prothoate

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Warning: Effects may be delayed. Caution is advised. Vital signs should be monitored closely.

Note: Prothoate is a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Signs and Symptoms of Prothoate Exposure: Acute exposure to prothoate may produce the following signs and symptoms: sweating, pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, profound weakness, muscle spasms, seizures, and coma. Mental confusion and psychosis may occur. Excessive salivation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, and abdominal pain may also occur. The heart rate may decrease following oral exposure or increase following dermal exposure. Chest pain may be noted. Hypotension (low blood pressure) may be observed, although hypertension (high blood pressure) is not uncommon. Respiratory symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), pulmonary edema, respiratory depression, and respiratory paralysis.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to prothoate may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to prothoate.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Rush to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to prothoate.

3. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7.Rush to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of prothoate is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age. Warning: Ingestion of prothoate may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4. The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Rush to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, n.o.s.) Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing.

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, n.o.s.) This material may burn, but does not ignite readily. For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

Fire Extinguishing: Poisonous gases including nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, phosphorus oxides are produced in fire. This material may burn, but does not ignite readily. For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. In fighting fires, stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped in OSHA 1910.156.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, NOS/

For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. In fighting fires, stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped in OSHA 1910.156.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Spill Handling: Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Small spills: take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. Small dry spills: with clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area. Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the build-up of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.

Environmental considerations- land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, NOS/

Environmental considerations- water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, NOS/

Environmental considerations- air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, NOS/

Disposal Method Suggested: In accordance with 40CFR165 recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers, must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your state pesticide or environmental control agency or by contacting your regional EPA office.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

All organic pesticides, whether of botanical or synthetic origin, can be destroyed by incineration. /Organic pesticides/

Manufacturers or formulators of very large amounts of pesticides may find it advantageous to build incinerators adequate to destroy all organic pesticides and equipped with scrubbers to remove acid wastes. /Organic pesticides/

Personal Protective Methods: Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. Safety equipment suppliers/manufacturers can provide recommendations on the most protective glove/clothing material for your operation. All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available each day, and put on before work. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn. Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash.

In some situations where personnel may become accidently contaminated ... it is necessary to provide shower bath in addition to the usual washing facilities. Special arrangements for cleaning clothing & overalls may be necessary ... /Pesticides/

Special aircraft should preferably be used for spraying or dusting toxic organophosphorus pesticides. ... aerial spraying or dusting gives rise to clouds which spread over larger surfaces than clouds produced by ground application. Aerial spraying should therefore be carried out on windless days only. Residential areas, water supply sources, etc must be avoided. ... When aircraft approaches, signalmen /guiding the aircraft/ should leave the windward side. ... The local population should be informed about the site & time of aerial pesticide treatment. Access of unauthorized persons & especially children to the area to be treated must be ... forbidden. Warning signs should be placed at the limits of the area. Ground spraying must be carried out with compressed-air spraying equipment towed by tractors with closed cabs. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

Small packages of pesticides are preferable for individual application in order to limit the quantities to be weighed & metered. A special vessel with long stirring rod for dilution & suspension of the poison must be available in order to reduce manual handling to a minimum. The strict observance of hygiene rules--no smoking & no food intake during work. Thorough washing with soap after work, changing protective clothing before going home--is of utmost importance. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for TRIMETHOATE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, n.o.s.) Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors.

Small spills: take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Small dry spills: with clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area.

Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

Storage: Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area. Where possible, automatically transfer material from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames are prohibited where this chemical is handled, used, or stored. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Wherever this chemical is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings.

...Must be stored in its sealed original containers, in well-aired, fresh & dry storehouses or in shaded & possibly well-aired places. It is recommended that the product's temp...not exceed 25-30 °C, and keep...away from sources of heat, free flames or spark-generating equipment. Containers must be stacked in such a way as to permit free circulation of air...at bottom & inside of piles. Storage areas must be located at suitable distance from inhabited buildings, animal shelters, & food stores; moreover, they must be inaccessible to unauthorized persons, children, & domestic animals.

Rooms used for storage only should be soundly constructed & fitted with secure locks. Floors should be kept clear & pesticides clearly identified. If repacking is carried out in storage rooms, adequate light should be available; floors should be impervious & sound ... . /Pesticides/

Pesticides containers must be provided with labels indicating the degree of toxicity of the product they contain. The labels must not only give a short description of how to use the prepn, but also state basic precautions to be taken when applying it. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

Pesticides of any degree of toxicity should be transported in containers which are clearly labelled, leak-proof, and not easily damaged. They should never be transported /or stored/ beside, or above any type of food, and all spillages should be immediately reported. /Pesticides/

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

0.15 [mg/m3]

1.7 [mg/m3]

7.3 [mg/m3]

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

Respiratory protection (supplied-air respirator with full facepiece or self-contained breathing apparatus) should be available where these compounds are manufactured or used and should be worn in case of emergency and overexposure. /Phosphorus compounds/

Respirator Selection: Where the potential for exposure to this chemical, use a NIOSH approved supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in the positive pressure mode or with a full facepiece, hood, or helmet in the continuous flow mode, or use a NIOSH approved self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

Personnel protection: ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. ... Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, NOS/

Prothoate is a colorless crystalline solid, with a camphor-like odor. Technical product is an amber to yellow semi-solid. Used as an insecticide and an acaricide. (EPA, 1998)

Colorless to yellow solid with an odor of camphor; mp = 28.5 deg C; Technical product: Amber to yellow semi-solid; [HSDB]

Colorless yellow crystals (tech is an amber to yellow semi-solid)

Camphor-like odor

330 °C @760 [mm Hg]

83.3 °F Technical product solidifies at 70-75 °F. (EPA, 1998)

SOLIDIFIES AT 21 TO 24 °C; AMBER TO YELLOW SEMI-SOLID; MISCIBLE AT 20 °C WITH MOST ORGANIC SOLVENTS; SOLUBILITY LESS THAN: 10 G/KG GLYCEROL, 20 G/KG LIGHT PETROLEUM, 30 G/KG CYCLOHEXANE, HEXANE & HIGHER PETROLEUM FRACTIONS /TECHNICAL PRODUCT/

Miscible with most organic solvents e.g. hexane, cyclohexane, higher petroleum fractions <30. Light petroleum <20, glycerol <10 (all in g/kg , 20 °C)

In water, 2.5X10+3 mg/L at 20 °C

1.151 at 89.6 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.151 at 32 °C

0.0001 mmHg at 104 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.0000975 [mmHg]

9.75X10-5 mm Hg at 40 °C

0.0001 [mm Hg] @25 °C

It is stable in neutral, moderately acid or slightly alkaline media but, at pH 9.2 & 50 °C it is decomposed in about 48 hr

Biological activity of product remains practically unvaried for 2 yr under environmental conditions, provided product is stored in its unopened & undamaged original containers, in shaded & possibly well-aired places.

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic /nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur oxides/.

... A number of phosphate and thiophosphate esters are of limited thermal stability and undergo highly exothermic self-accelerating decomp reactions which may be further catalyzed by impurities ... /Phosphorus esters/

Index of refraction: 1.5128 at 32 °C, sodium lamp

Stable at 4.0<pH<8.2, but decomposed at 50 °C in about 48 hrs at pH 9.2. Tech is stable to light and at less than/= 60 °C.

Acaricides, Insecticides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticides -> Organophosphate Insecticides

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Amides and Imides

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

Organothiophosphates, such as PROTHOATE, are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Other Poison - Organophosphate

LC50 (rat) = 165 mg/m3/4h

LD50 Rabbit dermal 14 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit oral 8500 ug/kg

LD50 Dog oral 15 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 8 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for TRIMETHOATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Some phenothiazines may antagonize & some may potentiate the toxic anticholinesterase effects of ... /organophosphorus insecticides/. /Organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors/

In long term therapy, adrenocorticoids antagonize the antiglaucoma effects of anticholinesterases (incr ocular pressure). ... Anticholinergics antagonize the miotic (antiglaucoma) & other muscarinic effects of anticholinesterases on the autonomic & central nervous systems. Tricyclic antidepressants (anticholinergic effects) antagonize the antiglaucoma (miotic) effects of anticholinesterases in glaucoma. ... Antihistamines with anticholinergic effects antagonize the miotic (antiglaucoma) & CNS effects of anticholinesterases. Anticholinesterases potentiate tranquilizing & behavioral changes induced by antihistamines. The actions of anticholinesterase agents on autonomic effector cells, & to some extent those on CNS, are antagonized by atropine, an antidote of choice. Barbiturates are potentiated by anticholinesterases. ... Dexpanthenol potentiates the effects of anticholinesterases. Fluorophosphate insecticides potentiate the effects of other anticholinesterases. /Anticholinesterases/

Barbiturates are potentiated by anticholinesterases. Although barbiturates may be used cautiously in treating convulsions, extreme care is essential in handling poisonings due to anticholinesterases, particularly organophosphorus pesticides. Echothiophate, a cholinesterase inhibitor used as miotic, potentiates other such inhibitors ... Used for other purposes (additive effects) or possibly synergistic. Those exposed to organophosphate insecticides must take strict precautions. ... Organophosphorus insecticides: additive anticholinesterase effects. Hazardous. Patients on anticholinesterases (even topical, such as eye drops) should avoid areas where organophosphorus insecticides ../were/ .recently ...used. /Anticholinesterase/

Anticholinesterase (organophosphorus) insecticides antagonize polarizing muscle relaxants. Phenothiazines /and thioxanthenes/: ... May enhance toxic effects of organophosphorus insecticides. /Insecticides, organophosphorus/

A comatose patient who is diaphoretic, has pinpoint pupils and the odor of an insecticide on clothing or breath, and is noted to have muscle fasciculations represents the classic presentation of organophosphate poisoning. ... Specific steps in management include the following. 1. Decontamination. ... 2 Airway. Establish an airway if necessary. ... 3. Respiratory Status. Respiratory distress, in fact, is commonly found in these patients from multiple causes. ... 4. Cardiac Monitoring. ... 5. Cholinesterase Level. ... 6. Pralidoxime. Pralidoxime is the treatment of choice for organophosphate poisoning and should be used for nearly all patients with clinically significant orgnophosphate poisoning, particularly whose patients with muscular fasciculations and weakness. ... 7. Atropine. Atropine is the physiologic antidote for organophosphate poisoning. A trial dose of atropine should be instituted on clinical ground when one suspects organophosphate intoxication. /Organophosphate poisoning/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Aggressive airway control may be needed. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Organophosphates and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously and consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer atropine. Correct hypoxia before giving atropine ... . Administer pralidoxime chloride (2 PAM). USE UNDER DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDERS ONLY ... . Treat seizures with adequate atropinization and correction of hypoxia. In rare cases diazepam or lorazepam may be necessary ... . Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organophosphates and related compounds/

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Speed in removing material from skin is of extreme importance. Shampoo hair promptly if contaminated. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. ... Keep victim quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Effects may be delayed; keep victim under observation. ...

Workers handling and applying pesticides must undergo an annual medical examination at the beginning of each agricultural season. Contraindications /meaning further clinical evaluations/ for work with /organophosphorus pesticides/ are organic diseases of the central nervous system, mental disorders and epilepsy, pronounced endocrine and vegetative disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and circulatory disorders, gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer), gastroenterocolitis, diseases of liver and kidneys, eye diseases (chronic conjunctivitis and keratitis). The blood cholinesterase activity must be determined before work starts. In the event of prolonged work periods, this activity should be determined at intervals of 3-4 days. Persons exhibiting a fall in cholinesterase activity of 25% or more must be transferred to other work where they are not exposed to organophosphorus pesticides until this activity is completely restored. Persons with initial signs of indisposition should /be protected from exposure from/ pesticides. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

Before employment and at regular times after that, the following are recommended: Plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase levels (tests for the enzyme poisoned by this chemical). If exposure stops, plasma levels return to normal in 1-2 weeks while red blood cell levels may be reduced for 1-3 months. When cholinesterase enzyme levels are reduced by 25% or more below preemployment levels, risk of poisoning is increased, even if results are in lower ranges of "normal." Reassignment to work not involving organophosphate or carbamate pesticides is recommended until enzyme levels recover. If symptoms develop or overexposure occurs, repeat the above tests as soon as possible and get an exam of the nervous system. Also consider complete blood count. Consider chest x-ray following acute overexposure. Do not drink any alcoholic beverages before or during use. Alcohol promotes absorption of organic phosphates.

A final diagnosis of mild to moderate acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning is rarely justified unless all of the following five conditions are present: 1. A definite history of exposure to an organophosphate pesticide. 2. A latent interval of not more than a few hours between that last exposure and the onset of illness. 3. A clinical picture in which most or all of the following signs or symptoms are present: headache, blurred vision, weakness, tightness in chest, and constricted pupils. 4. Reduction of plasma and RBC cholinesterase activity to a level substantially below 50% of baseline values. Because of the wide normal range of RBC cholinesterase in the population, symptoms may be present with reported "normal" levels. 5. An acute illness that is not substantially longer than 48 hours. The classic presentation for acute organophosphate toxicity includes history, evidence of exposure to organophosphate (garlic odor), signs/symptoms of cholinergic excess, improvement with atropine or pralidoxime, and inhibition of cholinesterase in blood. /Organophosphate pesticide poisoning/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Short Term Exposure: This is a highly toxic material capable of causing death or permanent injury due to exposures during normal use. Small doses at frequent intervals are additive. Similar to parathion. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, excessive salivation, headache, giddiness, dizziness, weakness, muscle twitching, difficult breathing, blurring or dimness of vision, and loss of muscle coordination. Death may occur from failure of the respiratory center, paralysis of the respiratory muscles, intense bronchoconstriction, or all three.[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 1983]

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology: 1. Nausea...vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, excessive salivation... 2. Headache, giddiness, vertigo and weakness. 3. Rhinorrhea and sensation of tightness in chest are common in inhalation exposure. 4. Blurring or dimness of vision, miosis... tearing, ciliary muscle spasm, loss of accommodation and ocular pain... mydriasis...sometimes seen...probably due to sympatho-adrenal discharge. 5. Loss of muscle coordination, slurring of speech, fasciculations and twitching of muscles (particularly of tongue and eyelids), and generalized profound weakness. 6. Mental confusion, disorientation and drowsiness. 7. Difficulty in breathing, excessive secretion of saliva and of respiratory tract mucus, oronasal frothing, cyanosis, pulmonary rales and rhonchi and hypertension, (presumably due to asphyxia). 8. Random jerky movements, incontinence, convulsions, and coma. 9. Death primarily due to respiratory arrest arising from failure of respiratory center, paralysis of respiratory muscles, intense bronchoconstriction or all three. /Parathion/[Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976., p. III-266]

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Summary toxicity statement: High via oral and dermal routes. High: capable of causing death or permanent injury due to exposures of normal use; incapacitating and poisonous; requires special handling.[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 5th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1979., p. 695]

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Dangerous chronic dose in man: Exposure... reduces cholinesterase... remains susceptible to relatively low doses... until cholinesterase level has regenerated. Small doses at frequent intervals are... additive... when recovery... is entirely complete, exposed organism is /not/ prejudiced... /Parathion/[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 5th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1979., p. 695]

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for TRIMETHOATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ In 90 day feeding trials the highest rate producing no effects was: for rats 0.5 mg/kg/day; for mice 1 mg/kg/day.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ In adult cattle the minimum toxic oral dose of organophosphate pesticides varies from 1 to 125 mg/kg; the minimum toxic dermal concentration varies from 0.5 to 3%, but these figures are not sacred. The literature is not complete with regard to animal toxicity of organophosphates; even if it were, toxicity values would not be reliable because of the number of factors that influence toxicity of these chemicals under different conditions of use. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Biologic factors also influence toxicity of organophosphates. Species is very important here. ... Age of the animal is another biologic factor that alters toxicity of organophosphate pesticides. Compounds that do not require enzymatic activation are more toxic in very young animals in which the enzymes of pesticide degradation are deficient. Compounds that require enzymatic activation are not so toxic for very young animals because the enzymes of activation are deficient during the early weeks of life. Sex of the animals can also alter toxicity of organophosphates ... . /Organophosphate pesticides/

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Muscarinic signs of /organophosphorus compounds/...consist of hypersalivation, lacrimation, sweating and nasal discharge. Miosis, dyspnea, vomiting, diarrhea and frequency of urination... Nicotinic effects consist of fasciculation of muscles, weakness and paralysis. Central effects /of organophosphorus compounds/...nervousness, apprehension, ataxia, convulsions and coma. Death...due to respiratory failure, or...cardiac arrest. There is little difference betweeen symptoms produced by different...compounds, but route of absorption may influence one system more than another. /Organophosphorus compounds/

Young persons under 18 yr, expectant or nursing mothers, /alcoholics/, or persons for whom work with toxic chemicals is contraindicated on account of their state of health /are at elevated risk from the toxic effects of organophosphorus pesticides. Those individuals with/ organic diseases of the CNS, mental disorders & epilepsy, pronounced endocrine & vegetative disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and circulatory disorders, gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer), gastroenterocolitis, diseases of the liver & kidneys, eye diseases (chronic conjunctivitis and keratitis) /are at elevated risk from exposure/. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

Those individuals who are exposed to organophosphorus pesticides with pre-existing/ organic diseases of the central nervous system, mental disorders & epilepsy, pronounced endocrine & vegetative disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases & circulatory disorders, gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer), gastroenterocolitis, diseases of liver & kidneys, eye diseases (chronic conjunctivitis & keratitis) /are at elevated risk from exposure/. The blood cholinesterase activity must be determined before work starts. In the event of prolonged work periods, this activity should be determined at intervals of 3-4 days. Persons exhibiting a fall in cholinesterase activity of 25% or more must be transferred to other work where they are not exposed to organophosphorus pesticides until this activity is completely restored. Persons with initial signs of indisposition should cease work with pesticides. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The no effect level (10 day) was: for goldfish 6-8 mg/L; for mosquito fish 2-3 mg/L; the toxic level (96 hr) was: for goldfish 50-70 mg/L; for mosquito fish 7-8 mg/L.

Trimethoate's former production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as a systemic insecticide resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 9.75X10-5 mm Hg at 40 °C indicates trimethoate will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase trimethoate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.2 hours. Particulate-phase trimethoate will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Trimethoate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, trimethoate is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 240. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole. Biodegradation data were not available. If released into water, trimethoate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 9 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to trimethoate may have occured through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where trimethoate was produced or used. (SRC)

Trimethoate's former production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as a systemic insecticide(1) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 240(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that trimethoate is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of trimethoate from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Trimethoate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.75X10-5 mm Hg(4). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 240(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that trimethoate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 9(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 2.17(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), trimethoate, which has a vapor pressure of 9.75X10-5 mm Hg at 40 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase trimethoate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.2 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.2X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase trimethoate may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Trimethoate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of trimethoate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.2X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.2 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Trimethoate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(2).

An estimated BCF of 9 was calculated in fish for trimethoate(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.17(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of trimethoate can be estimated to be 240(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that trimethoate is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for trimethoate is estimated as 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that trimethoate is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Trimethoate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.75X10-5 mm Hg(3).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The no effect level (10 day) was: for goldfish 6-8 mg/L; for mosquito fish 2-3 mg/L; the toxic level (96 hr) was: for goldfish 50-70 mg/L; for mosquito fish 7-8 mg/L.

Trimethoate's former production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as a systemic insecticide resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 9.75X10-5 mm Hg at 40 °C indicates trimethoate will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase trimethoate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.2 hours. Particulate-phase trimethoate will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Trimethoate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, trimethoate is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 240. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole. Biodegradation data were not available. If released into water, trimethoate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 9 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to trimethoate may have occured through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where trimethoate was produced or used. (SRC)

Trimethoate's former production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as a systemic insecticide(1) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 240(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that trimethoate is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of trimethoate from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Trimethoate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.75X10-5 mm Hg(4). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 240(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that trimethoate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 9(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 2.17(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), trimethoate, which has a vapor pressure of 9.75X10-5 mm Hg at 40 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase trimethoate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.2 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.2X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase trimethoate may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Trimethoate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of trimethoate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.2X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.2 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Trimethoate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(2).

An estimated BCF of 9 was calculated in fish for trimethoate(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.17(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of trimethoate can be estimated to be 240(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that trimethoate is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for trimethoate is estimated as 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that trimethoate is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Trimethoate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.75X10-5 mm Hg(3).

Many of the organophosphorus insecticides are excreted in the milk ... /Organophosphorus insecticides/

Occupational exposure to trimethoate may have occured through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where trimethoate was produced or used. (SRC)

Disposal Method Suggested: In accordance with 40CFR165 recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers, must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your state pesticide or environmental control agency or by contacting your regional EPA office.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

All organic pesticides, whether of botanical or synthetic origin, can be destroyed by incineration. /Organic pesticides/

Manufacturers or formulators of very large amounts of pesticides may find it advantageous to build incinerators adequate to destroy all organic pesticides and equipped with scrubbers to remove acid wastes. /Organic pesticides/

IMO 6.1; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, not otherwise specified; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable, not otherwise specified, flashpoint between 23 °C and 61 °C; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic, not otherwise specified

UN 2783; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic, not otherwise specified

49 216 76; Organophosphorus pesticide, solid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, NEC)

49 216 77; Organophosphorus pesticide, solid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, NEC, other than liquid)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.