fluoranthene

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.5% (1 of 193) of reports.

H302 (97.9%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H400 (94.8%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (94.8%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P264, P270, P273, P301+P317, P330, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 193 reports by companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 193 reports by companies.

There are 8 notifications provided by 192 of 193 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this chemical can be controlled using a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Adsorption by activated carbon.

Spills and leaks of coal tar products must be cleaned up immediately, and employees engaged in cleanup must wear adequate personal protective garments and approved respiratory protective devices. Spills of hot coal tar, coal tar pitch ... may be covered with sand or other suitable mineral aggregate. ... /Coal tar products/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment.Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U120, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Good candidate for rotary kiln incineration, with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C and a residence time of seconds for liquids and gases, hours for solids. Also a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration, with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and a residence time of seconds for liquids and gases, longer for solids.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for Fluoranthene: Activated Carbon.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for FLUORANTHENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The employer shall ensure that ... all protective clothing is removed only in the change rooms ... and that contaminated protective clothing that is to be cleaned, laundered, or disposed of is placed in a closed container in the change room. /Coal tar products/

The NIOSH investigators concluded that coal tar pitch fumes during a roofing operation caused acute (short lived) eye and skin disorders in roofers, some of whom were exposed to concentrations of particulate polycyclic organic material (PPOM) greater than 0.2 mg/cu m of air. ... Incidence and severity of eye and skin effects depend on the concn of airborne particulate polycyclic organic material which ... depends on ... type of operation, ... type of pitch used, ... whether the pitch is heated, and ... environmental factors, such as wind. NIOSH recommended that roofers minimize the effects of coal tar pitch fumes by using protective measures. ... They should work upwind of pitch fumes and wash thoroughly at the end of the working day. /Coal tar products/

To prevent skin absorption of coal tar products ... do not use solvents to clean hands. ... /Coal tar products/

Eating and food preparation or dispensing (including vending mechines) shall be prohibited where there is occupational exposure to coal tar products. /Coal tar products/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for FLUORANTHENE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If a spill of this chemical occurs, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with acetone and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with acetone to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this material from exposure to light, and store it in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

Storage conditions shall be controlled to prevent overheating and pressure buildup in containers of coal tar products. Transfer and storage systems shall be designed and operated to prevent blockage by condensed coal tar products. /Coal tar products/

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

0.73 [mg/m3]

8.0 [mg/m3]

48 [mg/m3]

NIOSH considers coal tar pitch volatiles to be potential occupational carcinogens. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/

8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.2 mg/cu m. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek. BEI: None.; Biological monitoring should be considered for this compound based on the review; however, a specific BEI could not be determined due to insufficient data. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for FLUORANTHENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

Eye and Face protection: Cup type or rubber framed chemical safety goggles shall be worn by employees engaged in activities in which coal tar products may come in contact with the eyes. When employees are exposed to airborne coal tar products in excess of the limits ... a respirator with a full facepiece is required. ... Full length, plastic face shields (20 cm min) shall be worn, in addition to safety goggles. Protective clothing: For employees working with heated coal tar pitch, employers shall require use of protective clothing sufficient to prevent skin contact. Employees handling drums, cans, or other large containers of coal tar products shall wear impervious shoes or boots with safety toe caps. Leather safety shoes shall be protected ... by impervious coverings such as rubbers. /Coal tar products/

Respiratory protection from coal tar products for the following particulate concentration levels: 2 mg/cu m or less: A chemical cartridge respirator with an organic vapor cartridge(s) and with a fume or high efficiency filter or any supplied air respirator or any self contained breathing apparatus; 10 mg/cu m or less: A chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and an organic vapor cartridge(s) and with a fume or high efficiency filter, or a gas mask with a chin style or a front or back mounted organic vapor canister and with a full facepiece and a fume or high efficiency filter, or any supplied air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood, or any self contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece; 200 mg/ cu m or less: A type C supplied air respirator operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure or continuous flow mode, or a powered air purifying respirator with an organic vapor cartridge and a high efficiency particulate filter; 400 mg/cu m or less: A type C supplied air respirator with a full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode, or with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood operated in continuous flow mode; Greater than 400 mg/cu m or entry and escape from unknown concentrations: Self contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode, or a combination respirator which includes a type C supplied air respirator with a full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure or continuous flow mode and an auxillary self contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode; Escape: Any gas mask providing protection against organic vapors and particulates, including pesticide respirators which meet the requirements of this class, or any escape self contained breathing apparatus. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/

Eye/face protection: Tightly fitting safety goggles. Faceshield (8-inch minimum). Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for FLUORANTHENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Fluoranthene appears as light yellow fine crystals. (NTP, 1992)

Other Solid

Pale yellow solid; [HSDB]

Colored needles

Pale yellow needles or plates from alcohol

Pale yellow crystals

Pale yellow needles or plates

482 °F at 60 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

384 °C @760 [mm Hg]

230 °F (NTP, 1992)

110.2 °C

110.19 °C

198.0 °C (388.4 °F) Closed cup

less than 1 mg/mL at 64 °F (NTP, 1992)

Virtually insoluble (0.20-0.26 mg/L) in water

Soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, chloroform and carbon disulfide

Solubility in seawater at 22 °C: 0.1 + or - 0.06 ppm, 0.120 mg/L at 24 °C (99% purity)

/Fluoranthene/ has a high molecular weight and its relative non-polarity makes this cmpd very insoluble in water.

For more Solubility (Complete) data for FLUORANTHENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.252 at 32 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.252 at 0 °C/4 °C

1.252 @ 0°C

0.01 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.00000922 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure = 0.01 mm Hg at 20 °C

9.22X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C

log Kow = 5.16

Henry's Law constant = 9.45X10-6 atm cu-m/mol at 20 °C

Does not undergo photooxidation in organic solvents under fluorescent light or sunlight; resistant to photodecomposition

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions. - Carbon oxides.

When heated to decomp, it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

136.79 Ų [M]+ [CCS Type: TW; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: GC-APCI+]

137.48 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: GC-APCI+]

136.7 Ų [M*]+

137.2 Ų [M+H]+

Most reactive at positions 3 and 8; reduction with sodium in ethanol gives tetrahydrofluoranthene; can be chlorinated, brominated and nitrated relatively easily. Concentrated sulfuric acid gives a mono- and a disulfonic acid. Numerous Friedel-Crafts reactions have been carried out with fluoranthene; reacts with nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide to form nitro derivatives.

Halogenation, nitration, and sulfonation take place predominantly at the 4-position.

Hydroxyl radical rate constant= 5.00X10-11 cu-cm/molc sec at 25 °C

13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Vigorous reactions, sometimes amounting to explosions, can result from the contact between aromatic hydrocarbons, such as FLUORANTHENE, and strong oxidizing agents. They can react exothermically with bases and with diazo compounds. Substitution at the benzene nucleus occurs by halogenation (acid catalyst), nitration, sulfonation, and the Friedel-Crafts reaction.

Incompatible materials Strong oxidizing agents.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Fluoranthene is a solid. Currently, there is no known production of or use of this compound. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, or other organic substances, such as tobacco and charbroiled meat. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Fluoranthene was mutagenic to cultured human Iymphoblastoid cells in the presence of an exogenous metabolic system. It is confirmed human carcinogen. ANIMAL STUDIES: A 24 week lung adenoma bioassay using newborn mice was employed to determine the tumorigenicity of fluoranthene. A 6.5-fold elevation of lung tumor incidence (58%) and a 12-fold increase in numbers (1.08 tumors/mouse) was observed in animals treated with the highest dose (3.5 mg/mouse), but no increase in tumor incidence was induced by 700 micrograms/mouse. In other experiment, fluoranthene induced lung and liver tumors 6-9 months after intraperitoneal injection of 0.7, 1.75 and 3.5 mg into preweanling mice. Although fluoranthene is mutagenic in bacterial and mammalian in vitro cell systems following metabolic activation, information on in vivo mutagenicity is lacking and studies on tumor initiating activity in mice are equivocal. Fluoranthene can produce behavioral toxicity in rats. Fluoranthene could also compromise B lymphopoiesis. A developmental study was performed in which fluoranthene was administered once via intraperitoneal injection to pregnant C57/B6 mice on gestational day 6, 7, 8 or 9. An increased rate of embryo resorption was observed. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The acute and chronic toxicity of fluoranthene was determined for a diverse group of freshwater and saltwater species under both standard laboratory fluorescent light and ultraviolet (UV) light test conditions. Acute tests with 21 species demonstrated that fluoranthene was not lethal within its water solubility limit to most species tested under fluorescent light, but was lethal well below this limit to nearly all of the species tested under UV light. Overall, UV light increased acute fluoranthene toxicity approximately one to three orders of magnitude.

The ability of PAH's to bind to blood proteins such as albumin allows them to be transported throughout the body. Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (L10, L23, A27, A32)

Fluoranthene

4 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC) and(or) Waste-water effluent contaminant

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate.

No data are available in humans. Inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 92: (2010) Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

PAHs are carcinogens and have been associated with the increased risk of skin, respiratory tract, bladder, stomach, and kidney cancers. They may also cause reproductive effects and depress the immune system. (L10)

Oral (L10) ; inhalation (L10)

Acute exposure to PAHs causes irritation and inflammation of the skin and lung tissue. (A10)

1 x 10^-1 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

IRIS Current

PPRTV Current

ATSDR Final

LD50: 2000 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (L192)

LD50: 100 mg/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (L192)

LD50: 3180 mg/kg (Dermal, Rabbit) (L192)

LD50 Rat oral 2000 mg/kg bw (1270-3130)

LD50 Rabbit dermal 3180 mg/kg bw (2350-4290)

LD50 Mouse iv 100 mg/kg

There is no known antidote for PAHs. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L10)

Our environment is contaminated with a diverse array of chemicals; one of which is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). While some PAHs are potent by nature, others undergo interactions such as additivity, synergism, antagonism or potentiation to manifest their toxicity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a PAH compound influences the cytotoxicity and metabolism of fluoranthene (FLA; another PAH compound) using HT-29 cells. Cells cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium were treated with 1, 5, 10, 25 uM BaP and FLA (0.01% dimethylsulfoxide as vehicle) individually and in combination over the course of 0-96h. At the end of exposure, cells were stained with propidium iodide and the changes in cell cycle were analyzed using FACS analysis. Apoptosis was determined by caspase-3 assay. Post-incubation, samples were extracted and analyzed for FLA metabolites by reverse-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. Cells exposed to BaP+FLA showed a marginal decrease in growth as compared to FLA alone and vehicle controls. Also, a decline in the percentage of cells in the S and G2 phases compared to G1 phase of cell cycle was noted when cells were treated with BaP and FLA together, compared to individual FLA treatment. The rate of FLA metabolism was more when cells were exposed to FLA in combination with BaP, compared to FLA alone. The enhanced biotransformation of FLA as a result of concomitant exposure to BaP may have implications for colon cancer risks arising from human dietary exposure to PAH mixtures through consumption of barbecued meat.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) induce developmental defects including cardiac deformities in /Zebra/fish. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates the toxicity of some PAHs. Exposure to a simple PAH mixture during embryo development consisting of an AHR agonist (benzo(a)pyrene-BaP) with fluoranthene (FL), an inhibitor of cytochrome p450 1(CYP1)--a gene induced by AHR activation--results in cardiac deformities. Exposure to BaP or FL alone at similar concentrations alters heart rates, but does not induce morphological deformities. Furthermore, AHR2 knockdown prevents the toxicity of BaP+FL mixture. Here, we used a zebrafish microarray analysis to identify heart-specific transcriptomic changes during early development that might underlie cardiotoxicity of BaP+FL. We used AHR2 morphant embryos to determine the role of this receptor in mediating toxicity. Control and knockdown embryos at 36 hr post-fertilization were exposed to DMSO, 100 ug/L BaP, 500 ug/L FL, or 100 ug/L BaP+500 ug/L FL, and heart tissues for RNA were extracted at 2, 6, 12, and 18 hr-post-exposure (hpe), prior to the appearance of cardiac deformities. Data show AHR2-dependent BaP+FL effects on expression of genes involved in protein biosynthesis and neuronal development in addition to signaling molecules and their associated molecular pathways. Ca(2+)-cycling and muscle contraction genes were the most significantly differentially expressed category of transcripts when comparing BaP+FL-treated AHR2 morphant and control embryos. These differences were most prominent at 2 and 6 hpe. Therefore, we postulate that BaP+FL may affect cellular Ca(2+) levels and subsequently cardiac muscle function, potentially underlying BaP+FL cardiotoxicity.

The effect of the cocarcinogen fluoranthene on the DNA binding and metabolism of [3H]benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in vivo in mouse skin has been investigated. In the presence of fluoranthene the level of B[a]]P-DNA binding was increased at each of the time intervals examined (4, 8, 24 and 48 hr) with enhancements ranging from 76% at 4 hr to 36% at 48 hr. The ratio of anti-7,8,-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (anti-BPDE)-DNA adducts/syn-BPDE-DNA adducts was also increased in the presence of fluoranthene. This increase was greatest at 8 hr (44%) but by 48 h the ratio was identical in the presence and absence of fluoranthene. The observed increase in anti-BPDE-DNA adducts/syn-BPDE-DNA adducts did not parallel increases in B[a]P-DNA binding suggesting that alteration of the anti-BPDE/syn-BPDE ratio is not a major contributing factor to the cocarcinogenic activity of fluoranthene. The influence of fluoranthene on the metabolism of B[a]P in vivo in mouse skin was also investigated. Fluoranthene was found to have little or no effect on the formation of ethyl acetate extractable metabolites of B[a]P in mouse skin. Specifically, there was no increase in the amount of B[a]P-7,8-diol in the presence of fluoranthene. Fluoranthene also had little or no effect on the levels of beta-glucuronide or sulfate conjugates of B[a]P metabolites formed in vivo in mouse skin. These studies suggest that the effect of fluoranthene is being expressed at some point after B[a]P has been activated to an ultimate carcinogen.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates many of the toxic effects of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Strong AHR agonists, such as certain polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), cause severe cardiac teratogenesis in fish embryos. Moderately strong AHR agonists, such as benzo[a]pyrene and beta-naphthoflavone, have been shown to cause similar cardiotoxic effects when coupled with a cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) inhibitor, such as fluoranthene (FL). We sought to determine if weak AHR agonists, when combined with a CYP1A inhibitor (FL) or CYP1A morpholino gene knockdown, are capable of causing cardiac deformities similar to moderately strong AHR agonists. The weak AHR agonists included the following: carbaryl, phenanthrene, 2-methylindole, 3-methylindole, indigo, and indirubin. Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos were first exposed to weak AHR agonists at equimolar concentrations. The agonists were assessed for their relative potency as inducers of CYP1 enzyme activity, measured by the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay, and cardiac deformities. Carbaryl, 2-methylindole, and 3-methylindole induced the highest CYP1A activity in zebrafish. Experiments were then conducted to determine the individual cardiotoxicity of each compound. Next, zebrafish were coexposed to each agonist (at concentrations below those determined to be cardiotoxic) and FL in combination to assess if CYP1A inhibition could induce cardiac deformities. Carbaryl, 2-methylindole, 3-methylindole, and phenanthrene significantly increased pericardial edema relative to controls when combined with FL. To further evaluate the interaction of the weak AHR agonists and CYP1A inhibition, a morpholino was used to knockdown CYP1A expression, and embryos were then exposed to each agonist individually. In embryos exposed to 2-methylindole, CYP1A knockdown caused a similar level of pericardial edema to that caused by exposure to 2-methylindole and FL. The results showed a complex pattern of cardiotoxic response to weak agonist inhibitor exposure and morpholino-knockdown. However, CYP1A knockdown in phenanthrene and 3-methylindole only moderately increased pericardial edema relative to coexposure to FL. AHR2 expression was also knocked down using a morpholino to determine its role in mediating the observed cardiac teratogenesis. Knockdown of AHR2 did not rescue the pericardial edema as previously observed with strong AHR agonists. While some of the cardiotoxicity observed may be attributed to the combination of weak AHR agonism and CYP1A inhibition, other weak AHR agonists appear to be causing cardiotoxicity through an AHR2-independent mechanism. The data show that CYP1A is protective of the cardiac toxicity associated with weak AHR agonists and that knockdown can generate pericardial edema, but these findings are also suggestive of differing mechanisms of cardiac toxicity among known AHR agonists.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for FLUORANTHENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SRP:/ Immediate First Aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary. ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 L of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aromatics hydrocarbons and related compounds/

The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to coal tar pitch volatiles at potentially hazardous levels. 1) Initial medical examination: A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect existing conditions that might place an exposed employee at greater risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the oral cavity, respiratory tract, bladder, and kidneys should be stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence of chronic disorders, for premalignant and malignant lesions, and evidence of hyperpigmentation or photosensitivity. Urinalysis: Coal tar pitch volatiles are associated with an excess of kidney and bladder cancer. A urinalysis should be obtained to include at a minimum, specific gravity, albumin, glucose, and a microscopic /examination/ of centrifuged sediment, as well as a test for red blood cells. ... /Coal tar pitch volatiles/

1) Urinary cytology: Coal tar pitch volatiles are associated with an excess of kidney and bladder cancer. Employees having 5 or more years of exposure or who are 45 years of age or older should have a urinary cytology examination. 2) Coal tar pitch volatiles are associated with an excess of lung cancer. Employees having 10 or more years of exposure or who are 45 years of age or older should have a sputum cytology examination, a 14" x 17" chest roentgenogram, and periodic measure of FVC and FEV (1 sec). 3) Due to the possibility of benzene exposure associated with coal tar pitch volatiles, a complete blood count is considered necessary to search for leukemia and aplastic anemia. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants formed from combustion products of fossil fuels, cigarette smoking and in grilled/smoked foods. They are reported to alter trophoblast proliferation in placenta, in addition to disturbing its endocrine functions, which may be able to increase the risk of preterm delivery in pregnant women. The present study was planned to assess possible involvement of PAHs exposure of pregnant women (measured as placental PAHs concentrations) with preterm delivery cases among women of Lucknow city (India). We performed a case-control study and a total of 60 mothers (n=31 full term and n=29 preterm deliveries) were recruited at a local nursing home of Lucknow, for the period of August 2005-February 2006. Subsequent to parturition, placental tissues from each participant were immediately collected and kept at -20 degrees C until PAHs analyses. Placental tissue PAHs concentrations were determined by HPLC, using a fluorescence detector. Mean+/-SD placental level (61.91+/-12.43 ppb) of benzo(b)fluoranthene, a carcinogenic PAH, was found significantly elevated (p<0.05) among women with preterm delivery when compared with the level (23.84+/-7.01) in women having full-term deliveries. In the same way, non-carcinogenic fluoranthene level (325.91+/-45.14 ppb) was also detected to be higher in the preterm delivery group compared to 208.6+/-21.93 ppb level from the full-term delivery group of women. Additionally naphthalene, acenaphthylene, phenanthrene, anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene levels in placental tissue were also found to be higher in the preterm delivery group of women but the difference did not reach statistically significant levels. This foremost study from India with modest samples size and limited statistical power does not show a substantial involvement of PAHs with preterm delivery, but higher concentrations of placental PAHs detected among preterm delivery group of women could show some possible association with these environmental toxicants. Further study with large sample size, controlled for confounders and great statistical power, is reasonable to elucidate the association of PAHs exposure with preterm delivery of women in India.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Fluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and a principal constituent of PAH-contaminated aquatic systems. In the present study, fluorescein diacetate uptake and the Comet assay were used to assess the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of fluoranthene in HaCaT (human adult low calcium high temperature) cells in the presence or absence of ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation. Exposure of cells to 0.1, 0.25, 0.75, 2, and 5 uM fluoranthene alone for 30 min or to 6.1 +/- 0.07 J/sq cm UVA alone did not cause cytotoxicity or cellular DNA damage. However, concomitant exposure to both caused a nonlinear dose-response in cytotoxicity to HaCat cells. The same exposure conditions also resulted in a dose-responsive DNA damage in HaCaT cells. Because DNA damage mainly was detected at relatively high levels of cytotoxicity, we cannot rule out the possibility that it occurred as a consequence of cellular toxicity mechanisms.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Fluoranthene was mutagenic to ... cultured human lymphoblastoid cells in the presence of an exogenous metabolic system.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ The toxicity of ... fluoranthene ... to HeLa cells was detected by the colony formation and the cell sheet formation methods ... 50 ug/ml inhibited the colony formation. At 100 ug/ml, fluoranthene caused a 25% inhibition. ... The toxicity ... determined by the colony formation method differed from that detected by the cell sheet formation method.

LC50; Species: Mysid shrimp; Conditions: static; Concentration: 40 ug/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: /Lepomis macrochirus/ (Bluegill); Conditions: static; Concentration: 3,980 ug/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Polychaete /worm/; Conditions: static; Concentration: 500 mg/L for 96 hr

EC50; Species: Selenastrum capricornutum (alga); Conditions: static; Concentration: 54,400 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: cell numbers

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for FLUORANTHENE (65 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The synergistic effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) was tested on the coral Porites divaricata. Small branches were incubated in different concentrations of fluoranthene followed by exposure to ecologically relevant levels of natural solar radiation, with and without UVR. Exposure to the highest concentration of fluoranthene (60 ug/L) resulted in decreased photochemical efficiency of corals exposed concomitantly to UVR but not in corals exposed to 60 ug/L fluoranthene without UVR. After 6 days, most coral samples that were exposed to fluoranthene and UVR bleached or died (78%) on the upper side of the branches. At 60 ug/L fluoranthene with UVR, 11 out of 12 samples died and the remaining sample bleached, much greater than the number of samples that bleached in manipulation or solvent controls. On the under side of the same samples, where the coral polyps are naturally protected from UVR, 11 out of 12 samples remained healthy and intact. The high UVR doses that shallow water dwelling corals receive combined with the results of this study show that photoinduced toxicity of PAHs is a stress factor that needs to be studied in more detail in coral reef ecosystems.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The goals of this study were to use behavioral and histopathological endpoints to examine the sublethal effects of fluoranthene exposure in conjunction with solar ultraviolet radiation on bullfrog larvae. Exposure to fluoranthene and simulated solar ultraviolet radiation for 48 hr caused a significant effect on locomotor behavior at 60 ug fluoranthene. At 96 hr, however, hyperactivity was noted in the 40-ug fluoranthene/L exposure. The skin of bullfrog larvae was sensitive to the phototoxic effects of fluoranthene. Following exposure to sublethal levels of fluoranthene (10 ug fluoranthene/L) there were signs of necrosis as well as structural alterations in the skin when examined using light microscopy. Based on these results, the photoinduced toxicity of fluoranthene, and hence other phototoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pose a potential hazard to ranid larvae well within the water solubility limits of the compound.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Embryos and newly hatched larvae of three amphibian species, the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens), and the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), were exposed to fluoranthene and ultraviolet (UV) light in two scenarios. Embryos were exposed in a laboratory setting from an early developmental stage through hatching under artificial UV light, and newly hatched larvae were exposed outdoors in varying sunlight intensity levels. Outdoor exposures indicated greater sensitivity in the toxic response than did laboratory exposures. In the laboratory, mortality and malformation of X. laevis were the most sensitive indicators of exposure. Xenopus laevis was also the most sensitive species tested to the effects of UV light alone. Hatching success of R. pipiens was monitored outdoors and was not a useful predictive endpoint in the determination of photoinduced toxicity; however, newly hatched larvae were sensitive to the effects of photoinduced toxicity. Amybstoma maculatum and X. laevis larvae were affected by low (ug/L) concentrations of fluoranthene in sunlight. These findings suggest that low levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons could be acting synergistically with environmental factors such as UV light to place young amphibians at risk.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as fluoranthene (Flu), are of environmental concern because of their persistence, toxicity, and mutagenic properties. In this study we examined the genotoxicity of Flu to Capitella sp. I using the comet assay. ... Patterns of DNA damage /were assessed/ as a function of uptake route and as a function of exposure and depuration time and related levels of DNA damage to published information on Flu-metabolite formation. Exposure to approximately 30 ug Flu/g dry-weight sediment or 50 ug Flu/L seawater resulted in significant DNA damage. The degree of DNA damage was time dependent during both exposure and depuration, and although exposure route had no effect on the maximum degree of DNA damage occurring, it did influence the time course of damage. Levels of damage declined despite continued exposure to Flu, providing evidence for the induction of one or more DNA repair mechanisms. Comparison with Flu-metabolite profiles suggests that DNA damage is associated with the production of aqueous metabolites. The transitory nature of the DNA damage and repair process may contribute important insights into the mechanisms of toxicant effects at the molecular level but limits the usefulness of such endpoints as biomarkers of exposure or effect in ecotoxicological studies.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for FLUORANTHENE (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2.40e+03

3.00e+04

8.00e+02

2.00e-01

8.90e+01

4.00e-02

Volatile

7.20e+03

9.00e+04

Fluoranthene occurs in fossil fuels. Its release to the environment is wide spread since it is a ubiquitous product of incomplete combustion. It is released to the atmosphere in emissions from the combustion of oil, gasoline, coal, wood and refuse. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 9.22X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates fluoranthene will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase fluoranthene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 8 hours. Particulate-phase fluoranthene will be physically removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Fluoranthene absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. However, particulate phase fluoranthrene can be stable to photo-oxidation which will permit its long range global transport. Fluoranthene is found both in the free and adsorbed state in both the aqueous and atmospheric compartments and photodegradation is usually different in the sorbed state. If released to soil, fluoranthene is expected to have no mobility based upon a Koc range of 29,500-295,000. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.45X10-6 atm-cu m/mole; however, adsorption is expected to attenuate this process. Fluoranthene is not expected volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. The degradation half-life for fluoranthene applied to Kidman sandy loam and McLaurin sandy loam was determined to be 377 days and 268 days, respectively, suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, fluoranthene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based on the Koc. In shake flask studies, an initial fluoranthene concentration of 16.2 ug/mL was reduced to 7.6 ug/mL following 2 weeks incubation in contaminated groundwater from a US Superfund site, indicating that biodegradation may be a gradual environmental fate process under certain condition. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based on its Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 and 46 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond was 17 years when adsorption was considered. Measured BCF values of 380-6,110 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high. However, it may not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms which contain microsomal oxidase, such as fish, as this enzyme enables the rapid metabolism of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. The estimated photolysis half-life in sunlit surface waters was 21 hours. Occupational exposure to fluoranthene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where fluoranthene is generated. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to fluoranthrene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and smoking tobacco products. (SRC)

Fluoranthene has been identified in crude oil and fossil fuels(1).

Fluoranthene's occurence primarily in products of incomplete combustion such as cigarette smoke and engine exhaust(1) may result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Fluoranthene has also been identified in food products such as charbroiled hamburger and seafood(2,3), as well as in butter, fats, and oil(4).

/Laboratory tests/ conducted on steel panels coated with coal tar /revealed that/ after 1 wk of static testing, several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were found in leachate samples. ... /fluoranthene among 6 others/ ranged from 13 to 56 ug/L. ... in EPA laboratory, coal-tar-based coatings were tested on glass plates with flowing tap water. Concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons /were found/ in water after 25 & 165 days ... /including fluoranthene among 2 others/ at 14000 to 46000 ng/L ... /leachate samples from/ petroleum asphalt coatings on ductile-iron pipe...analyzed by HPLC ... & GC/MS using recirculation test system & sampling times ranging from 10 min to 293 hr ... Fluoranthene was measured at 7 ng/L, the highest concentration for any single PAH covered by World Health Organization standards. ... /leachates from/ cement- & asphalt-lined cast-iron pipe /were tested/ using number of analytical techniques ... fluoranthene (4-6 ng/L) ... /identified/ in water that had been in contact with asphalt lining.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc range of 29,500 to 295,000(2) indicates that fluoranthene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of fluoranthene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important environmental fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 9.45X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(3); however, adsorption is expected to attenuate this process. Fluoranthene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on a vapor pressure of 9.22X10-6 mm Hg at 25 C(3). The degradation half-life for fluoranthene applied to Kidman sandy loam and McLaurin sandy loam was determined to be 377 days and 268 days, respectively(4), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc range of 29,500 to 295,000 in sediment(2) indicates that fluoranthene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.45X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 days and 46 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond was 17 years when adsorption was considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), BCF values of 380(7) to 6,110(8,9) suggest that the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high(SRC). However, it may not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms which contain microsomal oxidase, such as fish, as this enzyme enables the rapid metabolism of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(10). Half-lives for the direct photochemical decomposition of fluoranthene in freshwater ranged from 21.0 hours near the surface of freshwater (simulated latitude, 40 deg N, mid-day, mid-summer) to 200 hours at a depth of 5 m and partitioned to bottom sediment(11). Fluoranthene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3). In shake flask studies, an initial fluoranthene concentration of 16.2 ug/mL was reduced to 7.6 ug/mL following 2 weeks incubation in contaminated groundwater from a US Superfund site(12) indicates that biodegradation may be a gradual environmental fate process under certain conditions(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), fluoranthene, which has a vapor pressure of 9.22X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase fluoranthene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 8 hours(SRC) calculated from its rate constant of 5.0X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Particulate-phase fluoranthene may be physically removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). The atmospheric lifetime of vapor-phase fluoranthene due to reaction with nitrate radicals has been calculated as approximately 85 days(4). Fluoranthene absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The photolytic half-life of fluoranthene adsorbed to silica, alumina, fly ash, and carbon black substrates were measured as 74, 23, 44, and >1,000 hours, respectively, following irradiation with a 400 watt mercury lamp(6). Fluoranthene is found both in the free and adsorbed state in both the aqueous and atmospheric compartments and photodegradation is usually different in the sorbed state(7).

AEROBIC: Laboratory studies show that fluoranthene can be substantially mineralized in sediments containing indigenous microorganisms; major metabolites include fluoranthene trans-2,3-dihydrodiol, and 8 and 9-hydroxyfluoranthene trans-2,3-dihydrodiols(1). In shake flask studies, an initial fluoranthene concentration of 16.2 ug/mL was reduced to 7.6 ug/mL following 2 weeks incubation in contaminated groundwater from the American Creosote Works Superfund site, Pensacola, FL(2). In a pilot wastewater treatment plant, no fluoranthene was lost due to biodegradation(3). The presence of the anionic surfactant SDS was found to enhance the biodegradation of fluoranthene(4). Mixed results were reported in a static biodegradability test employing a domestic wastewater inoculum where 100% and 0% of the fluoranthene was degraded in four successive weekly subcultures at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/L, respectively(5). Fluoranthene removal from the waste water of six municipal waste water treatment plants along the Rhine River in The Netherlands avgd 95%(6).

AEROBIC: When crude oil enriched with fluoranthene was incubated with coastal sediment in a flowing seawater system, 1.9%-2.4% of the chemical was removed per week translating to a half-life of 143-182 days(1,2) or a degradation rate of 2 ng/g-soil per hour at a concn of 10 ug/g(1). Microbial degradation was more rapid in upper surfaces than in lower layers of sediment and greatest where the sediment grain size was largest(2). When percolated through a soil column in a mixture of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fluoranthene degraded with a half-life of 44 days(1,3). When 7 applications of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon-containing oily sludge was amended to soil over a two year period and then monitored for an additional year and a half, the fluoranthene residue in the soil at the end of the 2 year ammendation period was decreased by 39% in the following year and a half(6). In the sludge ammendation experiment, 4.7% of the applied fluoranthene remained after 3 1/2 years(4).

AEROBIC: Seventy-one and 15% of an initial concentration of 400 ug/g fluoranthene remained after 240 days in an unacclimated agricultural sandy loam soil incubated at 20 and 30 °C, respectively; corresponding half-lives were estimated to be about 440 and 140 days(1). The half-life of fluoranthene in Kidman sandy loam soil was determined to be 26 days (oil refinery waste on soil), 440 days (synthetic mixture on soil), 74 days (1% creosote on soil), and 377 days (single constituents)(2). The half-life of fluoranthene in a wood preserving sludge soil was determined to be 91 days, from an initial concentration of 1200 mg/kg and a final concentration of 30 mg/kg after 287 days(3). The half-life of fluoranthene in a sludge-amended soil and in a spiked soil was reported to be 110 and 16 days, respectively(4). The degradation half-life for fluoranthene applied to Kidman sandy loam and McLaurin sandy loam was determined to be 377 days and 268 days, respectively(5). A study in which polyaromatic hydrocarbon contaminated sludge was applied to 4 soil samples collected in Lancaster, England resulted in biodegradation half-lives of 110, 184, 143, and 110 days for fluoranthene(6). A long term field study of the application of sewage sludge to soil at Luddington and Lee Valley, UK, resulted in average biodegradation half-lives of 7.8 and 3.1 years, respectively, for fluoranthene(7).

PURE CULTURE: It has been shown that several bacterial strains isolated from the marine environment(1) and sewage(2) are capable of degrading fluoranthene.

ANAEROBIC: Anaerobic sludge digestion over a period of 32 days was found to have no statistically significant effect on the concn of fluoranthene(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of fluoranthene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 5.0X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 8 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The atmospheric lifetime of vapor-phase fluoranthene due to reaction with nitrate radicals has been calculated as approximately 85 days(2). Fluoranthene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3).

The fraction of fluoranthene adsorbed to particulate matter in the atmosphere follows a Langmuir adsorption curve, being a function of suspended particle concentration and with a greater fraction of the chemical being in the vapor phase at higher temperature(1,2). During the year, between 1 and 23% of the fluoranthene was sorbed to particulate matter in Osaka, Japan(1).

Fluoranthene absorbs solar radiation strongly and thereby can undergo direct photolysis(1,2). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons also photodecompose in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone, other oxidants, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides while singlet oxygen is considered to be the major oxidant species in water(2). Fluoranthene is found both in the free and adsorbed state in both the aqueous and atmospheric compartments and photodegradation is usually different in the sorbed state. No significant degradation was observed when fluoranthene vapor adsorbed on coal fly ash from the electrostatic precipitator of a power plant was irradiated for 3.3 hr using a xexon lamp(3). When filters containing pure fluoranthene were exposed to air and synthetic smog (1 hr exposure equivalent of 100 hr exposure to natural smog), 20 and 24% of the cmpd decomposed in air in 48 hr in darkness or light, respectively. 59% was lost in 1 hr when exposed to smog and light(4). When filters containing fluoranthene sorbed on combustion particules were exposed, 4% of the compound was lost in 48 hrs in air and light while 59% was lost in 1 hr exposed to synthetic smog and light(4). Therefore, it would appear that sorbed fluoranthene is less reactive than the free vapor in air but equally reactive in photochemical smog(4). It should be noted that sorption on certain types of surfaces (eg silica gel) greatly enhances photodecomposition(2). When particulate matter from air was analyzed immediately and after being stored in a sealed envelope, it was found that 37% and 92% of the fluoranthene was lost in storage after 3 wks and 1 yr, respectively(2).

In water, the half-life resulting from direct photolysis of fluoranthene in near surface waters exposed to sunlight (latitude 4 deg N, midday, midsummer) is calculated to be 21 hrs(1). If the water body is deep or turbid, the sunlight is attenuated. For example, in a well mixed body of water 5 m deep that contained sediment of 20 mg/1, the half-life is increased to 160 hrs if one does not take partitioning to particulate matter into account and 200 hrs if one does(1). Photolysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in nonpolar organic solvents are typically 10-100 times less than in water(1). Sorption onto green and blue green algae photosensitizes the degradation of fluoranthene(2). In the presence of algae at a concentration of 1-10 mg/1 chlorophyll, the photodegradation rate is increased by a factor of 6.6-11(2).

The BCF of fluoranthene in sunfish was determined to range between 2,640-6,110(1). In a 21 day bioconcentration test in a flow through tank, the log BCF in rainbow trout was 2.58 (BCF = 380)(2). A 28 day experiment in a flow through tank detected a log BCF of 3.60 (BCF = 3,981) after 7 days in fathead minnows; depuration occurred in 2 days(3). According to a classification scheme(4), the BCF values in sunfish, rainbow trout and fathead minnows suggest that the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high(SRC). However, it may not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms which contain microsomal oxidase, such as fish, as this enzyme enables the rapid metabolism of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(5). The BCF for fluoranthene in the clam Crassostrea virginica was 10,000 from 8 days exposure to 0.004 ppm fluoranthene via the overlying water column(6). Bioconcentration factors (ratio between tissue and sediment concentrations) of 5.7 and 12.0 were measured in Polychaete sp. and Capitella capitata(7). The BCF of fluoranthene in crayfish was determined to range between 1,520-3,510(1). A mean BCF of 76,696 was measured in the fresh-water amphipod Pontoporeia hoyi(8). When oysters were suspended in oil treated enclosures contaminated with fluoranthene dissolved in Prudhoe crude oil, the log BCF was 4.09 after 2 days exposure; after the oysters were transferred to clean water, depuration half-life was 5 days(9).

Fluoranthene was detected in the soft-body tissue of the oyster Crassostrea virginica after 43 days incubation in the water of Pensacola Bay, FL at concns of 4 to 29 ug/kg(1). The mean fluoranthene concn in the amphipod Diporeia following 2 days exposure to sediment-sorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was 319, 145, and 120 nmol/g for sediments aged 3, 60, and 150 days, respectively(2). The half-life of fluoranthene in rainbow trout, clams, mussels, oysters, shrimp, and polycheates avgd 6, 3.3-8.4 days, 2.0-29.8 days, 5.9 days, 0.8 days, and 5.8 days, respectively(3). Mercenaria mercenaria, exposed in vitro for 48 hours to fluoranthene found in waste crankcase oil, did not significantly eliminate fluoranthene over a 45-day depuration period(4).

The measured log Koc for fluoranthene following 15 days of incubation in Oakland, Mixed and Red Hook sediments was determined to be 4.67 to 5.28, 4.72 to 5.47, and 4.47 to 4.62, respectively(1). The average log Koc value for fluoranthene in sediment from Brown's Lake, MS, and Hamlet City Lake, NC after six months incubation was reported to be 4.51 and 5.05, respectively(2). Sorption coefficients for fluoranthene obtained during 48 hour batch experiments using two lake sediments with an organic carbon content of 1.87 and 2.07%, and a high chemical concentration were 2600 and 2700, respectively(3). The log Koc values for fluoranthene on three soils from Germany and one from China were determined to be 4.81, 4.65, 4.80, and 4.83, respectively(4). The log Kdoc (partition coefficient for sorption to dissolved organic carbon) of fluoranthene was reported to range from 5.12 to 5.22; the log Kpoc (partition coefficient for sorption to particulate organic material was reported to be 5.4(5). Log Koc values reported in the literature were reported to be 4.79(6), 4.62(7), 4.74(8) and 4.87(9). According to a classification scheme(10), these log Koc values suggest that fluoranthene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for fluoranthene is 9.45X10-6 atm-cu(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that fluoranthene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as 46 days(SRC). Fluoranthene's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur. However, adsorption is expected to attenuate the rate of volatilization from water and moist soils(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model pond was estimated as 17 years when adsorption was considered(3). Fluoranthene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based on a vapor pressure of 9.22X10-6 mm Hg(1).

GROUNDWATER: Fluoranthene was detected in a coal tar contaminated aquifer in St Louis Park, MN(2). Fluoranthene concentrations as high as 10 ug/l have been detected in contaminated ground water in the Netherlands(3). Fluoranthene concentrations in groundwater in Germany ranged from 26.2-169.0 ng/L(2). Fluoranthene has been detected in raw water from the ground water supply in the Ohio River Basin(4). Fluoranthene was detected in 1 of 4 wells sampled in November down gradient from a wood preserving plant using creosote; these samples in July showed no PAH(5).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U120, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Good candidate for rotary kiln incineration, with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C and a residence time of seconds for liquids and gases, hours for solids. Also a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration, with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and a residence time of seconds for liquids and gases, longer for solids.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for Fluoranthene: Activated Carbon.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for FLUORANTHENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Flammable Solid