Bromoxynil

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H361d ***: Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P318, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H361 (73.9%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H361d (25.2%): Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 115 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H361d: Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Extinguishing Media: Carbon dioxide or dry chemical for small fires. Water spray or alcohol-type foam for large fires.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Bromoxynil octanoate/

Fire fighters should use self contained breathing apparatus and full turnout gear. Prevent runoff of fire water. Avoid exposure to smoke. /Moxy 2E/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Do not contaminate /receiving/ water when disposing of equipment washwaters. /Moxy 2E/

Containment for contaminated soils includes spill immobilization with bentonite or clay injection, collection and treatment of leachates as for contaminated waters, physical removal of immobilized residues, pH adjustment to 8.0.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /Bromoxynil octanoate/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Bromoxynil octanoate/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Do not contaminate water, food, or feed by ... disposal of this chemical.

Product residues and sorbent media may be packaged in 17 hr epoxy-lined drums and disposed of at an EPA-approved disposal site. Destruction by high temperature incineration with scrubbing equipment, chemical oxidation, alkaline hydrolysis, or microwave plasma detoxification if available. Encapsulation by organic polyester resin or silicate fixation.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Use this product only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR part 170. /Moxy 2E/

For terrestrial uses, do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Do not apply when weather conditions favor drift from target areas. /Moxy 2E/

Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift. Only protected handlers may be in the area during application. /Moxy 2E/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Store at temperatures above 3 °F. If allowed to freeze, remix before using. Do not contaminate water, food, or feed by storage ... of this chemical.

Metal drums (up to 450 kg), cans in a wooden box (up to 75 kg package gross wt),cans in a fiberboard box (up to 20-l receptacles, up to 40 kg package weight), glass bottles (up to 15 l) with inert filler in a wood box (up to 75 kg package gross wt), or plastic bottles (up to 5 l) in a fiberboard box (up to 55 kg package gross wt). Paper or plastic bags for solid formulations (up to 5 kg) in a wood box (up to 75 kg) or a fiberboard box (up to 40 kg package gross wt).

Safe Storage of Pesticides. Always store pesticides in their original containers, complete with labels that list ingredients, directions for use, and first aid steps in case of accidental poisoning. Never store pesticides in cabinets with or near food, animal feed, or medical supplies. Do not store pesticides in places where flooding is possible or in places where they might spill or leak into wells, drains, ground water, or surface water. /Residential users/

2.0 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction, as CN[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

5.0 [mg/m3], as CN

Tolerances are established for residues of the herbicide bromoxynil, including its metabolites and degradates, in or on the commodities in the table below. Compliance with the tolerance levels is to be determined by measuring only bromoxynil, 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile, resulting from application of its octanoic and/or heptanoic acid ester, in or on the commodities. [Table#3213]

Tolerances are established for residues of the herbicide bromoxynil, 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile, including its metabolites and degradates, in or on the commodities in the table below. Compliance with the tolerance levels is to be determined by measuring only bromoxynil and its metabolite, 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (DBHA), resulting from application of its octanoic and/or heptanoic acid ester, in or on the commodities: [Table#3214]

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Chemical-resistant gloves. Long-sleeved shirt and long pants. Shoes plus socks.

Bromoxynil is a colorless solid. Melting point 382-384 °F (194-195 °C). Sublimes at 275 °F (135 °C) under pressure of 0.15 mmHg. Used as a herbicide.

Colorless, white, beige, or slightly yellow odorless solid; [HSDB] Off-white powder; [MSDSonline]

WHITE CRYSTALLINE SOLID

LIGHT BUFF TO CREAMY POWDER

Colorless solid

White to slightly yellow crystalline solid

ODORLESS WHEN PURE

MP: 194-195 °C (sublimes at 135 °C/0.15 mm Hg)

MP: 188-192 °C /Technical bromoxynil (approx 95% pure)/

IN WATER 130 PPM (0.013%) WT/VOL @ 20-25 °C; IN ETHANOL 7% WT/VOL @ 20-25 °C; IN LIGHT PETROLEUM & XYLENE 1-2% WT/VOL @ 20-25 °C

IN DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE 61% WT/VOL @ 20-25 °C; IN BENZENE 1% WT/VOL @ 20-25 °C; IN METHANOL 9% WT/VOL @ 20-25 °C; IN ACETONE 17% WT/VOL AT 20-25 °C

Solubility in (g/L) at 25 °C: acetone 170; tetrahydrofuran 410

In dimethylformamide 610, acetone, cyclohexanone 170, methanol 90, ethanol 70, mineral oils <20, benzene 10 (all in g/L, 25 °C)

In water, 130 mg/L at 25 °C

0.00000005 [mmHg]

1.7X10-1 mPa /1.28X10-6 mm Hg/ at 25 °C

log Kow = 2.70

NO DETERIORATION IN OVER 2 YEARS STORAGE TIME

Very stable to dilute alkalis and acids. Stable to UV light. Thermally stable below the melting point.

It is stable in sunlight and below melting point. /Technical bromoxynil/

Rapidly degraded to the phenol by aqueous photolysis; DT50 4-5 hr. Moderately stable to hydrolysis; DT50 11 days (pH 7); 1.7 days (pH 9).. /Bromoxynil octanoate/

It is stable to sunlight and at its melting point. /Bromoxynil octanoate/

When heated to decomp it emits highly toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen bromide/.

Non-corrosive

pKa = 3.86

131.2 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI-; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID3022162]

128.69 Ų [M-H]-

SUBLIMES AT 135 °C & 0.15 MM HG

HYDROLYZED TO AMIDE BY CONCN SULFURIC ACID.

Slightly volatile in steam

Waxy solid; low volatility; sublimes at 90 °C and 0.1 mm Hg /Bromoxynil octanoate ester/

Fine white powder (pure); slightly yellow coarse powder (technical). MP: 45-46 °C; BP: Decomposes from 180 °C. Solubility in water, 0.03 mg/L (pH 7, 25 °C); solubility in ethanol 100, n-propanol 120, acetone 1215, cyclohexanone 550, ethyl acetate 847, xylene, dimethylformamide 700, chloroform 800, carbon tetrachloride 500 (all in g/L at 20-25 °C), rapidly degraded to phenol by aqueous photolysis. Moderately stable to hydrolysis /Bromoxynil octanoate/

MP: 360 °C; solubility in water at 20-25 °C, 42 g/L; solubility in acetone 80, 20% aqueous acetone 150, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 430, methyl cellosolve 310 (all in g/L at 20-25 °C) /Bromoxynil potassium sodium salt/

MP: approx 360 °C; solubility in water at 20-25 °C, 61 g/L; solubility in acetone 70, 20% aqueous acetone 240, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 260, (all in g/L at 20-25 °C) /Bromoxynil potassium/

Fine white powder (pure) or cream-colored waxy solid (technical). MP: 44.1 °C; BP: decomposes from 185 °C. VP: <1X10-4 mPa (40 °C); lof Kow = 5.4 (pH 7, 25 °C); Henry's Law constant = 2X10-3 Pa-cu m/mol. Density = 1.632 at 20 °C. Solubility in water 0.08 mg/L (pH 7); in acetone 1113, dichloromethane 851, methanol 553, toluene 838, heptane 562 (all in g/L, 20 °C). Degraded to phenol by aqueous photolysis... Moderately stable to hydrolysis /Bromoxynil heptanoate/

Clear, amber colored liquid, characteristic odor; vapor pressure 0.1 mm/Hg (20 °C); readily hydrolized to bromoxynil at pH>9 /Bromoxynil octanoate/

Log partition coefficient: 0.49 in hexane

Fusion temperature

Melting temperature

Phase transition

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Alcohols and Polyols

Nitriles

Aryl Halides

BROMOXYNIL is a weak acid.

Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)

Bromoxynil

2 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

Pesticide

0.287−28.7

Listed as bromoxynil, phenol + esters

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group C Possible Human Carcinogen

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627, L96, L97)

Oral (L626) ; inhalation (L626) ; dermal (L626)

Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (L626, L627, L96, L97)

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Other Poison - Uncoupler

HEAST Current

LC50 (rat) = 150 mg/m3

LD50: 190 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T90)

LD50: 2000 mg/kg (Dermal, Rat) (T48)

LD50 Mouse oral 110 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse iv 56 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 306 mg/kg /Bromoxynil octanoate/

LD50 Rat oral 365 mg/kg /Bromoxynil octanoate/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water.

INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice.

SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention.

INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Four workers had subacute poisoning in 1 yr exposure. Symptoms: wt loss, fever, emesis, myalgia. Increased muscular creatine phosphokinase, SGOT, LDH & aldolase levels, urinary thiocyanate.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The octanoate ester has a lower acute oral toxicity to rats than the phenol but tends to have greater acute dermal toxicity since it is absorbed more readily.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Bromoxynil Octanoate (95.2% purity) was administered in the diet at 0, 150, 600, 1100 and 2100 ppm to 20-30 Crl:CD*BR VAF/Plus* rats/sex/group. Analytical studies indicated that Bromoxynil Octanoate was unstable in the feed and that degradation to Bromoxynil accounted for only 34-40% of the loss of test material. Due to the instability, starting after study week 3, the weekly preparation of diets was stored frozen and fed to the rats four times per week. The only deaths in the study occurred in the groups given the 2100 ppm diet. Twenty six females and nine males in the 2100 ppm groups (30/sex) were found dead, mainly on study days 3-5. Most of the rats found dead did not exhibit any clinical signs that would be suggestive of their impending deaths. The survivors in the 2100 ppm groups were sacrificed on study day 9. Each of the survivors had lost 6-34 grams in bodyweight during the first study week. Other findings for the survivors (both sexes) included: greatly decreased platelet count; increased RBC count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit; increased blood urea nitrogen, SGOT and SGPT; decreased serum globulin; lymphocytic necrosis and degeneration in the spleen, thymus, and mesenteric lymph node; hematopoietic depletion in the bone marrow; and stomach hemorrhages and congestion. Bodyweight effects also were seen in the lower dose groups: the 600 ppm and 1100 ppm females had mean BWs during study weeks 2-14 that were 90-94% and 78-81% of the control values, respectively; the 1100 ppm males had mean BWs during study weeks 2-14 that were 84-87% of the control values. These BW effects were not accompanied by a decrease in food consumption, except for the first study week. The 1100 ppm female group exhibited the following hematological effects: decreased platelet count and increased RBC count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit in the testing done at study week 5; and an increased lymphocyte count in the testing done at study week 14. The following clinical chemistry effects were seen at study week 5, but not study week 14: an increase in serum albumin in the 150 ppm and 600 ppm female groups and in the 600 ppm male group; decreased total bilirubin in the 600 ppm and 1100 ppm female groups; decreased serum potassium in the 1100 ppm female group; decreased serum chloride in the 600 ppm and 1100 ppm female groups. The following clinical chemistry effects were seen at study weeks 5 and 14: a decrease in total serum protein in the 1100 ppm groups (both sexes); a decrease in the globulin concentration in the 1100 ppm groups (both sexes). At study week 14, the 1100 ppm groups (both sexes) also exhibited an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase. No effects on blood urea nitrogen, SGOT or SGPT were noted in the testing done at study weeks 5 and 14. Increased absolute liver weight and decreased absolute right adrenal weight were seen in the 600 and 1100 ppm female groups; the adrenal weight reductions were not statistically significant when viewed relative to bodyweight, although the decreases were still apparent. Organ weight was not determined for the heart, pituitary or thyroid. Myocardial degeneration and necrosis were observed in both sexes. The incidence rate in the males was: 0 ppm, 5/30; 150 ppm, 7/20; 600 ppm, 8/20 (p = 0.066); and 1100 ppm, 11/20 (p = 0.006). The incidence rate in the females was: 0 ppm, 3/30; 150 ppm, 3/20; 600 ppm, 3/20; and 1100 ppm, 10/20 (p = 0.002). Myocardial lesions also were noted in two 2100 ppm females that were found dead on study days 3 and 4. Retinal degeneration was seen in two 1100 ppm males (10% incidence rate); given the rarity of this lesion in rats of this age, this may be an incipient effect. NOAEL = 150 ppm (myocardial degeneration and necrosis in males, liver hypertrophy in females). /Bromoxynil octanoate/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Bromoxynil Octanoate (>92% purity), in gelatin capsules without any vehicle, was administered to beagle dogs (two/sex/dose) 7 days/week for 13 weeks. Doses were 0, 0.43, 1.43 and 7.14 mg/kg/day; these represented doses of 0, 1.1, 3.5 and 17.7 umoles/kg/day, respectively, and were equivalent to doses of unesterified Bromoxynil of 0, 0.3, 1.1 and 4.9 mg/kg/day, respectively. The following discussion of possible treatment-related effects was not based on statistical analyses of the data separated by the sexes; none were supplied in the report and none were conducted in this review, due to the small group sizes. The reporting of clinical signs occurring in the study was inadequate in terms of allowing an independent evaluation. From the limited information that was provided, there was no evidence of a clinical sign being treatment-related. There was no substantial evidence of a treatment-related effect on rectal temperature or food consumption or at hematology or urinalysis. Body-weight gain was reduced in a dose-response fashion in both sexes, starting with the low dose. At the ophthalmology conducted at week 13, five animals were observed to have lens opacities, described as pinpoint or streak (one case); the affected animals came from the low- (one female), mid- (one/sex), and high-dose groups (one/sex). Although the lens opacities constituted gross lesions, they were not examined histologically. Given the young age of the animals, the lack of lens opacities at pretest and the short duration of exposures, the data indicate that the cataractogenesis was treatment-related. Serum-chemistry findings were limited to reduced alkaline phosphatase in the high-dose females (weeks 6 and 13) and, possibly, reduced serum inorganic phosphorus (presumably phosphate) in the high-dose males (week 6). The data for absolute and (or) relative weights indicated that the following organs were affected: liver (increased relative weight at the high dose [males]); kidneys (increased relative weight starting with the low dose [females] or the mid dose [males]); adrenals (increased absolute and relative weights starting with the low dose [males]); and ovaries (reduced absolute and relative weights at the mid dose). Although no unequivocal treatment-related effects were observed at necropsy or histology, findings that warrant concern given the short duration of testing include the following: both high-dose males were diagnosed with inguinal hernias (neither were examined at necropsy or histology); and a red area at the base of the aortic valve in the heart was observed at necropsy in a low-dose male and a mid-dose male (given the same location, the same description at necropsy, and similar sizes for the areas involved, it is not clear whether the different histological descriptions given in the report (hemocyst vs. edema of the inner aortic media) pertain to the same pathological process). ... NOEL < 0.43 mg/kg/day (reduced body-weight gain, cataractogenesis, increased absolute and relative adrenal weights). /Bromoxynil octanoate/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Buctril, containing 33.8% Bromoxynil Octanoate (AI), organic solvents and surfactants, was applied topically to the backs of 125 male Sprague-Dawley rats/group, at 0 (water), 0 (blank), 25, 50, and 100 mg AI/kg/day, for 21 consecutive days. The "blank" group was treated with a solution said to contain the same level of solvents and surfactants as found in the dosing solution for the 25 mg AI/kg group. However, this may not be accurate because skin reactions presumably caused by the solvents were obviously more severe in the blank group than in either the 25 or 50 mg AI/kg groups. Each treatment group consisted of 8 subgroups. One subgroup having 20 males underwent 7 mating trials with un-treated females on the following postdosage days: days 1, 7, 14, 21, 35, 56, and 113; on postdoasage day 119, these males were sacrificed. The seven other subgroups, each having 15 males, were sacrificed sequentially on the postdosage days when the mating trials were initiated with the subgroup containing 20 males. Aside from skin reactions, the only effects observed were changes in liver weight (increased organ-to-BW ratio on postdosing days 1 & 7) and prostate weight (decreased absolute & relative weights on postdosing day 1): NOEL = 50 mg AI/kg. No effects were observed on the following: mating & fertility indices, pre- and postimplantation loss, litter size, sperm count, sperm morphology, sperm motility, the histology of the seminiferous tubules, the epididymis & liver, and the absolute and relative weights of the various male reproductive organs. ... /Bromoxynil octanoate/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (36 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 13 days; diet 2010 ppm for 8 days (95% confidence interval: 1250-5000 ppm)

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 22 weeks; oral via capsule 217 mg/kg (95% confidence interval: 164-282 mg/kg)

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck) age 8 days; diet 1380 ppm for 8 days (95% confidence interval: 1187-1605 ppm)

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) diet >5,000 ppm for 5 days

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The acute toxicities of technical-grade bromoxynil octanoate (BO) and two commercial formulations, Buctril and Bronate, to <24-hr-old neonate Daphnia magna (Straus) were determined in soft, hard, and oligosaline water. In addition, effects of life stage, feeding, aging the herbicide, and exposure duration on BO toxicity to daphnids were investigated. Regardless of formulation, life stage, and water quality, BO was found to be extremely to highly toxic to daphnids in standard tests; 48-hr EC50 values ranged from 41 to 161 ug/L. Bromoxynil octanoate was the most toxic to neonates in soft water and the least toxic in hard water. The acute toxicities of the three bromoxynil herbicides to a given age group of daphnids were similar within the same water type. Overall, neonates and 7-day-old adults were more sensitive than 14- or 15-day-old adults to each herbicide. Feeding daphnids during the toxicity test significantly decreased BO toxicity compared to not feeding them. Aging BO (as Buctril) in hard water decreased its toxicity, and the rate of deactivation was rapid, with an estimated half-life of biological activity of 13 hr. Daphnids immobilized by exposures to toxic BO concentrations for = 6 hr recovered their mobility, whereas exposures of 18 and 24 hr to BO produced toxic effects in daphnids similar to those exposed for 48 hr. These results indicated that standard continuous exposure tests may not adequately predict the acute toxicity of BO to freshwater animals in the field. /Bromoxynil octanoate/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Two chronic toxicity tests were conducted in which Daphnia magna were either continuously or intermittently exposed to bromoxynil octanoate (as Buctril) for 28 days. In the intermittent exposure test, daphnids were exposed to daily pulses of bromoxynil octanoate with 24 hr mean concentration equal to those in the continuous exposure test, and the peak concentration were three times the 24 hr mean values. After 28 days of continuous exposure to bromoxynil octanoate, survival of daphnids was reduced at 80 ug/L, whereas mean number of young per adult, intrinsic rate of natural increase, and mean weight of adults were all reduced at 40 ug/L. Intermittent exposures to daily pulses of bromoxynil octanoate for 28 days caused reduced survival of daphnids at 24 hr mean concentration : 40 ug/L and reduced mean number of young per adult, intrinsic rate of natural increase, and mean weight of adults at 24 hr mean concentration 20 ug/L. The estimated geometric mean-maximum acceptable toxicant concentration of bromoxynil octanoate based on 24 hr mean nominal values were 28 ug/L for continuous exposures and 14 ug/L for intermittent exposures. These results demonstrated that continuous exposure studies may not be adequate in assessing herbicide toxicity to aquatic biota when concentrations fluctuate temporally. /Bromoxynil octanoate/

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 13 days; diet 2010 ppm for 8 days (95% confidence interval: 1250-5000 ppm)

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 22 weeks; oral via capsule 217 mg/kg (95% confidence interval: 164-282 mg/kg)

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck) age 8 days; diet 1380 ppm for 8 days (95% confidence interval: 1187-1605 ppm)

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) diet >5,000 ppm for 5 days

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The acute toxicities of technical-grade bromoxynil octanoate (BO) and two commercial formulations, Buctril and Bronate, to <24-hr-old neonate Daphnia magna (Straus) were determined in soft, hard, and oligosaline water. In addition, effects of life stage, feeding, aging the herbicide, and exposure duration on BO toxicity to daphnids were investigated. Regardless of formulation, life stage, and water quality, BO was found to be extremely to highly toxic to daphnids in standard tests; 48-hr EC50 values ranged from 41 to 161 ug/L. Bromoxynil octanoate was the most toxic to neonates in soft water and the least toxic in hard water. The acute toxicities of the three bromoxynil herbicides to a given age group of daphnids were similar within the same water type. Overall, neonates and 7-day-old adults were more sensitive than 14- or 15-day-old adults to each herbicide. Feeding daphnids during the toxicity test significantly decreased BO toxicity compared to not feeding them. Aging BO (as Buctril) in hard water decreased its toxicity, and the rate of deactivation was rapid, with an estimated half-life of biological activity of 13 hr. Daphnids immobilized by exposures to toxic BO concentrations for = 6 hr recovered their mobility, whereas exposures of 18 and 24 hr to BO produced toxic effects in daphnids similar to those exposed for 48 hr. These results indicated that standard continuous exposure tests may not adequately predict the acute toxicity of BO to freshwater animals in the field. /Bromoxynil octanoate/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Two chronic toxicity tests were conducted in which Daphnia magna were either continuously or intermittently exposed to bromoxynil octanoate (as Buctril) for 28 days. In the intermittent exposure test, daphnids were exposed to daily pulses of bromoxynil octanoate with 24 hr mean concentration equal to those in the continuous exposure test, and the peak concentration were three times the 24 hr mean values. After 28 days of continuous exposure to bromoxynil octanoate, survival of daphnids was reduced at 80 ug/L, whereas mean number of young per adult, intrinsic rate of natural increase, and mean weight of adults were all reduced at 40 ug/L. Intermittent exposures to daily pulses of bromoxynil octanoate for 28 days caused reduced survival of daphnids at 24 hr mean concentration : 40 ug/L and reduced mean number of young per adult, intrinsic rate of natural increase, and mean weight of adults at 24 hr mean concentration 20 ug/L. The estimated geometric mean-maximum acceptable toxicant concentration of bromoxynil octanoate based on 24 hr mean nominal values were 28 ug/L for continuous exposures and 14 ug/L for intermittent exposures. These results demonstrated that continuous exposure studies may not be adequate in assessing herbicide toxicity to aquatic biota when concentrations fluctuate temporally. /Bromoxynil octanoate/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Marine unicellular algae, Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira pseudonana, and Chlorella sp, were exposed to the 5 industrial brominated compounds and the herbicide, bromoxynil, in six algal growth media. EC50s of bromoxynil varied with growth medium. It is concluded that responses to toxicants in different media are the results of interactions between algae, growth medium, toxicant, and solvent carrier.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Effect of Ca, HCO3-, and pH on toxicity of bromoxynil to Leuciscus idus was investigated. Ca had no effect on fish mortality, and increase in HCO3-concentration decreased bromoxynil toxicity indirectly with pH being major factor affecting toxicity. It was more toxic in water with low acid capacity or carbonate hardness than in water with higher pH. Medial lethal concentration in free phenolic form was 0.002 mg/L.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

5.30e+00

2.20e+01

6.10e-01

8.0E+01(G)

5.20e-04

1.03e-01

1.50e-02

Volatile

5.30e+02

2.20e+03

6.10e+01

8.0E+01 (G)

Bromoxynil's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a herbicide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.28X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates bromoxynil will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase bromoxynil will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 51 days. Particulate-phase bromoxynil will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Bromoxynil in aqueous solutions photolyzes in sunlight to form 3-bromo-hydroxybenzonitrile (MBBP) and 4-hydroxybenzonitrile, and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, bromoxynil is expected to have moderate mobility based upon a reported Koc of 302. The pKa of bromoxynil is 3.86, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Bromoxynil may not volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Bromoxynil is rapidly biodegraded by soil microorganisms; the major biodegradation products in soil are 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzamide indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, bromoxynil is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Biodegradation data in water were not available. The pKa indicates bromoxynil will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. An estimated BCF of 28 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. In the moist soil environment, bromoxynil is degraded by hydrolysis and debromination to less-toxic substances such as hydroxybenzoic acid suggesting that hydrolysis may be an important environmental fate process under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Photolysis in sunlit surface waters is expected to be an important environmental fate process for bromoxynil; when buffered bromoxynil solutions were filtered to remove radiation below 300 nm, more than 80% and 60% of the bromoxynil degraded at pH 7.0 and 4.5, respectively. Occupational exposure to bromoxynil may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where bromoxynil is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to bromoxynil via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with surface water in the vicinity or agricultural regions where the pesticide is actively being used. (SRC)

Bromoxynil's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a herbicide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc value of 302(2) indicates that bromoxynil is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of bromoxynil is 3.86(3), indicating that this compound will almost entirely exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Bromoxynil is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.28X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). Bromoxynil is rapidly biodegraded by soil microorganisms(5); the major biodegradation products in soil are 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzamide(6,7), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AT 25 °C, 50% OF BROMOXYNIL APPLIED TO REGINA HEAVY CLAY WAS DEGRADED IN 2 WK. AMIDE & ACID WERE DETECTED ... .

BROMOXYNIL ... /IS/ EXTREMELY EFFECTIVE INHIBITOR OF NITRIFICATION IN SOILS. 50%INHIBITION WAS OBSERVED @ CONCN BELOW 50 PPM.

No evidence of residual problems when applied at the rate of 0.5-1.0 lb/acre.

For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

AEROBIC: Using a clay loam soil, (14)C bromoxynil and ioxynil degradation was studied. The half-life was estimated to be 7 days for bromoxynil and 9-10 days for ioxynil. Soil microorganisms used in this study that degraded ioxynil completely to carbon dioxide or in part did not seem to degrade bromoxynil completely. No metabolites except carbon dioxide were identified.

AEROBIC: Bromoxynil is rapidly biodegraded by soil microorganisms(1), but is unlikely to be removed by biological sewage treatment even after prolonged exposure(2). The major biodegradation products in soil are 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzamide(3,4). Bromoxynil biodegraded in a clay loam soil of high organic content, but not in sterilized soil(4). The half-life in the non-sterile soil was 7 days. In a laboratory experiment, when bromoxynil octanoate was applied to heavy clay (organic content 4.2%, pH 7.7) and sandy loam (organic content 4.0%, pH 7.6) soils (at 85% field capacity moisture) at a rate equivalent of 1 kg bromoxynil/ha, it was rapidly hydrolyzed to the free bromoxynil (80% in 24 hr). The bromoxynil formed was rapidly degraded with as much as 30% breakdown in 24 hr and complete breakdown in 7 days(1). The presence of several other pesticides did not affect the degradation(1). A second study performed in Regina heavy clay at a higher concentration found that after 1 and 2 weeks of incubation at 18 °C, 47-75% and 38-66% of bromoxynil remained in the soil(5). The amounts of bromoxynil remaining after incubation at 25 °C were 25-54% and 9-36%, respectively(5).

AEROBIC: Bromoxynil was 42% mineralized with 60 days using an agricultural soil the hops-growing "Hallertau region" north of Munich, Germany. It was noted that 52% of the originally applied ring-labeled (14C)bromoxynil formed non-extractable residues in soil and 0.03% volatilized(1).

ANAEROBIC: Bromoxynil present at 150 uM, was 100% biodegraded via methanogenesis, sulfidogenesis and Fe(III)-reduction in 20 days using a 10% enrichment sediment sample collected from Arthur Kill, an intertidal strait between Staten Island (NY) and NJ, an area long contaminated by halogenated compounds. Anaerobic biodegradation proceeds via reductive debromination to 4-cyanophenol which is further degraded to phenol and ultimately carbon dioxide(1). Dehalogenation of bromoxynil to 4-cyanophenol and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoate by the soil microbe Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans, an anaerobic spore-forming microorganism, has been demonstrated(2).

PURE CULTURE: When exposed to Flexibacterium, strain BR4, bromoxynil was rapidly degraded. After 5 wk, only 5% of herbicide remained. Benzamide and benzoic acid analogs were identified; third metabolite was not identified.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of bromoxynil with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.1X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 51 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). In the moist soil environment, bromoxynil is degraded by hydrolysis and debromination to less-toxic substances such as hydroxybenzoic acid(2). Bromoxynil in aqueous solutions photolyzes in sunlight to form 3-bromo-hydroxybenzonitrile (MBBP) and 4-hydroxybenzonitrile(3). When buffered bromoxynil solutions were irradiated in the laboratory with light from a mercury-xenon lamp filtered to remove radiation below 300 nm, more than 80% and 60% of the bromoxynil degraded at pH 7.0 and 4.5, respectively(3). The presence of iron(III) or manganese(II), which are found in almost all natural waters, increases the photodegradation rate(3). However, the effect is most pronounced at pH<5 when iron(III) exists as the free cation which is thought to be more photochemically active than iron(III) complexes(3). Aquatic photodegradation is also influenced by the presence of carbonates and bicarbonates, major inorganic components of natural waters. Photolysis rates decrease with increasing carbonate concentrations, as suggested by observed half-lives of 12.5 and 15 minutes at 5.0 and 50.0 mMNaHCO3, respectively, buffered to pH 8.3. At pH 11.6 half-lives of 15 and 29.5 minutes were observed at 5.0 and 50.0 nM NaCO3, respectively(4). In four test ponds sprayed with equal proportions of bromoxynil butyrate and octanoate, the concentration of MBBP was 1% that of the phenol during the initial 2 hr post-treatment and thereafter increased so that it was at similar levels as bromoxynil between 5 and 120 days post-treatment(5).

An estimated BCF of 28 was calculated in fish for bromoxynil(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.70(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of bromoxynil has been reported as 302(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that bromoxynil is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of bromoxynil is 3.86(3), indicating that this compound will almost entirely exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Using soil column studies employing soils from Alberta, Canada, bromoxynil was shown to leach 69 to 77% by 0.67 rain-year in Brown (Skiff, loam; pH 6.0, 2.1% organic matter) and Dark Brown (Lethbridge, loam; pH 7.6, 2.7% organic matter) soils and at an intermediate rate of 64% by 3.0 rain-year in Dark Grey soil (Beaverlodge #1, silty loam; pH 6.3, 5.4% organic matter) and 5% in 3.0 rain-year in Black soil (Lacombe, sandy loam; pH 5.6, 5.9% organic matter)(1).

A pKa of 3.86(1) indicates bromoxynil will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Bromoxynil is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1). However, bromoxynil is applied in ester form (n-butyrate and iso-octanoate) and volatilization of the esters may occur prior to their hydrolysis to the phenol(SRC), particularly when present on crop surfaces(2). In a field study of post-emergent bromoxynil, applied as the esters, on spring wheat, volatilization from crop surfaces accounted for 50-68% of the total dissipation observed during the three days after treatment; crop uptake and soil dissipation were minimal during that time(2).

GROUNDWATER: In a survey of farm wells in Ontario, Canada, 103 in 1986 and 76 in 1987, bromoxynil was not detected in any wells at a detection limit of 0.1 ug/L(1). However, bromoxynil was only used on crops in only 15 farms in 1986 and 6 in 1987(1). The compound was tested for but not detected in 304 samples analyzed from 1993 to 1996 from four Danish shallow groundwater catchment areas characterized as sandy or clayey in an agricultural area; detection limit = 0.003 ug/L(2).

SURFACE WATER: Levels of major herbicides were monitored in two rivers draining prairie agricultural watersheds in Manitoba, Canada, the Ochre and Turtle, during 1984(1). The Ochre drains mostly non-cropped land and forest and the Turtle drains mainly agricultural land(1). Bromoxynil residues were observed in the Turtle river following the major high water event in late June 1984, but only at very low levels at other times. The monthly average concentration of bromoxynil in the Ochre River from April to December ranged from <0.5 to 1.63 ug/cu m with the high in June. For the Turtle River, the concentration ranged from 0.3 to 37.2 ug/cu m with the high in July, although the concentration in June was close to that observed in July. This pattern indicates that the source of bromoxynil is field runoff. In a fall 1987 to spring 1989 study of farm ponds and dugout waters in four regions of Saskatchewan, Canada, where bromoxynil is applied to prairies, the herbicide was detected in 50-71% of the water samples; in 3-13% of the samples, bromoxynil was present above the limit of quantitation(2). The concentrations of bromoxynil in the samples ranged from 0.27 to 0.33 ug/L(2). Bromoxynil was detected in 23% of 43 surface film water from agricultural dugouts in rural Saskatchewan Canada at a mean concentration of 16 ng/sq m (maximum of 30 ng/sq m); samples were collected in June of 1989 and again in 1990. The mean and maximum concentration in water samples from the dugouts was 30 ng/L, 11% of 45 samples positive(3).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Do not contaminate water, food, or feed by ... disposal of this chemical.

Product residues and sorbent media may be packaged in 17 hr epoxy-lined drums and disposed of at an EPA-approved disposal site. Destruction by high temperature incineration with scrubbing equipment, chemical oxidation, alkaline hydrolysis, or microwave plasma detoxification if available. Encapsulation by organic polyester resin or silicate fixation.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.