benomyl

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H360FD: May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P264, P271, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H312 (29.4%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H331 (29.4%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H340 (100%): May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H351 (23%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360 (77%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H360FD (23%): May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P264, P271, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 126 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P272, P280, P302+P352, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P260, P261, P272, P280, P302+P352, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, administer a slurry of activated charcoal in water and simultaneously call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Landfill: The low toxicity of the n-phenyl carbamates and of their demonstrated metabolites obviates any need for preliminary chemical treatment. Soil burial should suffice.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures, and protect it from moisture. If possible, it would be prudent to store this compound under inert atmosphere. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Dry. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Decomposed on storage in contact with water... .

Do not contaminate water, food, or feeds by storage or disposal. Keep benlate dry during storage to avoid certain chemical changes affecting fungicidal effectiveness. Keep container tightly closed when not in use.

See Appendix D

15.0 [mg/m3](total dust), 5 mg/m3(respirable fraction)

15 mg/m³ (total dust), 5 mg/m³ (respirable fraction)

TWA 15 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

1.0 [mg/m3], inhalable particulate matter

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 1 mg/cu m (Inhalable fraction), sensitizer.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

(inhalable fraction): 1 mg/m

sensitization of skin (SH); germ cell mutagen group: 3A

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit of 15 mg/m3 for total exposure over an eight-hour time-weighted average.

A nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is irritating to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxic effects upon human reproduction. May cause genetic damage in humans.

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the fungicide benomyl ... and its metabolites containing the benzimidazole moiety (calculated as benomyl) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Almond hulls: 1.0 ppm; apples (pre- and post-harvest): 7.0 ppm; apricots (pre- and post harvest): 15.0 ppm; bananas (pre- and post-harvest, not more than 0.2 ppm negligible residue ... present in the pulp after the peel is removed and discarded): 1.0 ppm; barley, grain: 0.2 ppm; barley, straw: 0.2 ppm; beans: 2.0 ppm; beans vine forage: 50.0 ppm; beets, sugar, roots: 0.2 ppm; beets, sugar, tops: 15 ppm; blackberries: 7.0 ppm; blueberries: 7.0 ppm; boysenberries: 7.0 ppm; broccoli: 0.2 ppm, brussel sprouts: 15.0 ppm; cabbage: 0.2 ppm; carrots 0.2 ppm; cattle, fat: 0.1 ppm; cattle, meat: 0.1 ppm; cattle meat-by-products: 0.1 ppm; cauliflower: 0.2 ppm; celery: 3.0 ppm; cherries (pre- and post-harvest): 15.0 ppm; Chinese cabbage: 10.0 ppm; citrus, dried pulp: 50.0 ppm; citrus fruit (pre- and post-harvest): 10.0 ppm; collards: 0.2 ppm; corn, fresh (including kernel plus cob with husk removed): 0.2 ppm; corn, sweet fodder and forage: 0.2 ppm; cucumbers: 1.0 ppm; currants: 7.0 ppm; dewberries: 7.0 ppm; eggplants: 0.2 ppm; eggs: 0.1 ppm; garlic: 0.2 ppm; goats, fat: 0.1 ppm; goats, meat: 0.1 ppm; goats, meat by-products: 0.1 ppm; grapes: 10.0 ppm; hogs, fat: 0.1 ppm; hogs, meat: 0.1 ppm; hogs, meat by-products: 0.1 ppm; horses, fat: 0.1 ppm; horses, meat: 0.1 ppm; horses, meat by-products: 0.1 ppm; kale: 0.2 ppm, kohlrabi: 0.2 ppm; loganberries: 7.0 ppm; mangoes: 3.0 ppm; melons: 1.0 ppm; milk: 0.1 ppm; mushrooms (pre- and post-harvest): 10.0 ppm; mustard greens: 0.2 ppm; nectarines (pre- and post-harvest): 15.0 ppm; nuts: 0.2 ppm (negligible residues); oats, grain: 0.2 ppm; oats, straw: 0.2 ppm; peaches (pre- and post-harvest): 15.0 ppm; peanuts: 0.2 ppm; peanut forage: 15.0 ppm; peanut hay: 15.0 ppm; pears (pre- and post-harvest): 7.0 ppm; peppers: 0.2 ppm; pineapples (post-harvest): 35.0 ppm; pistachios: 0.2 ppm; plums (incl fresh prunes, pre- and post harvest): 15.0 ppm; poultry, fat: 0.1 ppm; poultry, liver: 0.2 ppm; poultry, meat: 0.1 ppm; poultry, meat by-products: 0.1 ppm; pumpkins: 1.0 ppm; raisins: 50.0 ppm; raspberries: 7.0 ppm; rice: 5.0 ppm; rice, hulls: 20.0 ppm; rice straw: 15.0 ppm; rutabagas: 0.2 ppm; rye, grain: 0.2 ppm; rye, straw: 0.2 ppm; sheep, fat: 0.1 ppm; sheep, meat: 0.1 ppm; sheep, meat by-products: 0.1 ppm; soybeans: 0.2 ppm; spinach: 0.2 ppm; squash, summer: 1.0 ppm; squash, winter: 1.0 ppm; strawberries: 5.0 ppm; sweet potatoes: 0.2 ppm; tomatoes: 5.0 ppm; tomatoe products, concentrated: 50.0 ppm; turnips, roots: 0.2 ppm; wheat, grain: 0.2 ppm; wheat, straw: 15.0 ppm.

Tolerances with regional registration, as defined in section 180.1(n), are established for residues of the fungicide benomyl ... and its metabolites containing the benzimidazole moiety (calculated as benomyl) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: avacados: 30. ppm; dandelions: 10.0 ppm; papayas: 3.0 ppm; pistachios: 0.2 ppm; turnip greens: 6.0 ppm; watercress: 10.0 ppm.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Benomyl:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.]

Important additional information about respirator selection

NO open flames. PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Benomyl appears as colorless to white crystals or off-white powder. Faint acrid odor. (NTP, 1992)

White crystalline solid with a faint, acrid odor. [fungicide] [Note: Decomposes without melting above 572 degrees F.]; [NIOSH]

WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

White crystalline solid with a faint, acrid odor.

White crystalline solid with a faint, acrid odor. [fungicide] [Note: Decomposes without melting above 572 °F.]

White crystalline solid [Note: Decomposes without melting above 572 degrees F].

Faint, acrid odor.

Decomposes (NTP, 1992)

decomposes

Decomposes

Decomposes before melting (NTP, 1992)

140 °C (decomposes)

No melting point; decomposes at 140 °C

>572 °F (decomposes)

>572 °F (Decomposes)

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Solubility (25 °C): 18 g/kg acetone; 94 g/kg chloroform; 53 g/kg dimethylformamide; 4 g/kg ethanol; 0.4 g/kg heptane; 10 g/kg xylene.

In water 3.8 ppm @ 20 °C.

0.0038 mg/mL at 20 °C

Solubility in water, mg/l at 25 °C: 3.8 (very poor)

0.38 g/cm³

Negligible (NTP, 1992)

3.7X10-9 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: (negligible)

<0.00001 mmHg

log Kow= 2.12

Henry's Law constant = 4.93X10-12 atm-cu m/mole @ 25 °C

SUBJECT TO DECOMP ON STORAGE IN PRESENCE OF MOISTURE.

NON-VOLATILE @ ROOM TEMP

It decomposes before melting is nonvolatile at room temperature.

428 °F (NTP, 1992)

Decomposed by strong acids & strong alkalis. Decomposes slowly in the presence of moisture. In some solvents dissociates to form carbendazin & butyl isocyanate. ... Decomposed on storage in contact with water & under moist conditions in soil.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

Decomposes just after melting at 140 °C. /From table/

NON-CORROSIVE TO METALS

146.68 Ų [M+H]+

190.14 Ų [M+HCOO]-

In some solvents dissociation occurs to form carbendazim and butyl isocyanate. ... Decomposed by strong acids and strong alkalis.

OPTIMAL PH FOR HYDROXYLATION WAS BETWEEN PH 7.0 & 8.0, & @ ABOUT 8.0 FOR ESTER CLEAVAGE; BUTYLCARBAMOYL SIDE CHAIN WAS STABLE @ PH 7.5 BUT BECAME INCREASINGLY LABILE WITH INCREASING ACIDITY.

DECOMP WITHOUT MELTING.

Insoluble in water.

Amides and Imides

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

Carbamates

BENOMYL is incompatible with strong acids, peroxides and strong oxidizers. Decomposed by strong alkalis. Also decomposes on storage with water (NTP, 1992).

Incompatible with alkaline materials.

Heat, strong acids, strong alkalis.

Heat, strong acids, strong alkalis

In animal systems, benomyl is metabolized to carbendazim and other polar metabolites, which are rapidly excreted. ... The main source of exposure for the general human population is residues of benomyl and carbendazim in food crops. ... Agricultural workers engaged in pesticide mixing and loading or re-entering benomyl-treated fields are expected to be exposed dermally ... Since dermal absorption is expected to be low, the probability of benomyl having systemic toxic effects on human populations through this route is very low. Benomyl is readily absorbed in animal experiments after oral and inhalation exposure, but much less so following dermal exposure. Absorbed benomyl is rapidly metabolized and excreted in the urine and feces. ... Benomyl does not inhibit acetyl cholinesterase in vitro. It has been shown to induce liver epoxyhydrolase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione-S-transferase in in vivo studies ... Benomyl has low acute toxicity ... in the rat ... Application to the skin of the rabbit and guinea pig produced either mild or no irritation and moderate skin sensitization. Application to the eyes of rats produced temporary mild conjunctival irritation. ... Benomyl causes a decrease in testis and epididymis weight, a reduction in caudal sperm reserves, a decrease in sperm production and a lowering of male fertility rates. At higher doses, there is hypospermatogenesis with generalized disruption of all stages of spermatogenesis. Benomyl does not affect copulatory behavior, seminal vesicles, sperm motility or related reproductive hormones. ... When administered via gavage ... benomyl was found to be teratogenic ... The effects were microphthalia, hydrocephaly, and encephaloceles. ... In mice, gavage dosing ... induced supernumerary ribs and other skeletal and visceral anomalies. ... Studies in somatic and germ cells show that benomyl does not cause gene mutations or structural chromosomal damage (aberrations) and it does not interact directly with DNA (causing DNA damage and repair). This has been demonstrated in both mammalian and non-mammalian systems. Benomyl does, however, cause numerical chromosome aberrations (aneuploidy and/or polyploidy) in experimental systems in vitro and in vivo. ... The biological effects of benomyl and carbendazim are thought to be the result of their interaction with cell microtubules. These structures are invovlved in vital functions, such as cell division, which is inhibited by benomyl and carbendazim. Benomyl and carbendazim toxicity in mammals is linked with microtubular dysfunction. Benomyl and carbendazim, like other benzimidazole compounds, display selective toxicity for species. This selectivity is, at least in part, explained by the different binding of benomyl and carbendazim to tubulins of target and non-target species. /In humans/ benomyl causes contact dermatitis and dermal sensitization. ... Both benomyl and carbendazim represent a very low risk for acute poisoning in humans. Given the current exposures and the low rate of dermal absorption of these two compounds, it is unlikely that they would cause systemic toxicity effects either in the general population or in occupationally exposed subjects.

Benomyl targets beta tubulin in actively dividing cells. It binds to microtubules, interfering with cell functions, such as meiosis and intracellular transportation (A15332). Benomyl binds to brain tubulin with a dissociation constant of 11.9 +/- 1.2 microM. Further, benomyl binds to a novel tubulin beta binding site, distinct from the well-characterized colchicine and vinblastine binding sites. Benomyl inhibits the polymerization of brain tubulin into microtubules, with 50% inhibition occurring at a concentration of 70-75 microM (A15103)

Developmental

5 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

Pesticide

12.4−1240

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group C Possible Human Carcinogen

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Skin irritation may occur through industrial exposure, and florists, mushroom pickers and floriculturists have reported allergic reactions to benomyl. Benomyl is a potential teratogen. Studies have shown eye defects can occur at relatively high doses. A test in which rats were dosed orally demonstrated evidence of microphthalmia at dose levels of 62.5 mg/kg and above. In 1996, a Miami jury awarded US$ 4 million to a child whose mother was exposed in pregnancy to Benomyl. The child was born without eyes. The mother had been exposed to an unusually high dose of Benomyl through her occupation, during pregnancy.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, by ingestion and through the skin.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation (L793) ; oral (L793); dermal (L793)

Redness.

No acute symptoms expected.

irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system; skin sensitization; possible reproductive, teratogenic effects

Skin redness and skin irritation. Fetuses exposed to high levels may exhibit microphthalmia (small eyes) or anaphthalmia (no eyes).

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, reproductive system

Chemical: BENOMYL

Chemical: MBC

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

OPP RfD= 0.05 mg/kg; EPA RfD= 0.05 mg/kg

FAO/WHO ADI: 0.02 mg/kg

IRIS Current

Children

General Population

12.4-1240

Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides - 2021 Update

Benomyl is of such a low toxicity to mammals, it has been impossible to administer doses large enough to establish an LD50. It has an arbitrary LD50 of "greater than 10,000 mg/kg/day for rats".

LD50 RAT ORAL >9,590 MG/KG

LD50 RABBIT SKIN >10,000 MG/KG

LC50 RAT INHALATION >2,000 MG/CU M (4 HR EXPOSURE)

LC50 Dog inhalation >825 mg/cu m/4 hr

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for BENOMYL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

For acute exposures and first aid: EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

A key limitation to the use of benomyl & other benzimidazoles is the development of fungal resistance. Resistance management can be achieved by using benomyl in combination with a non-benzimidazole companion fungicide.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Dithiocarbamates and related compounds/

LC50 Rainbow trout 170 ug/l/96 hr @ 12 °C (95% confidence limit 120-230 ug/l), wt 1.2 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 99%/

LC50 Fathead minnow 2200 ug/l/96 hr @ 22 °C (95% confidence limit 1590-3040 ug/l), wt 0.9 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 99%/

LC50 Channel catfish 29 ug/l/96 hr @ 22 °C (95% confidence limit 22-37 ug/l), wt 1.2 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 99%/

LC50 Bluegill 850 ug/l/96 hr @ 22 °C (95% confidence limit 550-1300 ug/l), wt 0.9 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 99%/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BENOMYL (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3.20e+03

4.10e+04

9.70e+02

2.00e+03

8.50e-01

5.00e-02

Volatile

9.50e+03

1.20e+05

2.90e+03

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

Benomyl's production and use as a fungicide will result in its direct release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3.7X10-9 mm Hg at °C indicates benomyl will exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase benomyl will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, benomyl is expected to have slight mobility based upon a Koc of 2,000. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.93X10-12 atm-cu m/mole. Benomyl is not expected to volatilize from dry soils based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation is not expected to be a major environmental fate process since benomyl hydrolyzes rapidly to methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (carbendazim; MBC) and butyl isocyanate in moist soil and water. The half-life of benomyl is 2 and 19 hours in water and soil, respectively. If released into water, benomyl is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 9 suggests potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to benomyl may occur through inhalation of dust particles and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where benomyl is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to benomyl via ingestion of food products containing benomyl. (SRC)

Benomyl's production and use as a fungicide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 2,000(2), indicates that benomyl is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of benomyl from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 4.93X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(3). Benomyl is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(2). Biodegradation in soils may occur(4), but hydrolysis is the most important fate process. The hydrolysis half-life of benomyl in soil was reported as 19 hours(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2,000(2), indicates that benomyl is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.93X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(4). According to a classification scheme(5),an estimated BCF of 9(SRC), from a log Kow of 2.12(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low (SRC). Biodegradation in waters is not expected to be an important fate process since benomyl is hydrolyzed rapidly to methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (carbendazim; MBC) and butyl isocyanate(8). The half-life of benomyl in water was reported as 2 hours(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), benomyl, which has a vapor pressure of 3.7X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase benomyl may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

Mixed cultures from soil and water were able to use benomyl as a sole carbon source but the degradation rate was slow(1). A proposed pathway for the bacterial degradation of benomyl proceeds by 2-aminobenzimidazole(1). Strains of Psuedomonas were isolated from soil and water that could grow on a mineral salts medium with benomyl as the sole carbon source(2). In another study, four strains of bacteria and 2 of fungi, which decomposed benomyl to non-fungistatic compounds, were isolated from loamy garden soil(3). Decomposition (16-34%) of 14C ring-labeled benomyl, during 6 and 12 months incubation periods, occurred only in nonsterilized soil. Ring cleavage of the benzimidazole nucleus and metabolism of this moiety to CO2 is apparently related to the presence of microorganisms(4).

In aqueous solutions, especially under acidic conditions, benomyl is hydrolyzed to methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (carbendazim; MBC) and butyl isocyanate(1). In water, the conversion of benomyl to MBC is completed within one week(2). Benomyl in soil was shown to hydrolyze to MBC(3). The half-life of benomyl in water was reported as 2 hours(4). Since benomyl (dissolved in acetonitrile) has a light absorption maximum at 294 nm(5), benomyl may undergo direct photolysis(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 9 was calculated for benomyl(SRC), from a log Kow of 2.12(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

In a field study on the fate of benomyl applied to bare soil and to turf, benomyl and its degradation products showed little or no downward movement through the soil (Keyport silt loam, Cecil loamy sand, and Leon Immokalee fine sand)(1). Lab and greenhouse experiments showed that benomyl and its two soil metabolites, methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) and 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-AB), were immobile in soils (organic matter ranged from 0.7 to 83.5 percent) and did not leach or move significantly from the site of application(2). The Koc of benomyl measured in soil is 2,000(3). According to a classification scheme(4), this Koc value suggests that benomyl is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for benomyl is 4.93X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that benomyl is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Benomyl's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Benomyl is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.7X10-9 mm Hg(3).

Benomyl was detected in 3 rivers or streams from 485 samples of surface water collected in Arkansas from 1989-1991, at concns of 0.5-1.2 ug/l(1). Benomyl was detected at a mean concn of 2.7 ug/l in groundwater from the Patagonic Region, Argentina(2).

Benomyl or its degradation products were detected in leachate near a pesticide plant in Barcelona, Spain in concns of 5-10 ppm(1).

Benomyl was detected in air from California at a max concn of 0.06 ug/cu m(1).

Benomyl has been detected as a food residue (concn or food not reported) during regulatory monitoring conducted by the US Food and Drug Administration and Dept of Agric for fiscal years 1983-1986(1). Benomyl was detected in 3 imported agricultural commodities in Canada at a max concn of 0.1 ppm(2). Benomyl was identified, not quantified, in almond crops in Kern, CA(3). Benomyl was detected in 248 of 769 domestic apples at a max concn of 0.48 ppm and in 149 of 1,062 imported apples at a max concn of 0.66 ppm(4).

Occupational exposure to benomyl may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where benomyl is produced or used(SRC). Ten strawberry harvesters were monitored during working hours for dermal exposure to benomyl. The average dermal exposure rate was 5.39 mg/hr/person(1). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to benomyl via ingestion of food products containing benomyl(SRC).

FOOD: An estimate of benomyl exposure in Finnish populations is 38 ug/day(1).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Landfill: The low toxicity of the n-phenyl carbamates and of their demonstrated metabolites obviates any need for preliminary chemical treatment. Soil burial should suffice.

2757 151(carbamate pesticide, solid)

UN 2757; Carbamate pesticides, solid, toxic.

UN 2758; Carbamate pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 °C.

UN 2991; Carbamate pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable, flash point betwen 23 °C and 61 °C.

UN 2992; Carbamate pesticides, liquid, toxic.

For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for BENOMYL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 46-60-61-37/38-43-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 9; UN Pack Group: III