sulfuryl fluoride

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P260, P261, P271, P273, P304+P340, P316, P319, P321, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H280 (100%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H330 (26.8%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H331 (73.2%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370 (26.8%): Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373 (100%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P284, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P319, P320, P321, P391, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 205 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer immediately for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer immediately for medical attention .

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water. Refer immediately for medical attention. Keep rinsing during transport for medical attention.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Sulfuryl fluoride:

Eye: FROSTBITE - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin: FROSTBITE - If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Frostbite - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin: Frostbite - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Excerpt from ERG Guide 123 [Gases - Toxic]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Do not get water inside containers. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water.

If material involved in fire: extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 123 [Gases - Toxic]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 2191 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 30 m (100 ft)

Large spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 400 m (1250 ft)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.5 km (0.3 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 2.2 km (1.4 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 5.0 km (3.1 mi)

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: gas-tight chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Isolate the area until the gas has dispersed. Shut off cylinder if possible. Remove vapour with fine water spray. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Leak Procedures: Evacuate immediate area of leak. Use a NIOSH ... approved positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA, not SCUBA) or combination air-supplied/SCSA respirator ... for entry into affected areas to correct problem. Move leaking or damaged cylinder outdoors or to an isolated location, observing strict safety precautions. Work upwind if possible. Do not permit entry into leakage area by unprotected persons until concentration of fumigant in the breathing zone is determined to be 1 part per miliion (ppm) or less, as determined by a detection device with sufficient sensitivity ... /Vikane/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Cylinder and Product Disposal: Promptly return all empty cylinders to your distributor of Vikane. Follow proper cylinder handling directions above. Pesticide wastes are acutely hazardous, Improper disposal of excess pesticide is a violation of Federal law. If these wastes cannot be disposed of by use according to label instructions, consult your State Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency, or the Hazardous Waste Representative at the nearest EPA Regional Office for guidance. /Vikane/

The following disposal method has been suggested ... allow gas to flow into a mixed solution of caustic soda and slaked lime.

First Aid: In all cases of overexposure, such as nausea, difficulty in breathing, abdominal pain, slowing of movements and speech, numbness in extremities, get medical attention immediately. Take person to a doctor or emergency treatment facility. If inhaled: Get exposed person to fresh air. Keep warm and at rest. Make sure person can breathe freely. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. Do not put anything in the mouth of an unconscious person. Call a poison control center or doctor for further treatment advice. If liquid is on skin or on clothing: Immediately apply water to contaminated area of clothing before removing. Once area has thawed, remove contaminated clothing, shoes, and other items covering skin. Wash contaminated skin area thoroughly or shower. Call a poison control center or doctor for further treatment advice. If liquid is in eyes: Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15-20 minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes. then continue rinsing eye. Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice. ... /Vikane/

Vikane is a highly hazardous material and should be used only by individuals knowledgeable of the hazards of this chemical and trained in the use of required respiratory equipment, fumigant detection devices, emergency procedures, and in the proper use of this fumigant. /Vikane/

When used for fumigation of enclosed spaces, such as houses and other structures, warehouses, vaults, chambers, trucks, vans, boxcars, ships, and other transport vehicles, 2 persons trained in the use of this product, at least one being an applicator who is licensed/certified by the state, must be present during introduction of fumigant, reentry prior to aeration, and during the initiation of the initial aeration procedure when exposure exceeds I ppm. Two persons need not be present if monitoring is conducted remotely (outside the area being fumigated) and no one enters the fumigated structure. /Vikane/

When fumigating a single unit/room within or connected to a larger structure (such as town houses, apartments, condominiums), all units of the entire structure must be vacated during the fumigation and aeration periods. Remove food, feed, drugs, and medicinals from the structure before the fumigation if they cannot be adequately sealed to prevent exposure to Vikane. Chloropicrin must be used as described on the label to warn of an ongoing fumigation. /Vikane/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for SULFURYL FLUORIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 123 [Gases - Toxic]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof if in building. Cool. Ventilation along the floor.

Store in dry, cool, well ventilated area under lock and key. Post as a pesticide storage area. If the storage area is in an occupied building, the storage area must have either 1) a forced air ventilation system that meets required local ordinances for the storage of hazardous materials and operates continuously; or 2) be equipped with a permanently mounted and properly maintained and functioning sulfuryl fluoride monitoring device designed to alert occupants of the building if sulfuryl fluoride in the air of the storage area is greater than 1 ppm. Store cylinders upright, secured to a rack or wall to prevent tipping. Do not contaminate water, food, or feed by storage. Cylinders should not be subjected to rough handling or mechanical shock such as dropping, bumping, dragging, or sliding. Do not transport any cylinders in closed vehicles where they occupy the same common airspace as personnel. Transport securely only in an upright position. Do not remove valve protection bonnet and safety cap until immediately before use. Replace safety cap and valve protection bonnet when cylinder is not in use. /Vikane/

MAY BE STORED IN COMPRESSED FORM IN STEEL CYLINDERS OR IN GASOMETER OVER SULFURIC ACID.

Store cylinders upright, away from heat in a secured, well ventilated area away from dwellings and work areas. Do not contaminate or store near food, feed, or drugs. When not in use, all full and partially used or empty cylinders must have the valve closed and the valve cover hood securely in place.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Interim

10 [ppm]

21 [ppm]

64 [ppm]

5 ppm (20 mg/m³)

10 ppm (40 mg/m³)

TWA 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) ST 10 ppm (40 mg/m3)

5.0 [ppm]

TWA 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) See Appendix G

200 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

200.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other animal data: It has been reported that less than 5% mortality resulted from exposure for 3 hours to 1,000 ppm [Taxay 1966].

See: 2699798

10.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 5 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 10 ppm.

5 ppm as TWA; 10 ppm as STEL

5 ppm [1992]

10 ppm [1992]

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

A harmful concentration of this gas in the air will be reached very quickly on loss of containment.

Sulfuryl fluoride appears as a colorless odorless gas. Shipped as a liquefied gas under its own vapor pressure. Noncombustible. Heavier than air. Very toxic by inhalation. Contact with the unconfined liquid can cause frostbite. Prolonged exposure to heat can cause containers to rupture violently and rocket. Used as an insecticide fumigant in wooden structures to control termites and wood-infesting beetles, and used in organic synthesis.

Colorless, odorless gas. [insecticide/fumigant] [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.] [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS ODOURLESS COMPRESSED OR LIQUEFIED GAS.

Colorless, odorless gas.

Colorless, odorless gas. [insecticide/fumigant] [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]

Colorless gas [Note: shipped as a liquified compressed gas]

Odorless

-68 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

-55.38 °C

-55.3 °C

-55 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-212 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

-135.82 °C

-135.8 °C

0.2 % at 32 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

4-5 ml gas/100 ml water; 24-27 ml gas/100 ml alc; 136-138 ml gas/100 ml carbon tetrachloride; 210-220 ml gas/100 ml toluene

SLIGHTLY SOL IN ALKALIS

MISCIBLE WITH METHYL BROMIDE; SPARINGLY SOL IN MOST ORG SOLVENTS

In ethanol 0.24 to 0.27 L/L; in toluene 2.1 to 2.2 L/L; in carbon tetrachloride 1.36 to I.38 L/L

For more Solubility (Complete) data for SULFURYL FLUORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Solubility in water, ml/100ml: 4-5 (soluble)

(32 °F): 0.2%

3.72 G/L (GAS), 1.7 G/L (LIQ)

Density = 4.172 g/L

3.72 g/l

1.7 @ -55°C

3.72(relative gas density)

3.72 (NIOSH, 2024) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.5 (Air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.5

15.8 atm at 70 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

Vapor pressure = 9150 mm Hg at 50 °F (10 °C)

1.7X10+6 Pa at 21 °C (12.8 mm Hg at 21.1 °C)

Vapor pressure, kPa at 21.1 °C: 1700

15.8 atm at 70 °F

12000 [mm Hg] @21 °C

(70 °F): 15.8 atm

STABLE TO 400 °C

Stable to light. Stable up to approx 500 °C when dry. Rapidly hydrolyzed by aqueous alkali, but not by water.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /sulfur oxides and hydrogen fluoride/.

Sulfuryl fluoride is a gas which is unaffected by water at temperatures up to 300F, but is slowly hydrolyzed by solutions of strong bases (Adv. Inorganic Chemistry, Cotton and Wilkinson, 1972, p. 455). The products of hydrolysis are hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid (Pesticide Profiles, Kamrin, ed., 1997, p. 548).

Fluoride Salts, Soluble

SULFURYL FLUORIDE is a gas which is unaffected by water at temperatures up to 300F, but is slowly hydrolyzed by solutions of strong bases (Adv. Inorganic Chemistry, Cotton and Wilkinson, 1972, p. 455). The products of hydrolysis are hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid and it is soluble in ethanol, toluene and carbon tetrachloride (Pesticide Profiles, Kamrin, ed., 1997, p. 548). It is much less reactive than sulfuryl chloride (Adv. Inorganic Chemistry, Cotton and Wilkinson, 1972, p. 455).

Can react with water, steam.

None reported

Cancer Classification: Not Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid)

Sore throat. Cough. Shortness of breath. Nausea. Vomiting. Weakness. Heart palpitations. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness. ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

conjunctivitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, paresthesia; liquid: frostbite: In Animals: narcosis, tremor, convulsions; pulmonary edema; kidney injury

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, kidneys

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

Sulfuryl fluoride

General Population

Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides - 2021 Update

LC50 (rat) = 991 ppm/4H

LD50 Rat oral 100 mg/kg

LD50 Guinea pig oral 100 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation approx 1000 ppm/4 hr

LC50 Rat (male) 3020 ppm/1 hr

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for SULFURYL FLUORIDE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Therapeutic treatment with calcium gluconate was evaluated ... Rats were exposed to 4000 or 10,000 ppm sulfuryl fluoride for 45 or 16 min (sufficient to result in 100% lethality within 3 hr), respectively, or were treated ip with calcium gluconate prior to and after exposure to sulfuryl fluoride. Animals which were still alive 3 days after exposure ... were considered to have survived. In separate groups of rats, serum fluoride levels were determined in rats exposed to sulfuryl fluoride alone or pretreated with calcium gluconate. Four of five rats pretreated with calcium gluconate prior to exposure to 4000 ppm sulfuryl fluoride survived 3 days after dosing. The other rat died 90 min after exposure. Treatment with calcium gluconate after exposure to sulfuryl fluoride was not effective. While survival was incr in rats pretreated with calcium gluconate, the surviving animals were extremely debilitated with no apparent protection from convulsions. Animals pretreated with calcium gluconate did not survive exposure to 10,000 ppm sulfuryl fluoride. Admin of calcium gluconate resulted in approx 10% incr in serum calcium levels and did not appear to affect serum fluoride or magnesium levels.

Since the cause of death in rats pre- or postexposure treated with calcium gluconate appeared to be due to convulsions, rats were pretreated with 1 of 3 anticonvulsants (phenobarbital, diazepam, or diphenylhydantoin) prior to exposure to 4000 ppm sulfuryl fluoride or were treated postexposure with phenobarbital and diazepam ... Phenobarbital was the most effective anticonvulsant followed by diazepam with 5 of 5 and 4 of 5 pretreated with phenobarbital and diazepam surviving exposure to 4000 ppm for 50 min. Diphenylhydantoin accentuated the adverse effects of sulfuryl fluoride. At higher concn of sulfuryl fluoride, 10,000 ppm, phenobarbital was also ineffective.

... Vikane is a gas which has no warning properties such as odor or eye irritation. (However, chloropicrin is used as a warning agent and is a known lachrymator). Early symptoms of exposure to Vikane are respiratory irritation and central nervous system depression. Excitation may follow. Slowed movement, reduced awareness, and slow or garbled speech may be noted. Prolonged exposure can produce lung irritation, pulmonary edema, nausea, and abdominal pain. Repeated exposure to high concentrations can result in significant lung and kidney damage. Single exposures at high concentrations have resulted in death. Treat symptomatically. Liquid Vikane in the eye may cause damage due to refrigeration or freezing. /Vikane/

Acid burns. Since these compounds can cause severe acid burns to the esophagus and stomach, patients should be referred for surgical evaluation and endoscopy. If burns are documented, treatment for acid burns should be continued by a surgeon or gastroenterologist. /Other insecticides: Fluorides/

Oxygen by mask should be administered for hypotension, shock, cardiac arrhythmia, or cyanosis. Shock may require administration of plasma or blood.

Tetany. If overt or latent tetany occurs, or if hypocalcemia is demonstrated, or if it appears likely that a significant amount of fluoride has been absorbed, administer 10 mL of 10% calcium gluconate intravenously, at no more than 1 mL per minute. Dosage of calcium gluconate: Supplied as 100 mg/mL (10% solution). Adults and children over 12 years: 10 mL of 10% solution, given slowly, intravenously; Repeat as necessary. Children under 12 years: 200-500 mg/kg/24 hr divided by Q6 hour; for cardiac arrest, 100 mg/kg/dose; repeat as necessary. /Other insecticides: Fluorides/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for SULFURYL FLUORIDE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Consider the points of attack /respiratory system, central nervous system/ in preplacement and periodic physical examination.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Vikane is a gas which has no warning properties such as odor or eye irritation. (However, chloropicrin is used as a warning agent and is a known lachrymator). Early symptoms of exposure to Vikane are respiratory irritation and central nervous system depression. Excitation may follow. Slowed movement, reduced awareness, and slow or garbled speech may be noted. Prolonged exposure can produce lung irritation, pulmonary edema, nausea, and abdominal pain. Repeated exposure to high concentrations can result in significant lung and kidney damage. Single exposures at high concentrations have resulted in death. ... /Vikane/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Poisonings and fatalities have been reported in humans following inhalation exposure to sulfuryl fluoride. The severity of these effects has depended on the concentration of sulfuryl fluoride and the duration of exposure. Short-term inhalation exposure to high concentrations has caused respiratory irritation, pulmonary edema, nausea, abdominal pain, central nervous system depression, and numbness in the extremities. ... Prolonged chronic inhalation exposures to concentrations of sulfuryl fluoride gas significantly above the threshold limit value (TLV) of 5 ppm have caused fluorosis in humans because sulfuryl fluoride is converted to fluoride anion in the body. Fluorosis is characterized by binding of fluoride anion to teeth (causing mottling of the teeth) and to bone. Sulfuryl fluoride and fluoride anion are the residues of concern associated with sulfuryl fluoride. /Fluoride anion/[EPA 40 CFR Part 180

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ When released from pressurized steel cylinders, sulfuryl fluoride causes freezing of skin and eye tissues on contact.[EPA 40 CFR Part 180

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Accidental human exposure caused nausea, vomiting, cramps, itching.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SULFURYL FLUORIDE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Male rats that inhaled 4000 ppm sulfuryl fluoride survived about 2.5 hours; tonic convulsions were observed just prior to death. With exposure to concentrations up to 40,000 ppm, the time to death decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Pulmonary edema, cyanosis, respiratory arrest, and convulsions preceded death at the higher concentrations. Because circulating fluoride was elevated in the animals that died, the authors considered that the toxicity of sulfuryl fluoride was due, at least in part, to fluoride.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Mice are more sensitive than rats to the acute effects of inhaled sulfuryl fluoride, whereas rabbits were considered somewhat less sensitive; tonic convulsions were recorded after exposure and aveolar hemorrhage/pulmonary congestion was seen in those that inhaled greater than or equal to 6000 ppm.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Liq sulfuryl fluoride directly contacting skin can result in frostbite ... Animals exposed to lethal doses of sulfuryl fluoride had tremors and convulsions. The convulsions were characterized by stiffening of the animal to a very rigid position and the toppling over backward. Excessive salivation, loss of bladder control, and chromodacryorrhea were observed also.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 400, 600, or 1000 ppm for 4 hr ... All animals died within 90 min after termination of the exposure to 1000 ppm and within 6 days following exposure to 600 ppm. Body tremors were observed in several female mice shortly after exposure to 600 ppm and animals surviving after the exposure period were lethargic prior to death. There were no clinically visible effects noted in mice exposed to 400 ppm ...[Krieger, R. (ed.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2, 2nd ed. 2001. Academic Press, San Diego, California., p. 1882]

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SULFURYL FLUORIDE (52 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/PLANTS/ Orchid plants and a grapefruit tree suffered considerable damage when vikane (SO2F2) was used to fumigate a termite-ridden house 15-30 ft away. Orchids developed black rot and leaf tip rot after 1 wk, and the tree lost its leaves and fruit after 4 days.

/PLANTS/ ... Phytotoxic but with little effect on the germination of weed & crop seeds.

/PLANTS/ Orchid plants and a grapefruit tree suffered considerable damage when vikane (SO2F2) was used to fumigate a termite-ridden house 15-30 ft away. Orchids developed black rot and leaf tip rot after 1 wk, and the tree lost its leaves and fruit after 4 days.

/PLANTS/ ... Phytotoxic but with little effect on the germination of weed & crop seeds.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms.

/Experimental/ The principal route of fluoride excretion is via the urine. Some excretion takes place through sweat and feces, and fluoride also appears in saliva. Fluoride crosses the placenta; it rarely seems to be excreted in milk to any significant extent. /Fluorides/

Inhalation, eye and skin contact

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 5,136 workers are potentially exposed to thionyl fluloride in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Cylinder and Product Disposal: Promptly return all empty cylinders to your distributor of Vikane. Follow proper cylinder handling directions above. Pesticide wastes are acutely hazardous, Improper disposal of excess pesticide is a violation of Federal law. If these wastes cannot be disposed of by use according to label instructions, consult your State Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency, or the Hazardous Waste Representative at the nearest EPA Regional Office for guidance. /Vikane/

The following disposal method has been suggested ... allow gas to flow into a mixed solution of caustic soda and slaked lime.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY.

Table: Table of Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Sulfuryl fluoride [Table#2250]

/GUIDE 123: GASES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Vapors may be irritating. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 123: GASES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE/ Fire or Explosion: Some may burn, but none ignite readily. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and/or corrosive gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

/GUIDE 123: GASES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for SULFURYL FLUORIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2191; SULFURYL FLUORIDE

IMO 2.3; SULFURYL FLUORIDE

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Poison Gas

UN Hazard Class: 2.3