Chromyl chloride

H271: May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350i: May cause cancer by inhalation [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P220, P260, P261, P264, P272, P273, P280, P283, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P306+P360, P316, P318, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P391, P405, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H271 (100%): May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H340 (100%): May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 43 reports by companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P363, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H360FD: May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P210, P220, P233, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P283, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P306+P360, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P210, P220, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P272, P273, P280, P283, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P306+P360, P316, P317, P318, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P391, P405, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Chromyl chloride:

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: WATER FLUSH IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 137 [Substances - Water-Reactive - Corrosive]:

When material is not involved in fire, do not use water on material itself.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

LARGE FIRE: Flood fire area with large quantities of water, while knocking down vapors with water fog. If insufficient water supply, responders should withdraw.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not get water inside containers. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use carbon dioxide, special powder. NO hydrous agents. In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Carbon dioxide. Special powder. NO hydrous agents. In case of fire in the surroundings: use no water unless protected against toxic gases.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for CHROMYL CHLORIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

May increase the fire hazard on mixture with organic matter.

Chromium chloride does not burn, but it will increase the intensity of a fire since it is an oxidizer.

Vapors may travel to a source of ignition and flash back.

Containers may explode in fire especially if water gets in them. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (ventilating sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly on leak, spill area or inside container.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

HCl - when spill Chromium oxychloride into water.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 137 [Substances - Water-Reactive - Corrosive]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1758 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

When spilled in water

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 30 m (100 ft)

Large spill:

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.3 km (0.2 mi)

Evacuate danger area! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. NEVER direct water jet on liquid.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Evacuate danger area! Ventilation. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent and remove to safe place. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. NEVER direct water jet on liquid. (Extra personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus.)

Isolate the area until the release is under full control. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of confined spaces, such as a sewer, because of the potential for an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for CHROMYL CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chromium: Concentration process: Biological Treatment. /Chromium/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CHROMYL CHLORIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 137 [Substances - Water-Reactive - Corrosive]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly on leak, spill area or inside container. Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents and food and feedstuffs. Dry. Keep in the dark. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Storage class (TRGS 510): Strongly oxidizing hazardous materials

Fireproof. Separated from combustible and reducing substances, food and feedstuffs. Dry. Keep in the dark. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Store in a cool, dry, dark, well-ventilated location. Separate from water, ammonia, organic matter.

Store separately in a corrosion-resistant location. ... A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemicals is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045. Chromium chloride must be stored to avoid contact with water since violent reactions occur, releasing poisonous materials including chromic acid, hydrogen chloride, chromic chloride, and chlorine. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from flammable and combustible materials, ammonia, alcohol and turpentine, and other incompatible materials ...

Protect from light and moisture.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

Ca TWA 0.001 mg Cr(VI)/m3 See Appendix ASee Appendix C

A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

NIOSH considers chromyl chloride to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

250 mg/cu m (as Cr(II)). /Chromium(II) compounds (as Cr)/

25 mg/cu m (as Cr(III)). /Chromium(III) compounds (as Cr)/

15 mg/cu m (as Cr(VI)). /Chromic acid and chromates/

NIOSH considers chromic acid and chromates to be potential occupational carcinogens. /Chromic acid and chromates/

Ca [N.D.]

See: IDLH INDEX

0.0001 [ppm], as Cr(VI), inhalable fraction and vapor

0.00025 [ppm], as Cr(VI), inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.025 ppm.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium and Cr(III) inorganic compounds, as Cr/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Chromium and Cr(III) inorganic compounds, as Cr/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for CHROMYL CHLORIDE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(inhalable fraction and vapour): 0.0001 ppm as TWA; 0.00025 ppm as STEL; (skin); (DSEN); (RSEN); A1 (confirmed human carcinogen).

(as Cr): 0.1 mg/m

· When material is not involved in fire, do not use water on material itself.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Large Fire

· Flood fire area with large quantities of water, while knocking down vapors with water fog. If insufficient water supply, responders should withdraw.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached very quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion. Inhalation of the vapour may cause lung oedema.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis. Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. This substance is probably carcinogenic to humans.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Chromyl chloride:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Chromium oxychloride appears as a dark red fuming liquid with a pungent odor. Corrosive to tissue.

Deep-red liquid with a musty, burning, acrid odor; Note: Fumes in moist air; [NIOSH] "Opaque, dark, blood-red liquid at room temp."; Reacts vigorously in water at 20 deg C to form Cr(VI) trioxide (sparingly soluble in water), HCL, and Cl2; [ACGIH]

DARK RED FUMING LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Deep-red liquid with a musty, burning, acrid odor. [Note: Fumes in moist air.]

Deep red liquid; appears black under reflected light

Mobile, dark-red liquid

Blood red oily liquid

Pungent odor

Musty, burning, acrid odor

241 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

-141.7 °F (USCG, 1999)

-96.5 °C

Reacts with water (NIOSH, 2024)

Hydrolyzes vigorously on contact with water

Soluble in carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, benzene, nitrobenzene, phosphorus oxychloride, chloroform

Soluble in ether, acetic acid

Dissolves in chromium trioxide, yielding powerful oxidant

Miscible with carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethane, carbon disulfide

Solubility in water: reaction

1.96 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.91 at 25 °C/4 °C

Vapor Density: 0.00698 lb/cu ft at 70 °C

Saturated liquid density = 122.200 lb/cu ft at 70 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.91

(77 °F): 1.91

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.3

20 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

20.0 [mmHg]

19.6 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 2.67

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Fumes in moist air. ... Its solution in /carbon tetrachloride/ is fairly stable. Liquid /chromyl chloride/ is stable indefinitely in glass, aluminum, stainless steel containers if protected from light and moisture.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/.

The substance decomposes violently on contact with water producing toxic and corrosive fumes (hydrogen chloride, chlorine, chromium trioxide and chromium trichloride).

Not combustible, but if involved in a fire decomposes to produce hydrogen chloride, chromic acid.

Decomposes on contact with light,

Slightly less viscous than water

Will cause severe corrosion of common metals.

113 Btu/lb = 62.6 cal/g = 2.62X10+5 J/kg

... hexavalent chromium compounds are acidic

Fumes in moist air. Hydrolyzes exothermically and vigorously on contact with water to generate chromic acid, hydrochloric acid and some chlorine [Merck, 11th ed., 1989].

Chromium oxychloride reacts with water to generate gaseous HCl. Based on a scenario where the chemical is spilled into an excess of water (at least 5 fold excess of water), half of the maximum theoretical yield of Hydrogen Chloride gas will be created in 10 minutes. Experimental details are in the following: "Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Distances for the 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook", ANL/DIS-09-2, D.F. Brown, H.M. Hartmann, W.A. Freeman, and W.D. Haney, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, June 2009.

Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Halogenating Agents

Strong Oxidizing Agent

Water-Reactive

Air-Reactive

CHROMIUM OXYCHLORIDE is a powerful and often violent oxidizing agent. Reacts readily with many inorganic and organic materials in the absence of a dilutent. Contact with hydrogen sulfide or phosphine can cause ignition. Contact with phosphorus tribromide, acetone, ethanol, ether, and turpentine causes ignition. Contact with moist phosphorus or with phosphorus trichloride leads to explosive reaction. Contact with ammonia causes incandescence. Reacts with sodium azide to form chromyl azide, which is explosive in the absence of a dilutent. Causes ignition of flowers of sulfur and of urea on contact. [Bretherick, 1979, p. 822-823].

Incompatible materials: Reacts violently with water, organic materials, alcohols

The substance is a strong oxidant and reacts violently with combustible and reducing materials. Reacts violently with water, non-metal halides, non-metal hydrides, ammonia and certain common solvents such as alcohol, ether, acetone, turpentine, causing fire and explosion hazard. Attacks many metals in presence of water. Incompatible with plastics.

Phosphorus tribromide may also ignite with chromyl chloride.

Chromyl chloride explodes with moistened phosphorus. Light is emitted at the same time.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for CHROMYL CHLORIDE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Water, combustible substances, halides, phosphorus, turpentine [Note: Reacts violently in water; forms chromic acid, chromic chloride, hydrochloric acid & chlorine. Corrodes common metals.]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chromyl chloride (CC) is a deep red liquid, which appears black under reflected light. It is used as a catalyst for polymerization of olefins; oxidation of hydrocarbons; in Etard reaction for production of aldehydes and ketones; in the prepn of various coordination complexes of Cr. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: There is no data available. ANIMAL STUDIES: CC was assayed for mutagenicity in the Ames reversion test. The liquid phase of CC elicited dose-related mutations in Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA100, although it had a limited range of activity because of its toxicity to the bacteria. The mutagenic potency and the toxic activity were of the same order of magnitude as all the water-soluble Cr6+ compounds so far tested. Toxic and mutagenic activities could also be clearly detected by using a variety of modifications of the Ames test in CC vapors which indicates the particular danger of this chromium compound. In analogy with the other Cr6+ compounds previously tested, all the effects observed were decreased in the presence of S-9 mix containing rat liver post-mitochondrial fractions.

Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Under the current guidelines (1986), Cr(VI) is classified as Group A - known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure. Carcinogenicity by the oral route of exposure cannot be determined and is classified as Group D. Under the proposed guidelines (1996), Cr(VI) would be characterized as a known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure on the following basis. Hexavalent chromium is known to be carcinogenic in humans by the inhalation route of exposure. Results of occupational epidemiological studies of chromium-exposed workers are consistent across investigators and study populations. Dose-response relationships have been established for chromium exposure and lung cancer. Chromium-exposed workers are exposed to both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds. Because only Cr(VI) has been found to be carcinogenic in animal studies, however, it was concluded that only Cr(VI) should be classified as a human carcinogen. Animal data are consistent with the human carcinogenicity data on hexavalent chromium. Hexavalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic in animal bioassays, producing the following tumor types: intramuscular injection site tumors in rats and mice, intrapleural implant site tumors for various Cr(VI) compounds in rats, intrabronchial implantation site tumors for various Cr(VI) compounds in rats and subcutaneous injection site sarcomas in rats. In vitro data are suggestive of a potential mode of action for hexavalent chromium carcinogenesis. Hexavalent chromium carcinogenesis may result from the formation of mutagenic oxidatitive DNA lesions following intracellular reduction to the trivalent form. Cr(VI) readily passes through cell membranes and is rapidly reduced intracellularly to generate reactive Cr(V) and Cr(IV) intermediates and reactive oxygen species. A number of potentially mutagenic DNA lesions are formed during the reduction of Cr(VI). Hexavalent chromium is mutagenic in bacterial assays, yeasts and V79 cells, and Cr(VI) compounds decrease the fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro and produce unscheduled DNA synthesis as a consequence of DNA damage. Chromate has been shown to transform both primary cells and cell lines. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Occupational exposure to chromium compounds has been studied in the chromate production, chromeplating and chrome pigment, ferrochromium production, gold mining, leather tanning and chrome alloy production industries. Workers in the chromate industry are exposed to both trivalent and hexavalent compounds of chromium. Epidemiological studies of chromate production plants in Japan, Great Britain, West Germany, and the United States have revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to chromium and lung cancer, but the specific form of chromium responsible for the induction of cancer was not identified ... Studies of chrome pigment workers have consistently demonstrated an association between occupational chromium exposure (primarily Cr(VI)) and lung cancer. Several studies of the chromeplating industry have demonstrated a positive relationship between cancer and exposure to chromium compounds. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Animal data are consistent with the findings of human epidemiological studies of hexavalent chromium ... /Chromium (VI)/

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chromium(VI) compounds. Chromium(VI) compounds cause cancer of the lung. Also positive associations have been observed between exposure to Chromium(IV) compounds and cancer of the nose and nasal sinuses. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chromium(VI) compounds. Chromium(VI) compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Chromium(VI) compounds/

Chromium Hexavalent Compounds: known to be human carcinogens. /Chromium hexavalent compound/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Water-soluble Cr(VI) inorganic compounds/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Insoluble Cr(VI) inorganic compounds/

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Chromium in its trivalent state is not very toxic. It may be oxidized to hexavalent chromium, a known carcinogen. Hexavalent chromium has also been shown to affect reproduction and development. (A12)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol or vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L16) ; inhalation (L16) ; dermal (L16)

Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Sore throat.

Redness. Skin burns. Pain. Blisters.

Redness. Pain. Severe deep burns.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Shock or collapse.

irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system; eye, skin burns [potential occupational carcinogen]

Chromium in its trivalent state is not very toxic, but it may be oxidized to hexavalent chromium. Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (L16)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

[lung cancer]

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Human.

LD50: 5.45 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (T76)

There is no know antidote for chromium poisoning. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L16)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Inorganic Acids and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Activated charcoal is not effective. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize, because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterline dressings after decontamination ... . /Ammonia and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid colume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Inorganic Acids and Related Compounds/

/GENOTOXICITY/ Chromyl chloride (CC), a liquid Cr6+ compound suspected of carcinogenic activity, was assayed for mutagenicity in the Ames reversion test. Due to its high volatility and toxic and corrosive properties, handling of CC required particular precautions. The liquid phase of CC elicited dose-related mutations in Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA100, although it had a limited range of activity because of its toxicity to the bacteria. The mutagenic potency and the toxic activity were of the same order of magnitude as all the water-soluble Cr6+ compounds so far tested. Toxic and mutagenic activities could also be clearly detected by using a variety of modifications of the Ames test in CC vapors which indicates the particular danger of this chromium compound. In analogy with the other Cr6+ compounds previously tested in this laboratory, all the effects observed were decreased in the presence of S-9 mix containing rat liver post-mitochondrial fractions.

It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Chromyl chloride is easily hydrolyzed(1). Chromyl chloride can react violently in water forming chromic acid, chromic chloride, hydrochloric acid and chlorine(2). It decomposes in daylight within a week via CrO2 and Cl2 to form a series of chromium oxides and chlorides with a low degree of oxidation(1).

Food chain concn potential: none

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 35 workers (0 of these are female) were potentially exposed to chromyl chloride in the US(1).

It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Chromyl chloride is easily hydrolyzed(1). Chromyl chloride can react violently in water forming chromic acid, chromic chloride, hydrochloric acid and chlorine(2). It decomposes in daylight within a week via CrO2 and Cl2 to form a series of chromium oxides and chlorides with a low degree of oxidation(1).

Food chain concn potential: none

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 35 workers (0 of these are female) were potentially exposed to chromyl chloride in the US(1).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chromium: Concentration process: Biological Treatment. /Chromium/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CHROMYL CHLORIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY.

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Chromium oxychloride (when spilled in water) ID: 1758 [Table#2651]

Table of Water-Reactive Materials Which Produce Toxic Gases.

Table: Materials Which Produce Large Amounts of Toxic-by-Inhalation (TIH) Gas(es) When Spilled in Water [Table#2652]

/GUIDE 137 SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE - CORROSIVE/ Fire or Explosion: EXCEPT FOR ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (UN1715), THAT IS FLAMMABLE, some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases and runoff. Flammable/toxic gases may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

/GUIDE 137 SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE - CORROSIVE/ Health: CORROSIVE and/or TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CHROMYL CHLORIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1758; Chromium oxychloride

IMO 8; Chromium oxychloride

49 302 03; Chromyl chloride

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Chromium oxychloride is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Chromium oxychloride is included on the dangerous goods list.

Corrosive

Airtight. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: O, T, C, N; R: 49-46-8-35-43-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61; Note: E

UN Hazard Class: 8; UN Pack Group: I