Fluoroacetic acid

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P264, P270, P273, P301+P316, P321, P330, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P260, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P330, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 39 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P321, P330, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower for at least 15 minutes. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Warning: Effects usually appear within 30 minutes of exposure but may be delayed as long as 20 hours. Caution is advised. Vital signs should be monitored closely.

Signs and Symptoms of Fluoroacetic Acid Exposure: Signs and symptoms may be extremely severe and range from nausea, excessive salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, blurred vision, tingling sensations, and muscular twitching to convulsions alternating with coma and depression, and heart failure. Other symptoms include numbness, low blood pressure, hyperactivity, respiratory depression or arrest, cyanosis (blue tint to the skin and mucous membranes), and ventricular fibrillation.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to fluoroacetic acid exposure may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to fluoroacetic acid.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. RUSH to a health care facility.

4. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to fluoroacetic acid.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water.

6. RUSH to a health care facility.

7. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. RUSH to a health care facility.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of fluoroacetic acid is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

5. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of fluoroacetic acid may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

5.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

5. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

6. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3- 1/2 oz) is recommended for adults. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Wear self-contained, positive pressure breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Move container from fire area. Cool containers that are exposed to flames with water from the side until well after fire is out.

Small fires: use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Pour on sufficient sodium bicarbonate. After mixing, transfer into a drum and fill with water for drainage after 24 hours.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Fluoroacetic acid (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat. 1 and 2 / very toxic hazardous materials.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

The compound is currently at the Holding Status AEGLs which have been reviewed by the NAC/AEGL Committee and are on hold due to insufficient data to develop AEGL values.

AEGLs Status: Holding

0.043 [mg/m3]

0.47 [mg/m3]

0.93 [mg/m3]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 2.5 mg/cu m. /Fluorides, as F/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Fluorides, as F/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Fluorides, as F/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: fluoride in urine; Sampling Time: prior to shift; BEI: 2 mg/L. Determinant: fluoride in urine; Sampling Time: end of shift; BEI: 3 mg/L. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration that could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. /Fluorides/

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly on spraying or when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion. The substance may cause effects on the cardiovascular system, central nervous system and kidneys. This may result in impaired functions including cardiac and renal failure. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated. Exposure could cause death.

The substance may have effects on the testes and heart.

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166 (EU).

Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Fluoroacetic acid (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

See Chemical Dangers.

AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Fluoroacetic acid appears as a colorless crystalline solid. May be toxic by ingestion. Used to make other chemicals.

Colorless solid; mp = 33 deg C; [Hawley]

ODOURLESS COLOURLESS CRYSTALS.

Colorless needles

Colorless crystal

329 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

95.4 °F (EPA, 1998)

Miscible with water (1.0X10+6 mg/L) at 25 °C

Soluble in ethanol

Solubility in water: freely soluble

1.3693 at 97 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.3693 g/cu cm at 36 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.37

1.393 @ 36°C

12.8 [mmHg]

1.27 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 534

1.9 [mm Hg] @25 °C

-0.061 (estimated)

Henry's Law constant = 1.24X10-8 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

When heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes of /hydrogen fluoride and sodium oxides/.

Mobile liquid, fp: -32 °C. Practically odorless or faint, fruit-like odor. Specific gravity: 1.1744 at 20 dg C/4 °C; 1.1613 at 15 °C/4 °C. Index of refraction: 1.3678 at 20 °C/D. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in petroleum ether /Fluoroacetic acid, methyl ester/

pKa = 2.59

138.3 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI-; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID8024311]

Burns with a green flame

Liquid; odor of ethyl acetate. Density: 1.0926 at 20.5 °C. BP: 121.6 °C at 758 mm Hg. Index of refraction: 1.3767 at 20.5 °C/D. Soluble in water. /Fluoracetic acid, ethyl ester/

Schoenflies notation

Boiling point

Chemical bond

Crystal structure

Formula unit

Formula weight

Heat of sublimation

Hindering potential

Internuclear distance

Molecular structure

Moment of inertia

Nuclear quadrupole coupling

Nuclear quadrupole moment

Water soluble.

Acids, Carboxylic

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Fluorinated Organic Compounds

FLUOROACETIC ACID is a halogenated carboxylic acid derivative. Carboxylic acids donate hydrogen ions if a base is present to accept them. They react in this way with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic. Their reactions with bases, called "neutralizations", are accompanied by the evolution of substantial amounts of heat. Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt. Carboxylic acids with six or fewer carbon atoms are freely or moderately soluble in water; those with more than six carbons are slightly soluble in water. Soluble carboxylic acid dissociate to an extent in water to yield hydrogen ions. The pH of solutions of carboxylic acids is therefore less than 7.0. Many insoluble carboxylic acids react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve as the neutralization generates a soluble salt. Carboxylic acids in aqueous solution and liquid or molten carboxylic acids can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Such reactions occur in principle for solid carboxylic acids as well, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry. Even "insoluble" carboxylic acids may absorb enough water from the air and dissolve sufficiently in it to corrode or dissolve iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers. Carboxylic acids, like other acids, react with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. The reaction is slower for dry, solid carboxylic acids. Insoluble carboxylic acids react with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Flammable and/or toxic gases and heat are generated by the reaction of carboxylic acids with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. Carboxylic acids, especially in aqueous solution, also react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Their reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates generates a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat. Like other organic compounds, carboxylic acids can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. These reactions generate heat. A wide variety of products is possible. Like other acids, carboxylic acids may initiate polymerization reactions; like other acids, they often catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, bases.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Fluoroacetic acid is a solid. It was used formerly in the production of the highly toxic rodenticide and general mammalian pest control agent sodium fluoroacetic acid. HUMAN STUDIES: Estimates of the lethal dose of fluoroacetate in humans lie in the range of 2 to 10 mg/kg. In the case of chronic human poisoning, a rabbit exterminator in New Zealand was exposed repeatedly during preparation of fluoroacetate bait over a period of 10 years. He presented with severe and progressive lesions of the renal tubular epithelium and with milder hepatic, neurologic and thyroid dysfunctions. In another case, symptoms of poisoning in a chemist began after latent period of 0.5 to several hr followed rapidly by death. Convulsions and arrhythmia were common terminal signs. No specific changes were noted at post mortem. Fluoroacetic ion alone is non-toxic but in vivo forms fluorotricarboxylic acid, which blocks cellular metabolism at the citrate stage. Symptoms occur with a delay but lethal synthesis of fluorotricarboxylic acid leads to the irreversible cellular dysfunction, especially in CNS and circulatory system. Poisoning may be treated with monoacetin and acetamide. ANIMAL STUDIES: Administration of 1.0-1.5 mg/kg of fluoroacetate decreased dentin formation and enamel calcification in rats. Hypothermic activity of fluoroacetic acid 1.5-60 mg/kg, ip in rats was closely related to its lethal effect. Rats were more sensitive than mice. Administration of 6 mg/kg ip to rats progressively depleted ATP content, AMP and ADP levels increased during initial 2 hr and later declined. 4.5-15 ug/kg/min fluoroacetate administration into dogs left renal artery for 90-240 min sharply increased unilateral diuresis, with increased excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorides and inorganic phosphates due to decreased reabsorption. Similar changes observed after 37-936 ug/kg iv administration. Fluoroacetic acid toxicity is often characterized by seizures. In cats intravenously injected with fluoroacetate at 0.03 mmol/kg the ionized calcium level in blood fell by an average of 27.2%, 40 minutes after injection. There was a corresponding prolongation of the QT interval of the electrocardiogram. Many plants worldwide contain monofluoroacetate and cause sudden death in livestock. These plants are primarily found in the southern continents of Africa, Australia, and South America, where they negatively affect livestock production. In goats, the main clinical signs were motor incoordination, generalized muscle tremors, broad-based posture, tachypnea, tachycardia, vocalization and respiratory distress. Two goats died 5 and 20 min after the observation of the first clinical signs. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, fluoroacetic acid added to the growth medium reduced reproduction in the second generation by 50% at concentrations 3,000 times lower than the concentrations that reduced 24-hour survival by 50%.

Fluoroacetate is similar to acetate, which has a pivotal role in cellular metabolism. Fluoroacetate disrupts the citric acid cycle by combining with coenzyme A to form fluoroacetyl CoA. Fluoroacetyl CoA then reacts with citrate synthase to produce fluorocitrate. A metabolite of fluorocitrate binds very tightly to aconitase, thereby halting the citric acid cycle. This inhibition results in an accumulation of citrate in the blood which deprives cells of energy. (L1713) (A2849) (A2850)

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Fluorides, as F/

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Fluoroacetic acid is corrosive to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract. It may cause effects on the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, kidneys, resulting in impaired functions including cardiac and renal failure. Exposure may result in death. (L1685) (L138)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Inhalation (L1685)

Cough. Sore throat. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Muscle cramps. Confusion. Irregular heartbeat. Symptoms may be delayed.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Serious skin burns. Pain.

Blurred vision. Severe deep burns.

Burns in mouth and throat. Abdominal pain. Convulsions. Shock or collapse. Further see Inhalation.

Cough, laboured breathing, nausea, sore throat, vomiting, excessive salivation, numbness and tingling sensation, arrhythmia are observed after fluoroacetic acid inhalation; redness, serious skin burns, pain occur after skin contact; abdominal pain and convulsions in case of ingestion; blurred vision and severe deep burns if eye contact. These symptoms may be delayed. (L1685)

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Estimates of the lethal dose of fluoroacetate in humans lie in the range of 2 to 10 mg/kg. /Fluoroacetate/

LD50 Mouse ip 6.60 mg/kg

LD50 Guinea pig oral 0.468 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 7 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 4.68 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Fluoroacetic acid (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... In cats intravenously injected with fluoroacetate at 0.03 mmol/kg the ionized calcium level in blood fell by an average of 27.2%, 40 minutes after injection. There was a corresponding prolongation of the QT interval of the electrocardiogram, and treatment with CaCl2 significantly prolonged the life of the treated animals as compared with unmedicated positive controls.

Emergency and supportive measures. 1. Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer supplemental oxygen. 2. Replace fluid losses from gastroenteritis with intravenous saline or other crystalloids. 3. Treat shock, seizures, and coma if they occur. Because of the reported potential delay in the onset of serious symptoms, it is prudent to monitor the patient for at least 36-48 hours. /Fluoroacetate/

Specific drugs and antidotes. Although several antidotes have been investigated, none have been proven effective in humans. Ethanol infusion increase blood acetate levels, which may inhibit fluorocitrate conversion. In animal studies, ethanol is effective only if given with minutes of exposure. Monoacetin (glyceryl monoacetate), which also decreases conversion of fluoroacetate to fluorocitrate, has been used experimentally in monkeys but is not available or recommended for human use. Animal evidence suggests that hypocalcemia may contribute to fluoroacetate toxicity. Although the importance of hypocalcemia in human poisoning is uncertain, correction of low serum calcium with intravenous calcium is recommended. /Fluoroacetate/

Decontamination. Prehospital: If it is available and the patient is alert, immediately administer activated charcoal. If a delay of more than 60 minutes is expected before charcoal can be given, consider using ipecac to induce vomiting if it can be administered within a few minutes of exposure and there are no contraindications. Hospital: Immediately administer activated charcoal. Consider gastric lavage if it can be performed within 60 minutes of ingestion. Skin exposure: Fluoroacetate is poorly absorbed through intact skin, but a significant exposure could occur through broken skin. Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed skin thoroughly. /Fluoroacetate/

Enhanced elimination. There is no role for any enhanced removal procedure. /Fluoroacetate/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Fluoroacetic acid (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Estimates of the lethal dose of fluoroacetate in humans lie in the range of 2 to 10 mg/kg. /Fluoroacetate/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... /Major effects/ involve CNS and cardiovascular system. Severe epileptiform convulsions alternate with coma and depression; death may result from asphyxia during convulsion or from respiratory failure. Most prominent features ... are cardiac irregularities, notably ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Initial latent period ... up to 6 hr /is/ characterized by nausea, vomiting, excessive salivation, numbness, tingling sensations, epigastric pain and mental apprehension; other signs and symptoms which may develop subsequently including muscular twitching, low blood pressure and blurred vision.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Gastrointestinal symptoms are seen initially at some 30-100 min following ingestion. /Fluoroacetate/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Fluoroacetic acid (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Administration of 1.0-1.5 mg/kg of fluoroacetate decreased dentin formation and enamel calcification in rats. Blood citrate level increased more than 2.4 time control level after 6 hr. Successive administration increased citrate content (61.5%) and phosphorus (26.6%) in dentin. /fluoroacetate/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Hypothermic activity of fluoroacetic acid 1.5-60 mg/kg, ip in rats was closely related to its lethal effect. Rats were more sensitive than mice with the lower acute ip LD50 values of 3-6 mg/kg.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ 6 mg/kg ip to rats progressively depleted ATP content, AMP and ADP levels increased during initial 2 hr and later declined, intracellular inorganic phosphate increased continuously, citrate levels reached max at 6 hr and remained. Citric acid cycle not reactivated under present conditions.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Anesthetized rats under mannitol diuresis were given ip MFA and some acid-base status parameters were determined. Urinary pH and plasma carbon dioxide did not change after administration, whereas urinary flow rate increased. It decreased H+ net excretion and ammonia excretion.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Fluoroacetic acid (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of February 4, 2019: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

EC50; Species: Chlorococcales (Green Algae Order); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 24 mg/L for 24 hr; Effect: physiology, assimilation efficiency /formulation/

EC50; Species: Chlorococcales (Green Algae Order); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 24 mg/L for 24 hr; Effect: physiology, assimilation efficiency /formulation/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-22 °C, pH 7.6-7.7; Concentration: 230 mg/L for 24 hr /formulation/

LD50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout) weight 100 g; Conditions: freshwater, ip injection; Concentration: 39 mg/kg bw

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Fluoroacetic acid is known to lead to inhibition of aconitase and block both the Krebs and glyoxylate cycles. In this study, /investigators/ discovered it to be a potent and specific inhibitor of reproduction in a bioassay using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Fluoroacetic acid added to the growth medium reduced reproduction in the second generation by 50% at concentrations 3,000 times lower than the concentrations that reduced 24-hour survival by 50%. Four concentrations (2, 4, 8, and 17 mM) of fluoroacetic acid were tested thoroughly. At the two lower concentrations, the survival rates were unaffected, and first-generation reproduction was greatly reduced but not completely eliminated. Survival was reduced at the higher concentrations. Malonate, which inhibits the Krebs cycle, and itaconate, which inhibits the glyoxylate cycle, were tested individually and in combination. The combination did not specifically inhibit reproduction, suggesting another mode of action for fluoroacetic acid. ...

This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to mammals.

Fluoroacetic acid's production and use as a chemical intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its former use as a rodenticide resulted in its direct release to the environment. Fluoroacetic acid occurs naturally as a constituent of many poisonous plants. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates fluoroacetic acid will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase fluoroacetic acid will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 27 days. Fluoroacetic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, fluoroacetic acid is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1.4. The pKa of fluoroacetic acid is 2.59, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Fluoroacetic acid may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Fluoracetic acid has been identified as potentially removed by biological sewage treatment provided suitable acclimatization can be achieved, suggesting that the compound may be subject to biodegradation in terrestrial or aquatic systems. If released into water, fluoroacetic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. The pKa value indicates fluoroacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to fluoroacetic acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where sodium fluoroacetic acid is produced or used. General population exposure should be low or non-existent since the pesticide use of the sodium salt of fluoroacetic acid is prohibited in the US. (SRC)

Fluoroacetic acid has been found as a toxic constituent of the poisonous South African plant gifblaar (Dichapetalum cymosum)(1,2); at least two dozen other poisonous plant species have also been found to contain fluoroacetic acid(2). It is also produced by the bacterium Streptomyces cattleya(1). Fluoroacetic acid can be formed through biochemical oxidation processes (such as hydrolysis and beta-oxidation) from substances such as straight-chained, even-numbered fluoro alcohols, alkanoic acid, esters and amides(3,4).

Fluoroacetic acid's limited production and use as a chemical intermediate(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use in the production of the highly toxic rodenticide and general mammalian pest control agent sodium fluoroacetic acid(2,3) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.4(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that fluoroacetic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). A pKa of 2.59(3) indicates fluoroacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). The potential for volatilization of fluoroacetic acid from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.3 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). Fluoracetic acid has been identified as potentially removed by biological sewage treatment provided suitable acclimatization can be achieved(5), suggesting that the compound may be subject to biodegradation in terrestrial systems(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.4(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that fluoroacetic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 2.59(3) indicates fluoroacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 0.03(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Fluoracetic acid has been identified as potentially removed by biological sewage treatment provided suitable acclimatization can be achieved(5), suggesting that the compound may be subject to biodegradation in aquatic systems(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), fluoroacetic acid, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.3 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase fluoroacetic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 27 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.8X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). Fluoroacetic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Fluoracetic acid has been identified as potentially removed by biological sewage treatment provided suitable acclimatization can be achieved(1). As a class, fluoroacetates are slowly destroyed by soil bacteria, and do not usually persist in soil for more than 2 months(2). Following the addition of sodium fluoroacetic acid to a New Zealand-based stream water ecosystem model with Myriophyllum triphyllum, fluoroacetic acid was detected as a degradation product; proposed soil biodegradation pathways for the acid were the formation of glycollate or formation of oxaloacetate degrading to fluorocitrate(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of fluoroacetic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.9X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 27 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The neutral, aqueous hydrolysis rate constant of fluoroacetic acid was experimentally determined to be <1.7X10-6/hr at pH 7 which corresponds to a half-life of >47 years(2). Fluoroacetic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Using a 1000-W xenon arc lamp and addition of 1 mmol/L ferric iron, fluoroacetic acid was substantially degraded in 20 minutes(4). Haloacetates can be degraded by iron-catalyzed direct photodecarboxylation or photolytic generation of hydroxyl radicals with subsequent reaction with the haloacetate(4).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for fluoroacetic acid(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 0.03(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of fluoroacetic acid can be estimated to be 1.4(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that fluoroacetic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of fluoroacetic acid is 2.59(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

A pKa of 2.59(1) indicates fluoroacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. The potential for volatilization of fluoroacetic acid from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.3 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: Fluoroacetic acid was detected in 2 of 96 fog water samples collected from July 1998 through March 1999 at a spruce forest research site in northeastern Bavaria, Germany at concentrations of 0.5 and 0.32 ug/L, respectively; it was not detected in the 100 rainwater samples tested(1).

Fluoroacetic acid is reported present at a maximum concentration of 9.5 ppm in gum of Cluster-Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba; Fabaceae)(1). Fluoroacetic acid has been found as a toxic constituent of gifblaar (Dichapetalum cymosum; Dichapetalaceae), a poisonous South African plant(2,3); at least two dozen other poisonous plant species have also been found to contain fluoroacetic acid(3).

Occupational exposure to fluoroacetic acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where fluoroacetic acid is produced or used. General population exposure should be low or non-existent since the pesticide use of the sodium salt of fluoroacetic acid is prohibited in the US. (SRC)

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Pour on sufficient sodium bicarbonate. After mixing, transfer into a drum and fill with water for drainage after 24 hours.

/GUIDE 154 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Non-Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. . For electric vehicles or equipment, GUIDE 147 (lithium ion batteries) or GUIDE 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted.

/GUIDE 154 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Non-Combustible)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 154 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Non-Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 154 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Non-Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Fluoroacetic acid (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2642; Fluoroacetic acid

IMO 6.1; Fluoroacetic acid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Fluoroacetic acid is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Fluoroacetic acid is included on the dangerous goods list.

Airtight. Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 28-50; S: (1/2)-20-22-26-45-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I