acridine

H302 (94%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (10%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (18%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (16%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (10%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (22%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 50 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Incineration: Dissolve in such combustible solvent as alcohols, benzene, etc. Spray the solvent into a furnace with afterburner and scrubber. Pour into a mixture of sand and Na2CO3 /sodium carbonate/ (9:1). After mixing, put into a paper carton stuffed full with packing paper to serve as fuel. Burn in a furnace.

WORKERS SHOULD FOLLOW A CONSCIENTIOUS PERSONAL HYGIENE ROUTINE AND SHOULD WASH THOROUGHLY AT THE END OF EACH WORKING PERIOD; ADEQUATE SANITARY FACILITIES SHOULD BE PROVIDED.

WHEN THE TEMPERATURE OF THE PROCESS OR THE CONDITIONS OF WORK ARE SUCH AS TO GIVE RISE TO SIGNIFICANT CONCENTRATIONS OF ACRIDINE VAPOR, LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO PREVENT CONTAMINATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE VICINITY OF THE PROCESS.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

...MATERIALS WHICH ARE TOXIC AS STORED OR WHICH CAN DECOMPOSE INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS...SHOULD BE STORED IN A COOL, WELL VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF THE DIRECT RAYS OF THE SUN, AWAY FROM AREAS OF HIGH FIRE HAZARD, AND SHOULD BE PERIODICALLY INSPECTED. INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS SHOULD BE ISOLATED...

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.1 mg/m³ (cyclohexane-extractable fraction)

0.2 mg/m³ as Coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene soluble fraction)

80 mg/m³

0.2 mg/m³ [1984]

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Dust respirator; chemical goggles; rubber gloves (USCG, 1999)

PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE DIRECTED MAINLY TO PREVENTING THIS SUBSTANCE FROM COMING IN CONTACT WITH THE SKIN AND EYES. THEY SHOULD INCLUDE THE WEARING OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND THE APPLICATION OF A PROTECTIVE LAYER OF PETROLEUM JELLY OR LANOLIN--CASTOR OIL OINTMENT HAS BEEN RECOMMENDED.

THE EYES ARE VULNERABLE AND EYE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE WORN BY WORKERS HANDLING ACRIDINE. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE CHANGED AND CLEANED REGULARLY.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE READILY AVAILABLE FOR USE IN AN EMERGENCY SUCH AS FIRE, WHEN TOXIC FUMES WOULD BE LIABLE TO BE EVOLVED FROM THE DECOMPOSITION OF ACRIDINE. ...IT IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT THAT FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT BE...AVAILABLE.

Small colorless needle-like crystalline solid. Slightly soluble in hot water. Slightly denser than water. Contact may irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Sublimes before melting when heated. May be toxic by ingestion.

Pale yellow solid; [Merck Index] Colorless solid; [Hawley] Yellow crystalline powder; [MSDSonline]

Small colorless needle-like crystalline solid.

RHOMBOHEDRAL NEEDLES OR PRISMS FROM ALCOHOL; MONOCLINIC, ORTHORHOMBIC

SMALL COLORLESS NEEDLES

ORTHORHOMBIC PLATES, NEEDLES FROM DILUTED ALCOHOL

SMALL, COLORLESS OR FAINTLY YELLOW CRYSTALS

655 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

345.5 °C @ 760 mm Hg

225 to 230 °F (NTP, 1992)

111 °C; 106 °C (form a); 110 °C (form b)

225-230 °F

SLIGHTLY SOL IN HOT WATER; VERY SOL IN ALCOHOL, ETHER, BENZENE AND CARBON DISULFIDE

Freely sol in hydrocarbons; slightly soluble in boiling water, liquid ammonia, liguid sulfur dioxide; sparingly soluble in light petroleum

Very soluble in carbon disulfide; very soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene; slightly soluble in water

1 gm soluble in <1 ml boiling benzene or alcohol; 5 ml benzene (20 °C); 6 ml alcohol (20 °C); 16 ml of ether (20 °C); 1.8 ml boiling cyclohexane.

In water= 38.4 mg/L at 24 °C.

1.2 at 68 °F (approx.) (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.005 @ 20 °C/4 °C

1 mmHg at 255.9 °F (NTP, 1992)

Vapor pressure= 1.35X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C /extrapolated from experimentally-derived coefficients/

1 MM HG @ 129 °C

varies depending upon the specific compound

Log P= 3.40

VOLATILE WITH STEAM

WHEN HEATED TO DECOMPOSITION, ACRIDINE EMITS TOXIC FUMES.

When heated to decomp ... emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

A WEAK BASE, COLORS LITMUS PAPER BLUE

Positive

Agilent XCT

Electrospray ionization

formic acid (5.3nM)

MeCN (80%)

DOI:10.1007/s13361-016-1563-1

pKa= 5.45 at 15 °C (conjugate acid)

133.7 Ų [M+H]+

132 Ų [M*]+

OF THE 5 CRYSTALLINE FORMS OF ACRIDINE, THE 2 STABLE FORMS MELT AT 110 °C AND 106 °C

OF THE 5 CRYSTALLINE FORMS OF ACRIDINE, 3 MELT AT GREATER THAN 110 °C; 109.5 °C AND 109 °C

DILUTE SOLN OF ACRIDINE AND ITS SALTS HAVE A VIOLET AND GREEN FLUORESCENCE, RESPECTIVELY

Slightly soluble in hot water.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

ACRIDINE neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides. Burns to give toxic oxides of nitrogen.

The ability of PAH's to bind to blood proteins such as albumin allows them to be transported throughout the body. Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (L10, L23, A27, A32)

Not listed by IARC. IARC has evaluated related PAHs (L2154).

PAHs are carcinogens and have been associated with the increased risk of skin, respiratory tract, bladder, stomach, and kidney cancers. They may also cause reproductive effects and depress the immune system. (L10)

Oral (L10) ; inhalation (L10)

Acute exposure to PAHs causes irritation and inflammation of the skin and lung tissue. (A10)

Dermatotoxin - PICD (photoirritant contact dermatitis).

LD50: 400 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (L911)

LD50: 500 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (L911)

LD50: 100 mg/kg (Intravenous, Rabbit) (L911)

There is no know antidote for PAHs. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L10)

...ACRIDINE IN INGESTED CREOSOTE HAS BEEN SUSPECTED AS THE CAUSE OF CERTAIN SYMPTOMS OF SYSTEMIC ILLNESS INCLUDING VOMITING, RESPIRATORY DIFFICULTIES, HYPOTHERMIA AND CYANOSIS; DEATH FROM LARGE DOSES HAS APPARENTLY BEEN DUE TO CARDIOVASCULAR COLLAPSE.

THE PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF THE SKIN OF WORKERS HANDLING PITCH, TAR OILS, CREOSOTE, ETC, HAS BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO THE PRESENCE OF ACRIDINE IN THESE COAL-TAR PRODUCTS...

ALTHOUGH ACRIDINE IS NOT CONSIDERED TO BE AN EXCESSIVELY DANGEROUS MATERIAL IT IS NEVERTHELESS A POWERFUL IRRITANT WHICH, IN CONTACT WITH THE SKIN OR MUCOUS MEMBRANE, CAUSES ITCHING, BURNING, VIOLENT SNEEZING, LACRIMATION AND IRRITATION OF THE CONJUNCTIVA.

IT IS REGARDED AS THE EFFECTIVE IRRITANT IN TAR AND CREOSOTE OR PITCH, ETC, WHICH CAN SENSITIZE THE SKIN TO LIGHT.

The ability to bind to melanin and other pigments may contribute to the retinal toxicity occasionally seen when antimalarial agents are used. /Antimalarial agents/

ADMIN SYSTEMICALLY TO RABBITS, PURE ACRIDINE HAS BEEN REPORTED TO INDUCE LOCALIZED EDEMA IN NERVE FIBER LAYER OF RETINA...

Acridine ... is irritating to the skin and mucous membranes, esp to the nose, causing sneezing.

ACRIDINE, 10 MUG/ML MEDIUM, WAS MUTAGENIC DURING MEIOSIS OF YEAST SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE.

ESCHERICHIA COLI WERE USED AS DNA REPAIR INDICATORS TO STUDY MUTAGENS. ALL MUTAGENS (EG ACRIDINE DERIV) CAUSED DNA EXCISION REPAIR IN WILD TYPE CELLS AS MEASURED BY THYMIDINE-(3)H INCORPORATION & SIMULTANEOUSLY INHIBITED REPLICATIVE DNA SYNTH.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ACRIDINE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Acridine's production and use as a chemical intermediate, in the manufacture of dyes and in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Acridine is emitted directly to the environment through diesel exhaust, in coal-burning effluent from residential furnaces, in catalyst regeneration flue gas from a gas-oil stock of an oil refinery, in coal tar and coke-oven emissions. If released to the atmosphere, acridine will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere, based on an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.35X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C. Vapor-phase acridine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of about 14 hours. Measured Koc values from 14 soil and sediment samples, ranging from 5500 to 30,909 with an average value of 12,910, indicate that acridine will be immobile in soil. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.0X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. Acridine is expected to be resistant to aerobic biodegradation and to biodegrade readily under anaerobic conditions in both water and soil. Biodegradation of acridine in river die-away tests was not seen over 11 days. However, in soil samples, acridine was completely biodegraded within 83 days. Anaerobic Norman aquifer materials supported extensive degradation of acridine with 92, 96, and 97% degradation reported after 3 weeks for fermentative, denitrifying, and sulfate-reducing incubations, respectively. In water, acridine is expected to adsorb to sediment and particulate matter based on its measured Koc values. This compound should not volatilize from water surfaces given its estimated Henry's Law constant. Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms ranges from low to very high based on BCF values of 30, 125-126, and 1300, measured in daphnia, fathead minnows, and guppies. The general population may be exposed to acridine via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with water, vapors, and products containing acridine. Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation or dermal contact at workplaces where acridine is produced, formed as a by-product, or used. (SRC)

Acridine's production and use as a chemical intermediate, in the manufacture of dyes(1) and in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Acridine may be produced by incomplete combustion at municipal incinerators; propane gas, heavily spiked with hydrochloric acid and then combusted, produced measurable concentrations of acridine(3). Acridine is emitted directly to the environment through diesel exhaust(4), in coal-burning effluent from residential furnaces(5), in catalyst regeneration flue gas from a gas-oil stock of an oil refinery(5), in coal tar emissions, and coke-oven emissions(5). Acridine was detected a former coal tar distillation and wood-treatment site(6)and in streamwater collected from an abandoned creosote works(7).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 14 soil and sediment samples, ranging from 5500 to 30,909 with an average value of 12,910(2), indicate that acridine will be immobile in soil(SRC). Higher sorption was reported for acidic subsoils compared with more neutral subsoils, consistent with compound ionization (pKa of acridine= 5.45(3)) and preferential retention of the organic cation over the neutral compound(4). Volatilization of acridine should not be important from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.0X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(5). Volatilization of acridine from dry soil surfaces should not be a major fate process for this compound(SRC) based on an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.35X10-4 mm Hg(SRC), calculated from experimentally-derived coefficients(6). Acridine is expected to be resistant to aerobic biodegradation and to readily biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(SRC). Acridine, at 500 mg/kg, was completely biodegraded within 83 days in soil samples(7). Norman aquifer materials, taken from two strictly anaerobic zones, also supported extensive degradation of acridine with 92, 96, and 97% degradation reported after 3 weeks for fermentative, denitrifying, and sulfate-reducing incubations, respectively(8). 2-Methylquinoline, phenyl-2-pentenoic acid, hexylbenzene, and benzoic acid were reported as products of the initial ring cleavage of acridine under anaerobic conditions(8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 14 soil and sediment samples, ranging from 5500 to 30,909 with an average value of 12,910(2), indicate that acridine should adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Acridine is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces(1,SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.0X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(3). According to a classification scheme(4), BCF values of 30, 125-126, and 1300, measured in daphnia(5), fathead minnows(6,7), and guppies(8) suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms ranges from low to very high, depending on the aquatic organism(SRC); depuration of this compound has been reported to occur(5,7,8).

AQUATIC FATE: Acridine is expected to be resistant to aerobic biodegradation and to readily biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(SRC). No significant biodegradation of acridine at concentrations from 0.1 to 20 mg/l in river die-away tests, using Green River water, was seen over 11 days(1). Norman aquifer materials, taken from two strictly anaerobic zones, also supported extensive degradation of acridine with 92, 96, and 97% degradation reported after 3 weeks for fermentative, denitrifying, and sulfate-reducing incubations, respectively(2). 2-Methylquinoline, phenyl-2-pentenoic acid, hexylbenzene, and benzoic acid were reported as products of the initial ring cleavage of acridine under anaerobic conditions(2).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acridine, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.35X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from experimentally-derived coefficients(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acridine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 14 hours(3,SRC). Particulate-phase acridine may be physically removed from the air by dry deposition(SRC).

The biodegradation of acridine at concentrations from 0.1 to 20 mg/l was measured in river die-away tests using Green River water; over 11 days this compound was not significantly biodegraded at any measured concentration(1). Acridine at 500 mg/kg soil was measurably present for 83 days in chernozem soil samples at a temperature of 19 °C(2). A half-life of 3 days in soil was reported for acridine when present at a concentration of 5 mg/kg(3). Acridine, initially present in a groundwater sample at 22.5 ug/ml, was inoculated with creosote-contaminated surface soil; 19, 37, 91.5, 91, and 91% of this compound was biodegraded following 1, 3, 5, 8, and 14 days incubation(4). The sterile control was not degraded over 14 days(4). During solid-phase bioremediation of creosote/PCP contaminated surface soils, unamended soils, containing acridine initially at 46.8 mg/landfarming chamber (3 kg) biodegraded this compound by 83% over 12 weeks(5). In similar experiments using surficial soil, 32% biodegradation was reported over 12 weeks with an initial acridine concentration of 14569.7 mg/landfarming chamber (3 kg)(5). The presence of 9-acridinone in groundwater samples possibly indicates that this compound may be the final product of the biodegradation of acridine in contaminated aquifers(6).

Acridine was readily biodegraded in a mixed methanogenic culture with the initial 1 ug/ml acridine concentration reduced to 0.05 ug/ml after one week of incubation(1). After two weeks, these cultures were respiked with 5 ug/ml acridine; one week later, the acridine concentration was 0.06 ug/ml (autoclaved controls showed only 15% decrease over the same time)(1). Norman aquifer materials, taken from two strictly anaerobic zones also supported extensive degradation of acridine with 92, 96, and 97% degradation reported after 3 weeks for fermentative, denitrifying, and sulfate-reducing incubations, respectively(1). Controls exhibited 52% depletion of acridine over 3 weeks, mainly due to adsorption onto the aquifer materials(1). No breakdown products were detected in any control sample. The groups of breakdown products detected in the biodegraded samples included two-ring nitrogen heterocycles, nitrogen-substituted oxygenated homocyclic monoaromatic compounds, nonnitrogen-substituted oxygenated homocyclic aromatic compounds, monoxygenated homocyclic monoaromatic hydrocarbons, and aliphatic compounds(1). 2-Methylquinoline, phenyl-2-pentenoic acid and hexylbenzene were reported for the initial ring cleavage of acridine. Benzoic acid was detected early in the incubation period (<1 week); later in the incubation period (>5 weeks) only acetic acid, carbon dioxide and methane (in methanogenic microcosms) were detected, indicating that extensive degradation of acridine had occurred(1). In a static anaerobic digester study, using a mixed inoculum (equal parts from an anaerobic digester sludge, from an anaerobic digester treated with creosote and creosote-contaminated soil, and from a fixed-film anaerobic reactor treated with quinoline) acridine was not biodegraded over 203 days(2). In an anaerobic toxicity test, using a sewage sludge inoculum, degradation products of acridine were reported, indicating that partial degradation of this compound was occurring(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acridine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1,SRC). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 14 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC).

In a static bioconcentration test, a BCF value of 1300 was measured in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata(1). Rate constants for uptake and depuration were 40.8 and 0.031/hour, respectively(1). An equilibrium BCF of 30 was measured for acridine in Daphnia pulex; rate constants for uptake and depuration were 109.6 and 0.47/hour, respectively(2). A BCF value of 126 was measured in fathead minnows(3). Fathead minnows, exposed to 100 ug/L acridine in a flow-through spring water system, rapidly accumulated acridine directly from the water with concentrations of about 12 ug/g wet attained in the fish after 24 hours giving a BCF of 125(4). Further exposure did not result in higher levels of acridine in these fish(4). Rate constants for uptake and depuration were 14 and 0.112/hour, respectively(4). Uncontaminated water rapidly contained measurable concentrations of acridine once minnows containing this compound were added to the water; this suggests that acridine can be eliminated without metabolic alteration as well as through metabolic degradation(4). Minnows exposed to acridine-contaminated sediment and a low level of dissolved acridine did not accumulate much acridine from the sediment(4). According to a classification scheme(5), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to very high depending on the aquatic organism studied(SRC); however, this compound appears to be readily depurated in several organisms. Mussels, Elliptio complanata, did not accumulate detectable concentrations of acridine following three weeks exposure to contaminated sediments in the St. Mary's River in 1985 (detection limit= 1 ug/kg wet weight)(6).

Fourteen soil and sediment samples, collected from the Ohio, Missouri, Mississippi, and Illinois rivers and their watersheds had a wide range in pH (4.54-8.34), total clay (6.8 to 69.1%), organic carbon (0.11 to 2.38%), and expanding clay (2.0 to 60.0%). Koc values for acridine added to these soils/sediments ranged from 5500 to 30,909 with an average value of 12,910(1). According to a recommended classification scheme(2), these measured Koc values suggest that acridine will be immobile in soil(SRC). Adsorption of acridine to silica was measured in a continuous-flow column. The extent of adsorption was greater when the solution pH was below the pKa of acridine(pKa= 5.68(3)) than when it was above(4). Therefore, mobility should be greater in a sand soil when the pH is above the pKa of acridine and adsorption is greatest when the solution pH equals acridine's pKa(4). Sorption of acridine to two low organic carbon subsurface materials with similar properties but different equilibrium pH values when saturated with water was measured(5). Higher sorption was reported for the Loring subsoil (0.24% organic carbon, pH 4.85) than the Anvil Points subsoil (0.58% organic carbon, pH 8.15), consistent with compound ionization and preferential retention of the organic cation over the neutral compound(5).

The Henry's Law constant for acridine is estimated as 4.0X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This value indicates that acridine will be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2,SRC). Acridine's Henry's Law constant(1,SRC) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces should not occur(SRC). Volatilization of acridine from dry soil surfaces should not be a major fate process for this compound(SRC) based on an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.35X10-4 mm Hg(SRC), calculated from experimentally-derived coefficients(3). Volatilization of acridine from a contaminated surface soil (80% quartz sand, pH= 7.1, 1% creosote/PCP by weight) and a surficial sediment (>80% quartz sand, pH= 10.1, 7.0% creosote/PCP by weight) was measured in a bench-scale biotreatability study; over 12 weeks, 1.9 ug and 0.2 ug acridine were lost, respectively(4). Initially a 1 g total mixture of 43 compounds was added to both the soil and sediment chambers(4).

GROUNDWATER: Light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) and dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) samples collected from groundwater beneath the Sydney Steel Corporations's facilities at Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada contained acridine at concentrations of 0.17 and 1,480 ppm, respectively(1). Groundwater collected beneath an abandoned creosote works in Pensacola, Florida, contained acridine at concentrations ranging from 0.00 to 0.11 mg/l(2). Acridine was detected at the St. Louis Park, Minnesota, a former coal tar distillation and wood-treatment site, at unreported concentrations(3). Groundwater samples collected in 1986 from Pensacola, FL and in St. Louis Park, MN contained acridine at concentrations of 55 ug/l and 11.7 ng/l, respectively(4). A groundwater sample collected from the St. Louis Park, MN site contained acridine at 106 ug/l(5).

SURFACE WATER: Streamwater collected from the abandoned creosote works in Pensacola, Florida, contained acridine at 0.0046 mg/l(1). Acridine was detected in water collected from the Waal River at Brakel, The Netherlands(2).

Acridine was detected in creosote-PCP wood preservative wastewater at a concentration of 55 mg/kg(1). Acridine was identified in a commercial coal tar leachate sample at unreported concentrations(2). Diesel exhaust collected from a 1979 Caterpillar Model 3208 contained acridine at unreported concentrations(3). Acridine was measured in coal-burning effluent from a residential furnace, in catalyst regeneration flue gas from a gas-oil stock of an oil refinery, and in air polluted with coal-tar pitch at 111, 3.3-65, and 0.870 ug/cu m, respectively(4). Coal tar emissions, and coke-oven emissions samples contained acridine at concentrations of 297 ug/cu m and 0.032-0.172 mg/g, respectively(4). A maltuned convective kerosene space heater emitted 0.2 ng/kJ acridine(5). Fine particle emissions from the combined exhaust of a vented natural gas-fired residential space heater plus a water heater contained acridine at 7.4 pg/kJ(6).

Acridine was detected in sediments from Eagle Harbor, Puget Sound, Washington at a concentration of 6.8 ug/g(1). Sediment from a relatively rural reference site, West Beach, Deception Pass, WA did not contain acridine (detection limit= 10 ng/g)(1). Surface sediments from Lake Zurich and Lake Lucerne contained acridine at concentrations of 27 and 0.1 ng/g, respectively(2). Soil samples from Tokyo contained acridine(3). Sediment samples collected from the Kitakyushu area in Japan contained acridine at unreported concentrations(4). Aquatic sediments influenced by coal transport, collected near the Puyallup River delta in Puget Sound, Washington, tentatively contained acridine at unreported concentrations(5). 35 of 42 sediment samples collected from 7 locations in Puget Sound (September 1978), Washington contained acridine at concentrations ranging from 52 to 820 ng/g organic carbon(6).

Over 80% of the surficial sediments collected in the St. Mary's River (connecting Lake Superior with Lake Huron) in 1985, contained acridine at concentrations of <0.02 (detection limit= 0.02 mg/kg dry weight) to 8.70 mg/kg dry weight(1). Acridine was not detected in Black River sediments (in 1984, unreported method detection limit)(1). Black River sediments, collected downstream of the outfall of steel plant coking ovens, contained acridine(2). Sediment samples collected from the Dokai Bay in north Kyushu, Japan contained acridine at unreported concentrations(3).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Ambient air samples collected near a Horizontal Stud Soderberg plant in Jonquiere, Quebec, Canada in 1982, contained acridine at unreported concentrations(1). 7 of 8 air samples collected in the surroundings of the Urx chemical factory, Valasske Mezirici, Czechoslovakia in 1989, contained acridine at concentrations of 42.5 to 467.7 ng/cu m(2).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Acridine was measured in New York City and Antwerp, Belgium air at concentrations from 0.040-0.041 to 1.0 ng/cu m, respectively(1). Airborne particulate matter from the Upper Silesia region contained acridine(2). The average concentration of acridine in atmospheric particulate matter collected above an urban street in Tokyo, Japan was 3.5 ug/g particulates(3). Acridine was detected on aerosols collected over the southern North Atlantic Ocean at 0.02 ng/cu m(4). Particulate samples obtained from the urban atmospheric environment of several cities in Southern Ontario contained acridine at unreported concentrations(5). Acridine was detected in airborne particulate matter collected in Duisburg, Germany at unreported concentrations(6).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Ambient air samples collected from Kokkola, Finland contained acridine in the vapor phase at concentrations from <0.1 to 1.5 ng/cu m; this compound was also detected in particulate matter samples at concentrations from 0.4 to 0.6 ng/cu m(1).

Acridine was measured in Finnish butter, 2 of 8 table margarines, cold pressed sunflower oil, corn oil, and coconut fat at 0.43, 0.18-0.32, 0.89, 0.05, and 0.25 ug/kg, respectively(1). Four of fifteen Finnish leaf lettuce samples, which had been grown in the open air in September 1984, contained acridine at concentrations of 0.05-0.13 ug/kg fresh weight(2).

Two of twelve vegetation samples collected from areas surrounding the Urx chemical factory, Valasske Mezirici, Czechoslovakia in 1989 contained acridine at concentrations of 789.5 and 2319.4 ng/g(1).

Acridine's production and use as a chemical intermediate, in the manufacture of dyes and in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Acridine is emitted directly to the environment through diesel exhaust, in coal-burning effluent from residential furnaces, in catalyst regeneration flue gas from a gas-oil stock of an oil refinery, in coal tar and coke-oven emissions. If released to the atmosphere, acridine will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere, based on an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.35X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C. Vapor-phase acridine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of about 14 hours. Measured Koc values from 14 soil and sediment samples, ranging from 5500 to 30,909 with an average value of 12,910, indicate that acridine will be immobile in soil. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.0X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. Acridine is expected to be resistant to aerobic biodegradation and to biodegrade readily under anaerobic conditions in both water and soil. Biodegradation of acridine in river die-away tests was not seen over 11 days. However, in soil samples, acridine was completely biodegraded within 83 days. Anaerobic Norman aquifer materials supported extensive degradation of acridine with 92, 96, and 97% degradation reported after 3 weeks for fermentative, denitrifying, and sulfate-reducing incubations, respectively. In water, acridine is expected to adsorb to sediment and particulate matter based on its measured Koc values. This compound should not volatilize from water surfaces given its estimated Henry's Law constant. Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms ranges from low to very high based on BCF values of 30, 125-126, and 1300, measured in daphnia, fathead minnows, and guppies. The general population may be exposed to acridine via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with water, vapors, and products containing acridine. Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation or dermal contact at workplaces where acridine is produced, formed as a by-product, or used. (SRC)

Acridine's production and use as a chemical intermediate, in the manufacture of dyes(1) and in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Acridine may be produced by incomplete combustion at municipal incinerators; propane gas, heavily spiked with hydrochloric acid and then combusted, produced measurable concentrations of acridine(3). Acridine is emitted directly to the environment through diesel exhaust(4), in coal-burning effluent from residential furnaces(5), in catalyst regeneration flue gas from a gas-oil stock of an oil refinery(5), in coal tar emissions, and coke-oven emissions(5). Acridine was detected a former coal tar distillation and wood-treatment site(6)and in streamwater collected from an abandoned creosote works(7).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 14 soil and sediment samples, ranging from 5500 to 30,909 with an average value of 12,910(2), indicate that acridine will be immobile in soil(SRC). Higher sorption was reported for acidic subsoils compared with more neutral subsoils, consistent with compound ionization (pKa of acridine= 5.45(3)) and preferential retention of the organic cation over the neutral compound(4). Volatilization of acridine should not be important from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.0X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(5). Volatilization of acridine from dry soil surfaces should not be a major fate process for this compound(SRC) based on an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.35X10-4 mm Hg(SRC), calculated from experimentally-derived coefficients(6). Acridine is expected to be resistant to aerobic biodegradation and to readily biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(SRC). Acridine, at 500 mg/kg, was completely biodegraded within 83 days in soil samples(7). Norman aquifer materials, taken from two strictly anaerobic zones, also supported extensive degradation of acridine with 92, 96, and 97% degradation reported after 3 weeks for fermentative, denitrifying, and sulfate-reducing incubations, respectively(8). 2-Methylquinoline, phenyl-2-pentenoic acid, hexylbenzene, and benzoic acid were reported as products of the initial ring cleavage of acridine under anaerobic conditions(8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 14 soil and sediment samples, ranging from 5500 to 30,909 with an average value of 12,910(2), indicate that acridine should adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Acridine is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces(1,SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.0X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(3). According to a classification scheme(4), BCF values of 30, 125-126, and 1300, measured in daphnia(5), fathead minnows(6,7), and guppies(8) suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms ranges from low to very high, depending on the aquatic organism(SRC); depuration of this compound has been reported to occur(5,7,8).

AQUATIC FATE: Acridine is expected to be resistant to aerobic biodegradation and to readily biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(SRC). No significant biodegradation of acridine at concentrations from 0.1 to 20 mg/l in river die-away tests, using Green River water, was seen over 11 days(1). Norman aquifer materials, taken from two strictly anaerobic zones, also supported extensive degradation of acridine with 92, 96, and 97% degradation reported after 3 weeks for fermentative, denitrifying, and sulfate-reducing incubations, respectively(2). 2-Methylquinoline, phenyl-2-pentenoic acid, hexylbenzene, and benzoic acid were reported as products of the initial ring cleavage of acridine under anaerobic conditions(2).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acridine, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.35X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from experimentally-derived coefficients(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acridine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 14 hours(3,SRC). Particulate-phase acridine may be physically removed from the air by dry deposition(SRC).

The biodegradation of acridine at concentrations from 0.1 to 20 mg/l was measured in river die-away tests using Green River water; over 11 days this compound was not significantly biodegraded at any measured concentration(1). Acridine at 500 mg/kg soil was measurably present for 83 days in chernozem soil samples at a temperature of 19 °C(2). A half-life of 3 days in soil was reported for acridine when present at a concentration of 5 mg/kg(3). Acridine, initially present in a groundwater sample at 22.5 ug/ml, was inoculated with creosote-contaminated surface soil; 19, 37, 91.5, 91, and 91% of this compound was biodegraded following 1, 3, 5, 8, and 14 days incubation(4). The sterile control was not degraded over 14 days(4). During solid-phase bioremediation of creosote/PCP contaminated surface soils, unamended soils, containing acridine initially at 46.8 mg/landfarming chamber (3 kg) biodegraded this compound by 83% over 12 weeks(5). In similar experiments using surficial soil, 32% biodegradation was reported over 12 weeks with an initial acridine concentration of 14569.7 mg/landfarming chamber (3 kg)(5). The presence of 9-acridinone in groundwater samples possibly indicates that this compound may be the final product of the biodegradation of acridine in contaminated aquifers(6).

Acridine was readily biodegraded in a mixed methanogenic culture with the initial 1 ug/ml acridine concentration reduced to 0.05 ug/ml after one week of incubation(1). After two weeks, these cultures were respiked with 5 ug/ml acridine; one week later, the acridine concentration was 0.06 ug/ml (autoclaved controls showed only 15% decrease over the same time)(1). Norman aquifer materials, taken from two strictly anaerobic zones also supported extensive degradation of acridine with 92, 96, and 97% degradation reported after 3 weeks for fermentative, denitrifying, and sulfate-reducing incubations, respectively(1). Controls exhibited 52% depletion of acridine over 3 weeks, mainly due to adsorption onto the aquifer materials(1). No breakdown products were detected in any control sample. The groups of breakdown products detected in the biodegraded samples included two-ring nitrogen heterocycles, nitrogen-substituted oxygenated homocyclic monoaromatic compounds, nonnitrogen-substituted oxygenated homocyclic aromatic compounds, monoxygenated homocyclic monoaromatic hydrocarbons, and aliphatic compounds(1). 2-Methylquinoline, phenyl-2-pentenoic acid and hexylbenzene were reported for the initial ring cleavage of acridine. Benzoic acid was detected early in the incubation period (<1 week); later in the incubation period (>5 weeks) only acetic acid, carbon dioxide and methane (in methanogenic microcosms) were detected, indicating that extensive degradation of acridine had occurred(1). In a static anaerobic digester study, using a mixed inoculum (equal parts from an anaerobic digester sludge, from an anaerobic digester treated with creosote and creosote-contaminated soil, and from a fixed-film anaerobic reactor treated with quinoline) acridine was not biodegraded over 203 days(2). In an anaerobic toxicity test, using a sewage sludge inoculum, degradation products of acridine were reported, indicating that partial degradation of this compound was occurring(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acridine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1,SRC). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 14 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC).

In a static bioconcentration test, a BCF value of 1300 was measured in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata(1). Rate constants for uptake and depuration were 40.8 and 0.031/hour, respectively(1). An equilibrium BCF of 30 was measured for acridine in Daphnia pulex; rate constants for uptake and depuration were 109.6 and 0.47/hour, respectively(2). A BCF value of 126 was measured in fathead minnows(3). Fathead minnows, exposed to 100 ug/L acridine in a flow-through spring water system, rapidly accumulated acridine directly from the water with concentrations of about 12 ug/g wet attained in the fish after 24 hours giving a BCF of 125(4). Further exposure did not result in higher levels of acridine in these fish(4). Rate constants for uptake and depuration were 14 and 0.112/hour, respectively(4). Uncontaminated water rapidly contained measurable concentrations of acridine once minnows containing this compound were added to the water; this suggests that acridine can be eliminated without metabolic alteration as well as through metabolic degradation(4). Minnows exposed to acridine-contaminated sediment and a low level of dissolved acridine did not accumulate much acridine from the sediment(4). According to a classification scheme(5), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to very high depending on the aquatic organism studied(SRC); however, this compound appears to be readily depurated in several organisms. Mussels, Elliptio complanata, did not accumulate detectable concentrations of acridine following three weeks exposure to contaminated sediments in the St. Mary's River in 1985 (detection limit= 1 ug/kg wet weight)(6).

Fourteen soil and sediment samples, collected from the Ohio, Missouri, Mississippi, and Illinois rivers and their watersheds had a wide range in pH (4.54-8.34), total clay (6.8 to 69.1%), organic carbon (0.11 to 2.38%), and expanding clay (2.0 to 60.0%). Koc values for acridine added to these soils/sediments ranged from 5500 to 30,909 with an average value of 12,910(1). According to a recommended classification scheme(2), these measured Koc values suggest that acridine will be immobile in soil(SRC). Adsorption of acridine to silica was measured in a continuous-flow column. The extent of adsorption was greater when the solution pH was below the pKa of acridine(pKa= 5.68(3)) than when it was above(4). Therefore, mobility should be greater in a sand soil when the pH is above the pKa of acridine and adsorption is greatest when the solution pH equals acridine's pKa(4). Sorption of acridine to two low organic carbon subsurface materials with similar properties but different equilibrium pH values when saturated with water was measured(5). Higher sorption was reported for the Loring subsoil (0.24% organic carbon, pH 4.85) than the Anvil Points subsoil (0.58% organic carbon, pH 8.15), consistent with compound ionization and preferential retention of the organic cation over the neutral compound(5).

The Henry's Law constant for acridine is estimated as 4.0X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This value indicates that acridine will be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2,SRC). Acridine's Henry's Law constant(1,SRC) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces should not occur(SRC). Volatilization of acridine from dry soil surfaces should not be a major fate process for this compound(SRC) based on an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.35X10-4 mm Hg(SRC), calculated from experimentally-derived coefficients(3). Volatilization of acridine from a contaminated surface soil (80% quartz sand, pH= 7.1, 1% creosote/PCP by weight) and a surficial sediment (>80% quartz sand, pH= 10.1, 7.0% creosote/PCP by weight) was measured in a bench-scale biotreatability study; over 12 weeks, 1.9 ug and 0.2 ug acridine were lost, respectively(4). Initially a 1 g total mixture of 43 compounds was added to both the soil and sediment chambers(4).

GROUNDWATER: Light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) and dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) samples collected from groundwater beneath the Sydney Steel Corporations's facilities at Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada contained acridine at concentrations of 0.17 and 1,480 ppm, respectively(1). Groundwater collected beneath an abandoned creosote works in Pensacola, Florida, contained acridine at concentrations ranging from 0.00 to 0.11 mg/l(2). Acridine was detected at the St. Louis Park, Minnesota, a former coal tar distillation and wood-treatment site, at unreported concentrations(3). Groundwater samples collected in 1986 from Pensacola, FL and in St. Louis Park, MN contained acridine at concentrations of 55 ug/l and 11.7 ng/l, respectively(4). A groundwater sample collected from the St. Louis Park, MN site contained acridine at 106 ug/l(5).

SURFACE WATER: Streamwater collected from the abandoned creosote works in Pensacola, Florida, contained acridine at 0.0046 mg/l(1). Acridine was detected in water collected from the Waal River at Brakel, The Netherlands(2).

Acridine was detected in creosote-PCP wood preservative wastewater at a concentration of 55 mg/kg(1). Acridine was identified in a commercial coal tar leachate sample at unreported concentrations(2). Diesel exhaust collected from a 1979 Caterpillar Model 3208 contained acridine at unreported concentrations(3). Acridine was measured in coal-burning effluent from a residential furnace, in catalyst regeneration flue gas from a gas-oil stock of an oil refinery, and in air polluted with coal-tar pitch at 111, 3.3-65, and 0.870 ug/cu m, respectively(4). Coal tar emissions, and coke-oven emissions samples contained acridine at concentrations of 297 ug/cu m and 0.032-0.172 mg/g, respectively(4). A maltuned convective kerosene space heater emitted 0.2 ng/kJ acridine(5). Fine particle emissions from the combined exhaust of a vented natural gas-fired residential space heater plus a water heater contained acridine at 7.4 pg/kJ(6).

Acridine was detected in sediments from Eagle Harbor, Puget Sound, Washington at a concentration of 6.8 ug/g(1). Sediment from a relatively rural reference site, West Beach, Deception Pass, WA did not contain acridine (detection limit= 10 ng/g)(1). Surface sediments from Lake Zurich and Lake Lucerne contained acridine at concentrations of 27 and 0.1 ng/g, respectively(2). Soil samples from Tokyo contained acridine(3). Sediment samples collected from the Kitakyushu area in Japan contained acridine at unreported concentrations(4). Aquatic sediments influenced by coal transport, collected near the Puyallup River delta in Puget Sound, Washington, tentatively contained acridine at unreported concentrations(5). 35 of 42 sediment samples collected from 7 locations in Puget Sound (September 1978), Washington contained acridine at concentrations ranging from 52 to 820 ng/g organic carbon(6).

Over 80% of the surficial sediments collected in the St. Mary's River (connecting Lake Superior with Lake Huron) in 1985, contained acridine at concentrations of <0.02 (detection limit= 0.02 mg/kg dry weight) to 8.70 mg/kg dry weight(1). Acridine was not detected in Black River sediments (in 1984, unreported method detection limit)(1). Black River sediments, collected downstream of the outfall of steel plant coking ovens, contained acridine(2). Sediment samples collected from the Dokai Bay in north Kyushu, Japan contained acridine at unreported concentrations(3).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Ambient air samples collected near a Horizontal Stud Soderberg plant in Jonquiere, Quebec, Canada in 1982, contained acridine at unreported concentrations(1). 7 of 8 air samples collected in the surroundings of the Urx chemical factory, Valasske Mezirici, Czechoslovakia in 1989, contained acridine at concentrations of 42.5 to 467.7 ng/cu m(2).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Acridine was measured in New York City and Antwerp, Belgium air at concentrations from 0.040-0.041 to 1.0 ng/cu m, respectively(1). Airborne particulate matter from the Upper Silesia region contained acridine(2). The average concentration of acridine in atmospheric particulate matter collected above an urban street in Tokyo, Japan was 3.5 ug/g particulates(3). Acridine was detected on aerosols collected over the southern North Atlantic Ocean at 0.02 ng/cu m(4). Particulate samples obtained from the urban atmospheric environment of several cities in Southern Ontario contained acridine at unreported concentrations(5). Acridine was detected in airborne particulate matter collected in Duisburg, Germany at unreported concentrations(6).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Ambient air samples collected from Kokkola, Finland contained acridine in the vapor phase at concentrations from <0.1 to 1.5 ng/cu m; this compound was also detected in particulate matter samples at concentrations from 0.4 to 0.6 ng/cu m(1).

Acridine was measured in Finnish butter, 2 of 8 table margarines, cold pressed sunflower oil, corn oil, and coconut fat at 0.43, 0.18-0.32, 0.89, 0.05, and 0.25 ug/kg, respectively(1). Four of fifteen Finnish leaf lettuce samples, which had been grown in the open air in September 1984, contained acridine at concentrations of 0.05-0.13 ug/kg fresh weight(2).

Two of twelve vegetation samples collected from areas surrounding the Urx chemical factory, Valasske Mezirici, Czechoslovakia in 1989 contained acridine at concentrations of 789.5 and 2319.4 ng/g(1).

Perch, exposed to an oil spill site in the Vaasa archipelago, Finland, did not contain measurable concentrations of acridine over 18 months in samples of muscle tissue or bile(1). A Black River, Ohio bullhead catfish sample contained 24 ppb acridine(2).

Street dust, collected from an unknown site, contained acridine at 32 ng/g(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 70 workers are potentially exposed to acridine in the US(1). Occupational exposure will be through the inhalation of acridine dust and vapor and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acridine is produced or used(2). One of three air samples taken at the solvent refined pilot plant in Fort Lewis, WA from the coal preparation area contained acridine; personal air samples taken from a welder and operator in a solvent refined coal pilot plant worker in the coal preparation area contained small amounts of acridine(3). Air samples collected in the potroom of a Soderberg aluminum reduction plant contained acridine at unreported concentrations(4). The general population will be exposed to acridine via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with food and other products containing this compound(SRC).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Incineration: Dissolve in such combustible solvent as alcohols, benzene, etc. Spray the solvent into a furnace with afterburner and scrubber. Pour into a mixture of sand and Na2CO3 /sodium carbonate/ (9:1). After mixing, put into a paper carton stuffed full with packing paper to serve as fuel. Burn in a furnace.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ACRIDINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2713; Acridine

IMO 6.1; Acridine

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.