fenamiphos

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P320, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300+H310+H330 (27.2%): Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (63.2%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H311 (36.8%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319 (57.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (63.2%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 114 reports by companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Note: Fenamiphos is a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Fenamiphos Exposure: Acute exposure to fenamiphos may produce the following signs and symptoms: pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, muscle spasms, and profound weakness. Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, seizures, and coma may also occur. The heart rate may increase following oral exposure or decrease following dermal exposure. Hypotension (low blood pressure) may occur although hypertension (high blood pressure) is not uncommon. Chest pain may be noted. Respiratory symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), respiratory depression, and respiratory paralysis. Psychosis may occur.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to fenamiphos may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to fenamiphos.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to fenamiphos.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of fenamiphos is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of fenamiphos may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, n.o.s.) Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing.

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, n.o.s.) This material may burn, but does not ignite readily. For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

Use powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Containers ... should be cleaned with a suspension of bleaching powder in water or with other alkaline soln after soaking for 24 hr and then be rinsed with hot water. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Work clothing that becomes wet and significantly contaminated should be removed or replaced.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for FENAMIPHOS (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Caution : Explosion potential is high; containers may explode in heat of fire. Avoid sources of extreme heat.

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, n.o.s.) Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Take up small spills with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place in containers for later disposal. Take up small, dry spills with clean shovel and place in clean, dry container. Dike far ahead of large spills for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from food and feedstuffs. Well closed.

You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures and away from mineral acids and bases.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: mg/m3)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: mg/m3)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: mg/m3)

1.0mg/m3

3.0 mg/m3

0.80 mg/m3

2.4 mg/m3

0.70 mg/m3

2.1 mg/m3

0.53 mg/m3

1.6 mg/m3

0.43 mg/m3

1.3 mg/m3

NOTE THAT VALUES ARE IN mg/m3, NOT ppm.

AEGLs Status: Proposed

0.20 [mg/m3]

0.90 [mg/m3]

3.3 [mg/m3]

0.1 mg/m³

TWA 0.1 mg/m3 [skin]

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

0.05 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m (inhalable fraction and vapor), skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: cholinesterase activity in red blood cells; Sampling Time: discretionary; BEI: 70% of individual's baseline. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. /Acetylcholinesterase inhibiting pesticides/

0.05 mg/m

0.05 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2005]

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly on spraying or when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance may cause effects on the nervous system. This may result in convulsions and respiratory failure. Cholinesterase inhibition. Exposure could cause death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Tolerances are established for residues of the nematicide/insecticide fenamiphos, ethyl 3-methyl-4-(methylthio)phenyl 1-(methylethyl)phosphoramidate, including its metabolites and degradates, in or on the commodities in the following table. Compliance with the tolerance levels specified in this paragraph is to be determined by measuring only the sum of fenamiphos, ethyl 3-methyl-4-(methylthio)phenyl 1-(methylethyl)phosphoramidate, and its cholinesterase inhibiting metabolites ethyl 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl 1-(methylethyl)phosphoramidate and ethyl 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl 1-(methylethyl)phosphoramidate, calculated as the stoichiometric equivalent of fenamiphos, in or on the commodity.[Table#5976]

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Fenamiphos:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin:

• WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

• DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Fenamiphos appears as brown waxy solid or colorless solid. Used as a nematocide. (EPA, 1998)

Off-white to tan, waxy solid. [insecticide] [Note: Found commercially as a granular ingredient (5-15%) or in an emulsifiable concentrate (400 g/l).]; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Off-white to tan, waxy solid.

Off-white to tan, waxy solid. [insecticide] [Note: Found commercially as a granular ingredient (5-15%) or in an emulsifiable concentrate (400 g/l).]

Colorless crystals

Off-white to tan, waxy solid

Decomposes (NTP, 1992)

decomposes

450 °C @760 [mm Hg]

121 °F (EPA, 1998)

Off-white to tan waxy solid with a melting point of 49 °C and a vapor pressure of 4.7X10-5 mm Hg at 20 °C /Technical grade/

less than 1 mg/mL at 69 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 400 mg/L at 20 °C

In water, 329 mg/L at 20 °C

In dichloromethane, isopropanol, toluene > 200; hexane 10-20 (all in g/L, 20 °C)

Soluble in organic solvents

0.329 mg/mL at 20 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml: 0.03

1.14 at 39-120 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.15 g/cu cm at 15 °C

1.15 g/cm³

1.14 at 39-120 °F

1.15 @ 20°C

9.8e-09 mmHg at 86 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.00005 [mmHg]

9.0X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 30 °C:

0.00005 mmHg

0.000001 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 3.23

In laboratory conditions, fenamiphos is stable at pH 5-7.

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /phosphorous, nitric and sulfur oxides/.

40% degradation in propanol-water mixture after 14 days at pH 2. No degradation after 50 days at pH 7. 50% degradation after 31.5 hr at pH 11.3.

pKa = 10.50 at 25 °C

171.3 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI+; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID3024102]

172.5 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: APCI+; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID3024102]

178.1 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI+; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID3024102]

172.2 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI-; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID3024102]

177.85 Ų [M+Na]+

This compound is hydrolyzed by strong acids and strong alkalis. (NTP, 1992)

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

Sulfides, Organic

Organothiophosphates, such as FENAMIPHOS, are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

May hydrolyze under alkaline conditions.

None reported [Note: May hydrolyze under alkaline conditions.]

Fenamiphos is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

Fenamiphos

2.5 x 10 ^-4 mg/kg-day

Pesticide

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group E Evidence of Non-carcinogenicity for Humans

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Abdominal cramps. Convulsions. Dizziness. Sweating. Nausea. Unconsciousness. Pupillary constriction, muscle cramp, excessive salivation. Symptoms may be delayed.

MAY BE ABSORBED! See Inhalation.

Further see Inhalation.

See Inhalation.

nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, salivation; headache, dizziness, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); rhinorrhea (discharge of thin nasal mucus), chest tightness; blurred vision, miosis; cardiac irreg; muscle fasciculation; dyspnea (breathing difficulty)

Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result.

respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, blood cholinesterase

Other Poison - Organophosphate

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

FAO/WHO ADI: 0.0005 mg/kg

Oral RfD: 0.00025 mg/kg/day (UF: 100, MF: 1)

IRIS Current

LC50 (rat) = 91 mg/m3/4h

LC50 Rat inhalation 91 mg/cu m/ 4hr

LD50 Rat dermal 80 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 22.7 mg/kg

LD50 Dog oral 10 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for FENAMIPHOS (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

Male mice were treated orally with the organophosphorus insecticides fenamiphos and dichlorvos at 10 and 150 mg/kg respectively. The insecticides produced signs of toxicosis characteristic of cholinesterase inhibition and induced death in all treated mice. Pretreatment of mice with diphenhydramine HCl (20 and 30 mg/kg subcutaneously 15 min. before either insecticide significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the incidence of toxic manifestations (excessive salivation, Straub tail, and whole body tremor), delayed the onset of death and increased the percentage of survivors. Doses of diphenhydramine less than 20 mg/kg were not so effective. The data indicated a protective property of diphenhydramine against organophosphorus insecticide-induced toxicosis.

A comatose patient who is diaphoretic, has pinpoint pupils and the odor of an insecticide on clothing or breath, and is noted to have muscle fasciculations represents the classic presentation of organophosphate poisoning. ... Specific steps in management include the following. 1. Decontamination. ... 2. Airway. Establish an airway if necessary. ... 3. Respiratory Status. Respiratory distress, in fact, is commonly found in these patients from multiple causes. ... 4. Cardiac Monitoring. ... 5. Cholinesterase Level. ... 6. Pralidoxime. Pralidoxime is the treatment of choice for organophosphate poisoning and should be used for nearly all patients with clinically significant organophosphate poisoning, particularly those patients with muscular fasciculations and weakness. ... 7. Atropine. Atropine is the physiologic antidote for organophosphate poisoning. A trial dose of atropine should be instituted on clinical ground when one suspects organophosphate intoxication. /Organophosphate poisoning/

Emergency and supportive measures. Caution: Rescuers and health care providers should take measures to prevent direct contact with the skin or clothing of contaminated victims because secondary contamination and serious illness may result, especially with nerve agents or potent pesticides. 1. Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer supplemental oxygen. Pay careful attention to respiratory muscle weakness and the presence of bronchial secretions.Respiratory arrest is often preceded by increasing weakness of neck flexion muscles. If intubation is required, a nondepolarizing agent should be used because the effect of succinylcholine will be markedly prolonged secondary to the inhibition of PChE. 2. Anticipate and treat hydrocarbon pneumonitis, bradycardia and other dysrhythmias, hypotension, seizures, and coma if they occur. 3. Observe asymptomatic patients for at least 6-8 hours to rule out delayed-onset symptoms, especially after extensive skin exposure or ingestion of a highly fat-soluble agent. /Organophosphates and carbamates/

Specific drugs and antidotes. Specific treatment includes the antimuscarinic agent atropine and the enzyme reactivator pralidoxime. These agents are also packaged together as an auto-injector kit (Nerve Agent Antidote Kit) for prehospital, disaster, or military settings. 1. Give atropine in escalating doses until clinical improvement is evident. Note: Atropine will reverse muscarinic but not nicotinic effects. a. Reassess the patient's secretions, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate every 5-10 minutes. The most important indication for redosing atropine is persistent wheezing or bronchorrhea. Tachycardia is not necessarily a to additional atropine in the context of severe respiratory secretions. Once the respiratory secretions have been initially controlled, continuous of atropine may be useful in selected cases, but clinical vigilance is required to prevent over-atropinization. Large cumulative doses of atropine ... may be required in severe cases. Other antimuscarinic agents (eg, glycopyrrolate) have been demonstrated to reverse the peripheral muscarinic toxicity of OP agents, but they do not penetrate the CNS and are thus less beneficial than atropine, which has good CNS penetration. 2. Pralidoxime is an oxime that reactivates the cholinesterase enzymes when administered before the enzyme aging. The evidence for the beneficial effects of oximes is inconclusive. Oximes may be more effective against diethyl compounds than against dimethyl agents, which cause a faster aging of the AChE enzyme. Recent evidence from placebo-controlled clinical trials indicates that pralidoxime may not benefit some op-poisoned patients; however, oximes are still recommended in the treatment of OP poisoning until more selective and evidence-based guidelines are formulated.a. Pralidoxime should be given as a loading dose ... followed by a continuous infusion ... It is most effective if started early, before irreversible phosphorylation of the cholinesterase occurs (aging), but may still be effective if given later, particularly after exposure to highly lipid-soluble compounds released into the blood from fat stores over days to weeks. It is unclear how long oxime therapy should be continued, but it seems reasonable to continue pralidoxime for 24 hours after the patient becomes asymptomatic, or at least as long as atropine infusion is required. b. Pralidoxime is not generally recommended for carbamate intoxication, because in such cases the cholinesterase inhibition is spontaneously reversible and short-lived. However, if the exact agent is not identified and the patient has significant toxicity, pralidoxime should be given empirically. 3. Many other treatment (magnesium, clonidine, bicarbonate, galantamine, fresh frozen plasma, exogenous hydrolases, hemodialysis) have been proposed and/or are currently being investigated. /Organophosphates and carbamates/

Decontamination. Note: Rescuers should wear chemical-protective clothing and gloves when handling a grossly contaminated victim. If there is heavy liquid contamination with a volatile solvent such as xylene or toluene, clothing removal and victim decontamination should be carried out outdoors or in a room with high-flow ventilation. Decontamination procedures must not delay the administration of atropine and airway management in the severely poisoned patient. 1. Skin and mucous membranes. Remove all contaminated clothing and wash exposed areas with soap and water, including the hair and under the nails. Irrigate exposed eyes with copious tepid water or saline. 2. Ingestion. Administer activated charcoal orally if conditions are appropriate. Gastric lavage or aspiration of liquid stomach contents by a small nasogastric tube may be appropriate soon after moderate to large ingestions, but because of the possibility of seizures or rapidly changing mental status, lavage should be done only after the airway has been secured. /Organophosphates and carbamates/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for FENAMIPHOS (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Measurement of whole blood-AChE is the most widely adopted method for monitoring the effects of occupational exposure to organophosphorus insecticides. Physiological variations in blood ChE levels occur in a healthy person and are seen among a population. It has been estimated that the coefficient of variation for AChE activity in samples from an individual is 8-11%, and that a decrease of 23% below pre-exposure level may, therefore, be considered significant. If the average of several pre-exposure values were available, then a decrease of 17% would be significant. It has been recommended that, if measured activity is reduced by 30% or more of the pre-exposure value, AChE measurements should be repeated at appropriate intervals to confirm the results. Depressions of AChE or ChE in excess of 20-25% are considered diagnostic of exposure but not, necessarily, indicative of hazard. Depressions of 30-50% or more are considered indicators for removal of an exposed individual from further contact with pesticides until levels return to normal. /Organophosphorus Pesticides/

...Organophosphorus pesticides may undergo hydrolysis in vivo to yield substituted phosphoric acids that are subsequently excreted in urine. Advances in gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) have made it possible to analyse the urine of exposed persons for the presence of appropriate metabolites. It is usually necessary to preserve the sample by the addition of chloroform, to concentrate or extract the metabolite(s), and to convert them to suitably-volatile derivatives that can be detected by GC. Obviously, access to a well-equipped analytical laboratory, capable of the quick processing of samples, is a necessary factor if monitoring by urine analysis is proposed. However, in some cases, simpler and sensitive colorimetric tests are available for screening the urine of exposed persons. Thus, 4-nitrophenol can be measured directly in the urine of workers exposed to parathion. Consideration of the concentration of metabolite(s) in the urine can be helpful in determining patterns of exposure, and these concentrations can be calibrated against the effects on AChE for a particular pesticide. However, the time-course and peak of excretion of metabolites appears to vary according to dose, so that serial sampling and analyses of urine are desirable. Levels of metabolite alone cannot be considered a guide to hazard. This is obvious when it is realized that pesticides that have very different toxicities may yield identical acidic metabolites. Thus, the level of metabolites in urine, after exposure to sufficient amounts of the very toxic parathion-methyl to depress blood-AChE to 50%, will be much lower than that of the identical metabolites, following exposure to the related fenitrothion, which is about 40 times less toxic. /Organophosphorus Pesticides/

SRP: Workers should undergo an annual medical exam. Contraindications for work with organophosporous pesticides are organic diseases of the CNS, mental disorders and epilepsy, and pronounced endocrine disorders. Blood cholinesterase, both plasma and RBC, must be determined before work starts. In the event of prolonged work periods, this activity should be determined at intervals of 3-4 days. Persons exhibiting a fall in cholinesterase activity of 25% or more must be transferred to other work where they are not exposed until cholinesterase activity is restored. /Organophosphorous pesticides/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Organophosphorus compounds can produce dermal irritation... . /Organophosphate compounds/

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese Quail) age 14 days, captive breeding colony; diet (ad libitum; without limit or restraint) 59 ppm for 8 days (95% confidence interval: 49-71 ppm)

LD50; Species: Columba livia (Rock Dove) oral via capsule 0.510 mg/kg for 7 days

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck) age 14 days; diet (chemical incorporated into food) 316 ppm for 8 days (95% confidence interval: 221-457 ppm)

LD50; Species: Duck oral 1.68 mg/kg

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for FENAMIPHOS (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ A statistically significant decrease in normal hatchlings and survivors /at 14 days/ was observed when Bobwhite quail mated pairs were fed diets containing 8 ppm or more of fenamiphos. The NOAEL /was/ 2 ppm... /for this study/. /90% ai/

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Fenamiphos is classified as very highly toxic to birds and mammals. Due to the potency of fenamiphos and its degradates (fenamiphos sulfoxide and sulfone), exposure to extremely small quantities can result in the impairment of reproductive capability or the death of wildlife. Terrestrial wildlife can be exposed to fenamiphos applied to the ground by deliberate or incidental ingestion of soil and/or granules while feeding or preening, ingestion of residues on soil invertebrates and plants, dermal contact, and inhalation.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Dietary exposure to 16 ppm of technical fenamiphos reduced feed consumption and egg production in the mallard duck. The highest (NOEL) was determined to be 8 ppm.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Fenamiphos was included in the formal Section 7 consultation with the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) for the corn cluster review in 1984. The Biological Opinion stated that this use of fenamiphos would jeopardize the continued existence of the Attwaters greater prairie chicken /(endangered)/ and the Aleutian Canada goose /(threatened)/.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for FENAMIPHOS (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.60e+01

2.10e+02

4.40e+00

7.00e+02

4.30e-03

2.50e-04

Volatile

4.70e+01

6.20e+02

1.30e+01

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Avoid release to the environment in circumstances different to normal use.

Fenamiphos' former US production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former US use as an nematicide may have resulted in its direct release to the environment. In the US, fenamiphos use was to be completely phased out by Nov 30, 2008. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 9.0X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates fenamiphos will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase fenamiphos will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 hours. Particulate-phase fenamiphos will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. When exposed to natural sunlight on soil, fenamiphos photodegrades with a half-life of 3.23 hrs, indicating that fenamiphos may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight in the atmosphere. If released to soil, fenamiphos is expected to have high to low mobility based upon a Koc value range of 73 to 1,686, based upon soil types. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.0X10-9 atm-cu m/mole. Fenamiphos is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Laboratory biodegradation half-lives of fenamiphos were reported as 24 to 72 days. Field degradation half-lives of 2.1 to 43 days were reported for fenamiphos. If released into water, fenamiphos is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the reported Koc range. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. BCFs of 21 and 61 for fillet and whole fish, respectively, suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. However, residues taken up by fish are quickly depurated when fish are no longer exposed to fenamiphos, resulting in minimal bioaccumulation. Fenamiphos was found to be stable in acidic and neutral buffer solutions. At 32 °C, the hydrolysis half-lives for fenamiphos at pHs 4.1, 7.1, and 9.1 were 228, 5310, and 37 hrs, respectively. Occupational exposure to fenamiphos may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where fenamiphos is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to fenamiphos via ingestion of drinking water, and dermal contact with products containing fenamiphos. However, fenamiphos use as a nematocide has been phased out indicating that exposure, both occupational and by the general public, is expected to be minimal. (SRC)

Fenamiphos' former production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use as an nematicide(1) may have resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Fenamiphos use was cancelled for extremely vulnerable soils (excessively drained and predominantly sand or loamy sand)) and shallow water tables as of May 31, 2005. A five year phase out for other products began May 31, 2003 and was to be completed by May 31, 2008. An amendment to this ruling gave exception to Nemacur 10% turf and ornamental nematicide and Nemacur 3 Emulsifiable Systemic Insecticide-Nematicide which would be phased out by Nov 30, 2008(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 73 to 1,686(2-6) indicate that fenamiphos is expected to have high to low mobility in soil, depending on the soil characteristics(SRC). Volatilization of fenamiphos from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.0X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 9.0X10-6 mm Hg(7), and water solubility, 400 mg/L(7). Fenamiphos is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(7). When exposed to natural sunlight, fenamiphos photodegrades on soil with a half-life of 3.23 hrs, forming the main product fenamiphos sulfoxide(8). In laboratory studies, biodegradation half-lives were 24 to 72 days(9-10). Field application studies of fenamiphos had reported half-lives of 2.1 to 43 days(11-12). An anaerobic half-life of 87.9 days was reported following six days of aerobic incubation(8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 73 to 1686(2-6) indicate that fenamiphos is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment under most conditions(SRC), but will absorb strongly to suspended soils and sediments that contain higher levels of clay or organic matter(6). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(7) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.0X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 9.0X10-6 mm Hg(8), and water solubility, 400 mg/L(8). According to a classification scheme(9), average BCFs of 21 and 61 for fillet and whole fish, respectively(10), suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). However, residues taken up by fish are quickly depurated when fish are no longer exposed to fenamiphos, resulting in no bioaccumulation(10). Fenamiphos was found to be stable in acidic and neutral buffer solutions at 5 and 22 °C while dissipation was rapid at 50 °C(11). The hydrolysis half-lives for fenamiphos at pHs 4.1, 7.1, and 9.1 and at a temperature of 32 °C were 228, 5310, and 37 hrs, respectively(11). Photolysis of fenamiphos in an aqueous solution irradiated with a xenon lamp produced fenamiphos sulfoxide(12). Based on field studies in soil, where reported half-lives of fenamiphos, fenamiphos-sulfoxide, and fenamiphos-sulfone were 16, 75, and 55 days, respectively(10), fenamiphos is expected to biodegrade in aqueous environments. In a field study, fenamiphos (50 ug/L) added to filtered estuarine water had a half-life of 1.8 days forming the main product fenamiphos sulfoxide(13).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), fenamiphos, which has a vapor pressure of 9.0X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase fenamiphos is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.8X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase fenamiphos may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). When exposed to natural sunlight on soil, fenamiphos photodegrades with a half-life of 3.23 hrs(4), indicating fenamiphos may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Fenamiphos is rapidly degraded in soil by microbial processes(SRC). Within 21 days of field application, 74% of the initially applied fenamiphos was transformed to fenamiphos sulfoxide(1). Only trace quantities of fenamiphos were present after this time period (degradation rate of 0.33/day, half-life 2.1 days)(1). 55 Days following application of 14C-fenamiphos to control soil, 5.4% was fenamiphos, 54.6% was fenamiphos sulfoxide, 15.9% was fenamiphos sulfone, 5% was present as other products, 10.6% was present as volatiles and 14C-CO2, and 8.5% was unextractable(1). Degradation half-lives for fenamiphos in four surface soils ranged from 6 to 11 days and 4 to 10 days in the same soils with subsurface collection (60-80 cm)(2). In soils exposed to repeated applications of fenamiphos, observed increased rates of degradation of fenamiphos were 10 to 20 times higher than untreated soil(3). Degradation rates of up to 35 ug/mg microbial carbon per week were observed for fenamiphos after 4 applications while for untreated soil the rate was 2 ug/mg microbial carbon per week(3). Soil which had received annual applications of fenamiphos for 15 yrs was able to degrade fenamiphos in one day verses three days for non-treated soil(4). Fenamiphos mineralization was <9% over 63 days measured in soils which had no prior application of fenamiphos(5). During a 70 day incubation period, 67.2, 27.8, and 9.8% of applied 14C-fenamiphos was mineralized in soil samples collected 2, 3, and 4 yrs after a previous field application, while 10.8, 11.5, and 9.5% of applied 14C-fenamiphos in the respective corresponding control samples was mineralized(6). In a laboratory incubation study, fenamiphos was reported to biodegrade with half-lives of 24 and 72 days for surface and subsurface soils, respectively, while the metabolites of fenamiphos were reported to biodegrade with half-lives of 26 and 119 days for surface and subsurface soils, respectively(7). In a related study, field half-lives for fenamiphos and its metabolites were reported to be 43 and 98 days, respectively(7). In a laboratory study, the half-lives of fenamiphos and its metabolites (total residues) in soils from temperate and tropic/subtropic regions were 72 and 55 days, respectively(8).

AEROBIC: Fenamiphos was present in samples of Hagerstown cherty silt loam soil 9 days following field application but not 83 days later; however, very little of the degraded compound was present in its oxidized forms (fenamiphos sulfoxide, fenamiphos sulfone)(1). In a field study conducted in the Netherlands in 1987, the transformation rate of fenamiphos in field soils previously treated with ethoprophos and ethoprophos/fenamiphos were reported to be 18 and 13 days, respectively(2). The transformation rates of total toxic residues (fenamiphos and its metabolites) were reported as 78 and 37 days for field soils previously treated with ethoprophos and ethoprophos/fenamiphos, respectively(2).

AEROBIC: The half-life of fenamiphos in aerobic soils, applied at a rate of 13.7 ppm to a Howe sand loam soil was 15.7 days(1). Fenamiphos degraded to form fenamiphos sulfoxide with the maximum concentration (51.4% of applied radioactivity) occurring on day 14(1). The half-life for fenamiphos sulfoxide in aerobic soils was determined to be 62 days(1). Fenamiphos sulfoxide was observed to degrade to fenamiphos sulfone and 4-methylsulfonyl-m-cresol (MTMC sulfone). The maximum concentration of fenamiphos sulfone (3.5% of applied radioactivity) and MTMC sulfone (23.5% of applied radioactivity) occurred on days 14 and 63 post-treatment, respectively, with reported half-lives of 29 days for fenamiphos sulfone and 147 days for MTMC sulfoxide(1). 3-Methyl-4-(methylsufonyl)-anisole was recovered at <6% of the applied radioactivity(1). By the end of the study, 34.2% of the applied radioactivity was recovered as 14C-CO2(1). In a second study, the degradation rate of fenamiphos increased as the temperature increased from 16 to 28 °C(1). Half-lives of fenamiphos, fenamiphos-sulfoxide, and fenamiphos-sulfone in the field were 16, 75, and 55 days, respectively(1).

ANAEROBIC: Fenamiphos, applied at a rate of 13.3 ppm to a Howe sandy loam soil, was incubated for 6 days under aerobic conditions followed by 60 days incubation under anaerobic conditions(1). Fenamiphos declined from 36.3% of the applied amount on day zero of anaerobic incubation (following the 6-day aerobic incubation) to 21.8% after 60 days of anaerobic incubation with a half-life of 87.9 days(1). The major metabolite was fenamiphos sulfoxide(1). Other reported metabolites were fenamiphos sulfone, 4-(methylthio)-m-cresol (MTMC), 4-(methylsulfonyl)-m-cresol (MTMC-sulfone), and 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)-anisole(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of fenamiphos with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.8X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Fenamiphos was found to be stable in acidic and neutral buffer solutions at 5 and 22 °C while dissipation was rapid at 50 °C(2). The hydrolysis half-lives for fenamiphos at 32 °C and pH 4.1, 7.1, and 9.1 were 228, 5310, and 37 hrs, respectively(2). When exposed to natural sunlight, fenamiphos photodegrades on soil with a half-life of 3.23 hrs(3). The radioactive components identified from the exposed soil samples were fenamiphos sulfoxide and fenamiphos(3). Fenamiphos exposed to sunlight on the surface of 3 soils of varying organic matter of 0.53%, 2.2% and 6.3% had a photooxidative loss of 45%, 51%, and 25%, respectively(4). Irradiation of an aqueous solution of fenamiphos with a xenon lamp, resulted in 98% degradation in 30 minutes and complete degradation in 90 minutes, with fenamiphos sulfoxide being the main transformation product(5). In a field study, fenamiphos (50 ug/L) added to filtered estuarine water had a half-life of 1.8 days forming the main product fenamiphos sulfoxide(6). Degradation may have been due to abiotic/biotic degradation or photolysis(SRC).

Fenamiphos does not bioaccumulate in fish (species non-specified) to any appreciable extent and any residues taken up by fish are quickly depurated when fish are no longer exposed to the residues(1). After 28 days of exposure, the avg measured BCF were 21 and 61 for fillet and whole fish, respectively(1). The maximum BCF measured for fenamiphos residues were 89 for whole fish and 24 for fillet tissue(1). During the 14-day depuration period, more than 95% of the accumulated 14C-fenamiphos residues depurated(1). According to a classification scheme(2), BCFs ranging from 21 to 89(1) suggest that for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). A BCF for fenamiphos of 468 was measured in earthworms(3).

Koc values of fenamiphos in an Arredondo sand (0.80% organic carbon; pH 6.8; 93.8% sand), a Cecil sandy loam (0.90% organic carbon; pH 5.6; 65.8% sand, 19.5% silt, 14.7% clay), and a Webster silty clay loam (3.97% organic carbon; pH 7.3; 18.4% sand, 45.3% silt, 38.3% clay) were 148, 197, and 249, respectively(1). In soil column leaching studies, fenamiphos was most strongly retained in the Webster soil(1). Fenamiphos had a measured Koc value of 190 in a Batcombe soil (3.53% organic matter; pH 6.1)(2). Adsorption of fenamiphos was measured in four surface and subsurface soils from Hawaii; Koc values were 94 to 344 (organic carbon content 1.3-6.22%; pH 5.3-6.7) measured in surface soil and values of 73 to 202 were measured in subsoil (60-80 cm below surface; organic carbon content 0.55-3.19%; pH 5.3-6.8)(3). A Koc of 370 was measured for Molokai silty clay loam (pH 5.8; 1.2% organic carbon)(4). Adsorption of fenamiphos was measured on five European soils; Koc values were 1686 in clay soil (1.3% organic matter), 178.5 in silt loam (3.7% organic matter), 218.5 in loam (3.45 % organic matter), 207.6 in silt (1.55% organic matter), and 935.7 in loamy sand (9.25% organic matter)(5). Fenamiphos had Koc values of 585 (75.0% clay, 3.29% organic carbon), 290 (22.6% clay, 2.39% organic carbon), 210 (17.0% clay, 3.32% organic carbon), 200 (20.3% clay, 1.36% organic carbon) and 1100 (6.0% clay, 4.43% organic carbon) in five European soils(6). According to a classification scheme(7), Koc values of 73 to 148(1,3) have high mobility in soil, Koc values ranging from 190 to 370(1-6) have moderate mobility in soil, and Koc values of 585 to 1686(5-6) have low mobility in soil, suggesting that mobility is very dependent on soil characteristics(SRC).

Leaching of fenamiphos was studied using two soil columns, one containing a sandy loam soil (organic carbon 1.1%; pH 7.4) and the other a clay loam soil (organic carbon 2.8%; pH 7.6)(1). Retention was greater in the clay loam soil, resulting in a greater conversion of fenamiphos to its thiooxidized forms(1). Results of column leaching studies indicate that fenamiphos was relatively mobile with 16.2 to 63.8% of applied radioactivity found in leachate(2). The major metabolites, fenamiphos sulfoxide and fenamiphos sulfone, were more mobile than the parent(2). The greatest mobility of fenamiphos and its metabolites was in soil with the lowest cation exchange capacity and lowest percentage of organic matter (sand soil for Indiana) whereas the lowest mobility of fenamiphos and its metabolites was in the soil with the highest exchange capacity and highest percentage of organic matter (sandy loam from Kansas)(2). No parent fenamiphos was found in the leachate from the sandy loam soil(2). The leachate from the soil columns contained 47.2% of applied radioactivity in the sandy loam soil from California, 63.8% in the sand soil from Indiana, and 16.2% in the sandy loam soil from Kansas(2). Of the radioactivity found in the leachates, the majority (>76%) was the degradation product fenamiphos sulfoxide(2).

The Henry's Law constant for fenamiphos is estimated as 9.0X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 9.0X10-6 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 400 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that fenamiphos is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil and water surfaces(2). Fenamiphos is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1). When applied at a rate of 12 lbs of active ingredient/acre to a sandy loam soil, <0.1% of the fenamiphos volatilized after 7 days indicating that fenamiphos does not volatilize rapidly from soil(3).

GROUNDWATER: Fenamiphos was not detected in water samples collected from 783 rural domestic wells and 566 community water system wells in the United States (detection limit 0.15 ug/L)(1). Fenamiphos was not detected in water samples collected from 763 wells in California, 74 in Florida, 120 in Mississippi, 10 in Oregon, 188 in Texas, or 81 wells in Washington (unreported detection limits)(2). In a groundwater study of golf courses around the United States in the 1980-90's, fenamiphos was detected in 19 of 160 samples with a maximum concentration of 0.13 ug/L, the degradation product fenamiphos sulfoxide was detected in 6 of 128 samples with a maximum concentration of 0.79 ug/L(3). In a prospective study on grapes (1997-2000)in California, the concentration of fenamiphos, fenamiphos sulfoxide, and fenamiphos sulfone in groundwater monitoring wells were 0.05, 0.06-2.13, and 0.53 ppb, respectively(4). In a prospective study on citrus use (1995-1996) in the Central ridge (Florida), the concentration of fenamiphos, fenamiphos sulfoxide, and fenamiphos sulfone in groundwater monitoring wells was 0.10-0.58, 0.13-83, and 0.14-3.3 ppb, respectively(4). In a prospective study on tobacco (1996-1998) in Georgia, the concentration of fenamiphos, fenamiphos sulfoxide, and fenamiphos sulfone in groundwater monitoring wells was 0.0, 0.04-0.05, and 0.0 ppb, respectively(4). In a USGS Florida golf course study (1992-1994), the concentration of fenamiphos, fenamiphos sulfoxide, and fenamiphos sulfone in groundwater monitoring and irrigation wells was 0.03-0.71, 0.2-0.75, and 0.1 ppb, respectively(4). In a retrospective study (1989-1992) in Florida, the concentration of fenamiphos, fenamiphos sulfoxide, and fenamiphos sulfone in groundwater monitoring wells was 0.1-24, 0.2-218, and 0.1-27 ppb, respectively(4).

DRINKING WATER: From 1999 through 2000, USEPA and USGS jointly sponsored a program to monitor twelve drinking water reservoirs across the United States(1). Samples were analyzed for a number of pesticides, including fenamiphos and its sulfoxide and sulfone degradates. Degradates of fenamiphos were detected in three of the twelve reservoirs at concentrations of 0.005 to 0.033 ppb. Degradates were also detected in the finished drinking water at all three reservoirs at concentrations ranging from 0.007 to 0.022 ppb. Fenamiphos and its metabolites, fenamiphos sulfoxide and fenamiphos sulfone, were not detected (detection limit unspecified) in drinking water derived from groundwater in the following studies(1):

Table: Fenamiphos Tested for, Not Detected [Table#5980]

SURFACE WATER: Fenamiphos was detected in surface water from the Hogeveense Polder, The Netherlands, at concentrations of 0.3-0.7 ug/L(1). In a study of golf courses around the United States in the 1980-90's, the maximum concentration in surface water of fenamiphos, fenamiphos sulfone, and fenamiphos sulfoxide was 0.13, 0.36, and 3.2 ug/L, respectively; all three chemicals were detected in 7 of 22 samples(2). Fenamiphos was detected in 2 (1.4 and 1.5 ug/L) of 873 surface water samples collected from 2002 to 2010 in Pacific salmonid habitats, California(3). Fenamiphos was not detected (detection limit 0.63 ug/L) in 332 samples taken at the water control structure on Ten Mile Creek (run off area for agriculture that eventually empties into the Indian River in Florida); samples were collected Feb 11, 2001 to Feb 11, 2002(4).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: Fenamiphos was not detected (detection limit not reported) in rain water samples from Achaia Perfecture, Greece, sampled Mar to Sept 2006; four sites were sampled, Patras and Rio (urban), and Aigio and Sympolitia (rural)(1).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for FENAMIPHOS (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 3017; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable, flashpoint not less than 23 °C

UN 3018; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic

UN 2783; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic

UN 2784; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, flashpoint less than 23 °C

For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for FENAMIPHOS (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

49 216 74; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, NEC)

49 216 75; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, NEC, liquid)

49 105 44; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, NEC)

49 105 45; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, NEC, liquid)

49 216 76; Organophosphorus pesticide, solid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, NEC)

49 216 77; Organophosphorus pesticide, solid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, NEC, other than liquid)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Marine pollutant

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 24-28-50/53; S: (1/2)-23-28-36/37-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I