, and seawater, respectively(5), which correspond to half-lives of 20 min, 19 min, 25 min, and 28 min, respectively(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 17 was calculated in fish for n-butyl acrylate(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.36(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Koc values for n-butyl acrylate have been reported as 40 in Washington clay/loam (29% sand, 42% silt, 29% clay, 3.39% organic carbon, pH 6.0), 50 in Canfield loam (45% sand, 42% silt, 13% clay, 4.58% organic carbon, pH 6.1), 97 in Ellsworth loam (35% sand, 40% silt, 25% clay, 1.42% organic carbon, pH 7.2), 148 in Tyner loamy sand (79% sand, 14% silt, 7% clay, 0.46% organic carbon, pH 5.2), and 107 in sandy loam sediment (53% sand, 28% silt, 19% clay, 1.23% organic carbon, pH 7.5)(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these Koc values suggest that n-butyl acrylate is expected to have high to very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for n-butyl acrylate is estimated as 4.6X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 5.45 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 2,000 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that n-butyl acrylate is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). n-Butyl acrylate's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of n-butyl acrylate from dry soil surfaces may exist based upon its vapor pressure(1).

The following industrial categories have been identified as sources of emission of butyl acrylate in a screening of possible sources emitting toxic air pollutants: commercial gravure printing, plastics materials and resins, medicinals and botanicals, pharmaceutical preparations, soap and other detergents, paints and allied products, industrial organic chemicals, photographic equipment and supplies, petroleum bulk stations and terminals, nonresidential building operations; no quantitative data were reported(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: n-Butyl acrylate was detected in ambient air samples from 1 of 8 locations near industrial sites in New Jersey and Staten Island, NY, sampled in March and May, 1976(1). The ambient concn in the air near the industrial site in Newark, NJ was 17 ug/cu m(1).

n-Butyl acrylate has been identified as a volatile component of furniture surface coatings, concentration not specified(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Report, the number of persons easonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use for n-butyl acrylate is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 39,848 workers (6,688 of these were female) were potentially exposed to n-butyl acrylate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to n-butyl acrylate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-butyl acrylate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-butyl acrylate via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact

In a national survey conducted in 1989 at 1,448 Danish businesses, n-butyl acrylate was identified in approximately 32,000 exposure events in 19 industry groups(1). Mean TWA n-butyl acrylate concns of 12-93 ppb were detected in the breathing zone of workers near 4 polymerization reactors and a loading dock in a polystyrene production plant(2). The individual TWA concn detected in the breathing zone of workers ranged from <1 ppb to 350 ppb, with the max concn detected at the loading dock(2).

A survey on the concentration of compounds emitted from various trades and industries in Hong Kong was performed to indicate the level of pollutants occurring in the factories of selected industries. At 16 sampling sites in a latex plant, a mean butyl acrylate concentration of 0.00856 uL/L was detected (range = 0.001 to 0.03).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Disposal method suggested: Incineration /SRP: with emissions Controls/

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for butyl acrylate: Activated carbon.

/GUIDE 130P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Butyl acrylate; Butyl acrylates, stabilized/

/GUIDE 130P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Butyl acrylate; Butyl acrylates, stabilized/

/GUIDE 130P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Butyl acrylate; Butyl acrylates, stabilized/

/GUIDE 130P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Butyl acrylate; Butyl acrylates, stabilized/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for n-Butyl acrylate (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2348 129P

UN 2348; Butyl acrylates, stabilized[United Nations; Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Model Regulations. Vol. I, 16th Revised Edition (2009). Available from, as of March 22, 2010: http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev16/16files_e.html]

Hazard Class or Division: 3; Butyl acrylates, stabilized[United Nations; Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Model Regulations. Vol. I, 16th Revised Edition (2009). Available from, as of March 22, 2010: http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev16/16files_e.html]

49 122 15; Butyl acrylate (combustible liquid, nos)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Symbol: Xi; R: 10-36/37/38-43; S: (2)-9; Note: D

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III