dinoterb

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H360D ***: May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P318, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (97.4%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H360 (97.4%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 39 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H360D: May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

Warning: Effects may be delayed from several hours to 2 days. Caution is advised. Toxicity of dinoterb is enhanced by high ambient temperature and physical activity.

Signs and Symptoms of Dinoterb Exposure: Early manifestations of dinoterb exposure include fever, sweating, thirst, headache, and confusion. Elevations of blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate are common. Severe exposure may result in restlessness, seizures, and coma. Other signs and symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), deep and rapid breathing, flushed or blueness of skin, pulmonary edema, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Liver injury with associated jaundice, kidney failure, and cardiac arrhythmias may be noted. Muscle weakness may be pronounced. Dermal exposure results in yellow staining of the skin and may produce burns.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to dinoterb exposure may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to dinoterb.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to dinoterb.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Vigorously wash exposed skin areas with soap and water. Yellowish coloration usually accompanies dermal exposure; the discoloration does not have to be fully removed to prevent further absorption.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of dinoterb is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of dinoterb may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate, and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3- 1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(Non-Specific -- Dinitro-o-cresol) Isolate hazard area, stay upwind, and keep out of low areas. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing.

(Non-Specific -- Dinitro-o-cresol) Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam for small fires, and water spray, fog, or foam for large fires. Move container from fire area if possible. (EPA, 1998)

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical. /Dinitrophenol solution/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travek. Use surface active agent (eg detergent, soaps, alcohols) if approved by EPA. Inject "universal" gelling agent to solidify encircled spill and increase effectiveness of booms. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Dinitrophenol solutions/

Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. /Dinitrophenol solutions/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Carefully protect the skin and respiratory tract against contact. Keep out of reach of children and away from food and feedstuffs. Keep residues out of waters carrying fish.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Dinitrophenol solution/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Dinitrophenol solution/

Avoid inhalation. (Non-Specific -- Dinitro-o-Cresol) Do not touch spilled material; stop source of spill or leak if it can be done without risk. Take up small spills with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Small dry spills: with clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover. Remove from spill area for later removal. Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

0.19 [mg/m3]

2.0 [mg/m3]

12 [mg/m3]

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus. Wear full protective clothing. /Dinitrophenol solution/

Dinoterb is a yellow solid. Used as a herbicide and a rodenticide. (EPA, 1998)

Yellow solid with an odor of phenol; [HSDB]

Pale yellow solid

Phenol-like

Decomposes above 220 °C

259 °F (EPA, 1998)

Stable below the melting point ... Stable at least 34 days at pH 5-9 (22 °C)

In water, 4.5 mg/L at pH 5, 20 °C

In cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, approximately 200 g/kg. In alcohols, glycols, aliphatic hydrocarbons approximately 100 g/kg. Soluble in aqueous alkalis with the formation of salts.

0.0000011 [mmHg]

Stable in neutral, acidic and alkaline media.

Corrosive to metals

pKa = 4.8

pKa = 5.0

150.1 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI-; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID7041883]

Herbicides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticides -> Herbicides, Nitroaromatic

Pesticide

Slightly soluble in water.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Phenols and Cresols

Explosive

Strong Oxidizing Agent

Nitrophenolates, such as DINOTERB, range from slight to strong oxidizing agents. If mixed with reducing agents, including hydrides, sulfides and nitrides, they may begin a vigorous reaction that culminates in a detonation. The aromatic nitro compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence of water or organic solvents. The explosive tendencies of aromatic nitro compounds are increased by the presence of multiple nitro groups. Severe explosion hazard when dry.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Other Poison - Uncoupler

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

LD50 Guinea pig percutaneous 150 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit 28 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse 25 mg/kg

LD50 Rat 62 mg/kg

Supportive treatment and hyperthermia control. There is no specific antidote to poisoning with nitrophenolic or nitrocresolic herbicides. Treatment is supportive in nature and includes oxygen, fluid replacement, and temperature control. Reduce elevated body temperature by physical means. Administer sponge baths and ice packs, and use a fan to promote air flow and evaporation.7 In fully conscious patients, administer cold, sugar-containing liquids by mouth as tolerated. /Nitrophenolic and nitrocresolic herbicides/

Contraindications. Antipyretic therapy with salicylates is strongly contraindicated as salicylates also uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. Other antipyretics are thought to be of no use because of the peripherally mediated mechanism of hyperthermia in poisoning of this nature. Neither the safety nor the effectiveness of other antipyretics has been tested. Atropine is also absolutely contraindicated! It is essential not to confuse the clinical signs for dinitrophenol with manifestations for cholinesterase inhibition poisoning. /Nitrophenolic and nitrocresolic herbicides/

Skin decontamination. If poisoning has been caused by contamination of body surfaces, bathe and shampoo contaminated skin and hair promptly and thoroughly with soap and water, or water alone if soap is not available. Wash the chemical from skin folds and from under fingernails. Care should be taken to prevent dermal contamination of hospital staff. /Nitrophenolic and nitrocresolic herbicides/

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Dinitrophenol and Related Compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for DINOTERB (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/CASE REPORTS/ A case report of occupational depigmentation from dinoterb, 2-t-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol, was presented. A 63 year old miller with no past history of vitiligo complained of white patches on his skin which had appeared 1 year earlier. There were several areas of depigmentation on the dorsum of three fingers of the left hand, the dorsum of the right hand, the right cheek, and the forehead. No other areas were involved. Four months prior to the onset of achromia, the patient had repeated skin contact without gloves with a number of pesticides, including Herbogil, a weed killer containing 250 grams/liter dinoterb in propylene-glycol. He reported no thorough washing after handling pesticides and frequent hand to forehead contact. Occupational achromia usually affects the hands and forearms, common sites of contact with chemicals. He started wearing gloves on medical advice, and there was subsequently a moderate improvement in his skin lesions. It is known that several alkylphenols and alkylcatechols can induce occupational achromia, with p-t-butylphenol (PTBP) the most frequent. Chemically induced depigmentation is thought to involve competitive inhibition of tyrosinase during synthesis of melanin from tyrosine. Dinoterb is structurally related to PTBP. ...

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ The effects of chronic exposure to phytosanitary products are difficult to determine because of their use in combination with other products and their variety of formulations containing additives or contaminants. In order to evaluate, at the cellular level, the risk of myelosuppressive effects caused by two widely used herbicides, atrazine and dinoterb, we performed in vitro assays on human granulo-monocytic progenitor-cells (CFU-GM) and also granulomonocytic expansion in liquid media. Both of these techniques were carried out in the presence of each molecule. Seven stable environmental metabolites of atrazine were studied using the above techniques in addition to supernatants of rat hepatocytes preincubated with atrazine and dinoterb for 24 hr. Parent atrazine and dinoterb showed similar moderate-direct toxicity on CFU-GM. In cells grown in liquid media for a period longer than 14 days, dinoterb toxicity appeared delayed but increased when compared with atrazine. 2-chloro-diamino-atrazine was found to be as toxic as atrazine on CFU-GM. Supernatants of rat hepatocyte preincubated for 24 hr with dinoterb exhibited a 150-fold increase in toxicity compared with the parent molecule, while toxicity remained unchanged for atrazine. This phenomenon was directly correlated to toxicity on rat hepatocytes. ...

EC50; Species: Paracentrotus lividus (Sea Urchin, Echinoderm) fertilized eggs; Conditions: saltwater, static, 21 °C, salinity 33 ppt; Concentration: 200.9 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: increased abnormal development /formulation/

EC50; Species: Crassostrea gigas (Pacific Oyster) fertilized eggs; Conditions: saltwater, static, 21 °C, salinity 33 ppt; Concentration: 72.2 ug/L for 18-24 hr; Effect: increased abnormal development /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 18600 ug/L for 49-79 min; Effect: population, decreased photosynthesis /100% purity/

Lethal Threshold Salmon (juvenile) 0.097 mg/L

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity of alkyldinitrophenols to juvenile Atlantic salmon increases with increasing octanol-water partition coefficient of these compounds. Some alkyldinitrophenols are extremely toxic to juvenile Atlantic salmon, larvae and adult lobsters, but comparatively nontoxic to crayfish. /Alkyldinitrophenols/

Dinoterb's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a herbicide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates dinoterb will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase dinoterb will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 days. Particulate-phase dinoterb will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Dinoterb contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, dinoterb is expected to have high mobility based upon a reported Koc of 98. The pKa values of 4.8 and 5.0 indicate that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the acid exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Dinoterb is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. A biodegradation half-lifes of 46 days in unsaturated soil indicate that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, dinoterb is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. A biodegradation half-life of 68 days in solid aqueous suspension tests indicate that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water. The pKa values indicate dinoterb will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. A reported BCF of 25 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to dinoterb may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where dinoterb is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to dinoterb via dermal contact with this compound near application sites. (SRC)

Dinoterb's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a herbicide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc value of 98(2), indicates that dinoterb is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa values of 4.8(3) and 5.0(4) indicate that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the acid exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Dinoterb is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(6). A biodegradation half-life of 46 days in an unsaturated soil batch test(2) suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc value of 98(2), indicates that dinoterb is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). The pKa values of 4.8(3) and 5.0(4) indicate dinoterb will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), a reported BCF of 25(6) suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(7). A biodegradation half-life of 68 days in a solid aqueous suspension biodegradation test(2) suggests that biodegradation is a moderate environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dinoterb, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dinoterb is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.6X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase dinoterb may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Dinoterb contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) with a maximum absorbance at 271 nm(5) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: In a mono-pesticide solid aqueous suspension biodegradation test, with a starting concentration of 20 mg/L, dinoterb had a half-life of 68 days(1). When mixed with other pesticides in the same test the half-life increased to 198 days. In a mono-pesticide unsaturated soil batch biodegradation test dinoterb had a half-life of 46 days(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of dinoterb with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 6.6X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 22 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Dinoterb is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Dinoterb contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) with a maximum absorbance at 271 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

A BCF of 25 was reported for dinoterb, test conditions not specified(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF value suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of dinoterb has been reported to be 98, measured in alluvial sandy soil (7.8% clay, 30% silt, 62.2% sand, 0.64% organic carbon)(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that dinoterb is expected to have high mobility in soil. The pKa values of 4.8(3) and 5.0(4) indicate that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

Dinoterb has reported pKa values of 4.80(1) and 5.0(2), indicating it will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from moist soil or water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Dinoterb is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

GROUNDWATER: Dinoterb was detected at <0.001 mg/cu m in groundwater in the Netherlands; sample dates and locations were not reported(1).

SURFACE WATER: Dinoterb was detected at 0.004 to 0.014 ug/kg in surface water in the Netherlands; sample dates and locations were not reported(1). Dinoterb was detected in Dutch surface water samples; sample dates, locations and concentrations were not reported(2). Dinoterb was detected at a maximum of 1.03 ug/L in the River Elbe, near Dresden, Germany in 1994(3).

RAIN/SNOW: Rainwater collected in Flanders, Belgium had a reported average dinoterb concentration of 0.44 ng/L from precipitation in 1% of the samples collected in 2001(1).

SOIL: Dinoterb was detected as residue in soil one year after application at <0.01 ug/kg(1).

From 1977 to 1979, 274 samples of game animals found dead in the fields of France were analyzed for the general survey of hazards from pesticides organized by the National Office of Game. Among the animals examined, 34% contained residues of pesticides or PCBs. The main products considered as hazardous to wildlife /included/ ... dinoterb. These /hazardous products/ were found in 21.5% of animals analyzed.

Occupational exposure to dinoterb may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where dinoterb is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to dinoterb via dermal contact with this compound near application sites. (SRC)

EC50; Species: Paracentrotus lividus (Sea Urchin, Echinoderm) fertilized eggs; Conditions: saltwater, static, 21 °C, salinity 33 ppt; Concentration: 200.9 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: increased abnormal development /formulation/

EC50; Species: Crassostrea gigas (Pacific Oyster) fertilized eggs; Conditions: saltwater, static, 21 °C, salinity 33 ppt; Concentration: 72.2 ug/L for 18-24 hr; Effect: increased abnormal development /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 18600 ug/L for 49-79 min; Effect: population, decreased photosynthesis /100% purity/

Lethal Threshold Salmon (juvenile) 0.097 mg/L

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity of alkyldinitrophenols to juvenile Atlantic salmon increases with increasing octanol-water partition coefficient of these compounds. Some alkyldinitrophenols are extremely toxic to juvenile Atlantic salmon, larvae and adult lobsters, but comparatively nontoxic to crayfish. /Alkyldinitrophenols/

Dinoterb's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a herbicide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates dinoterb will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase dinoterb will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 days. Particulate-phase dinoterb will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Dinoterb contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, dinoterb is expected to have high mobility based upon a reported Koc of 98. The pKa values of 4.8 and 5.0 indicate that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the acid exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Dinoterb is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. A biodegradation half-lifes of 46 days in unsaturated soil indicate that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, dinoterb is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. A biodegradation half-life of 68 days in solid aqueous suspension tests indicate that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water. The pKa values indicate dinoterb will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. A reported BCF of 25 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to dinoterb may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where dinoterb is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to dinoterb via dermal contact with this compound near application sites. (SRC)

Dinoterb's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a herbicide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc value of 98(2), indicates that dinoterb is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa values of 4.8(3) and 5.0(4) indicate that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the acid exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Dinoterb is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(6). A biodegradation half-life of 46 days in an unsaturated soil batch test(2) suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc value of 98(2), indicates that dinoterb is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). The pKa values of 4.8(3) and 5.0(4) indicate dinoterb will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), a reported BCF of 25(6) suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(7). A biodegradation half-life of 68 days in a solid aqueous suspension biodegradation test(2) suggests that biodegradation is a moderate environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dinoterb, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dinoterb is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.6X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase dinoterb may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Dinoterb contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) with a maximum absorbance at 271 nm(5) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: In a mono-pesticide solid aqueous suspension biodegradation test, with a starting concentration of 20 mg/L, dinoterb had a half-life of 68 days(1). When mixed with other pesticides in the same test the half-life increased to 198 days. In a mono-pesticide unsaturated soil batch biodegradation test dinoterb had a half-life of 46 days(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of dinoterb with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 6.6X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 22 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Dinoterb is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Dinoterb contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) with a maximum absorbance at 271 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

A BCF of 25 was reported for dinoterb, test conditions not specified(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF value suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of dinoterb has been reported to be 98, measured in alluvial sandy soil (7.8% clay, 30% silt, 62.2% sand, 0.64% organic carbon)(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that dinoterb is expected to have high mobility in soil. The pKa values of 4.8(3) and 5.0(4) indicate that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

Dinoterb has reported pKa values of 4.80(1) and 5.0(2), indicating it will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from moist soil or water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Dinoterb is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

GROUNDWATER: Dinoterb was detected at <0.001 mg/cu m in groundwater in the Netherlands; sample dates and locations were not reported(1).

SURFACE WATER: Dinoterb was detected at 0.004 to 0.014 ug/kg in surface water in the Netherlands; sample dates and locations were not reported(1). Dinoterb was detected in Dutch surface water samples; sample dates, locations and concentrations were not reported(2). Dinoterb was detected at a maximum of 1.03 ug/L in the River Elbe, near Dresden, Germany in 1994(3).

RAIN/SNOW: Rainwater collected in Flanders, Belgium had a reported average dinoterb concentration of 0.44 ng/L from precipitation in 1% of the samples collected in 2001(1).

SOIL: Dinoterb was detected as residue in soil one year after application at <0.01 ug/kg(1).

From 1977 to 1979, 274 samples of game animals found dead in the fields of France were analyzed for the general survey of hazards from pesticides organized by the National Office of Game. Among the animals examined, 34% contained residues of pesticides or PCBs. The main products considered as hazardous to wildlife /included/ ... dinoterb. These /hazardous products/ were found in 21.5% of animals analyzed.

Occupational exposure to dinoterb may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where dinoterb is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to dinoterb via dermal contact with this compound near application sites. (SRC)

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Substituted nitrophenol pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for DINOTERB (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

49 214 25; Dinitrophenol solution