bromadiolone

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H360D: May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300+H310+H330 (24.7%): Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H300 (80.5%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H302 (19.5%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (80.1%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330 (65.9%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H360 (39.7%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H360D (24.7%): May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (66.3%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (79.8%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (66.3%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 267 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Bromadiolone Exposure: Bromadiolone is an anticoagulant. Hemorrhage is the most common effect and may be manifested by nose bleeding, gum bleeding, bloody stools and urine, ecchymoses (extravasations of blood into skin), and hemoptysis (coughing up of blood). Bruising is heightened. Abdominal and flank pain are also common.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to bromadiolone may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to bromadiolone.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. RUSH to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to bromadiolone.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. RUSH to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of bromadiolone is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. RUSH to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(Non-Specific -- Coumarin Derivative Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) This material may burn but does not ignite readily. Container may explode in heat of fire. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. If water pollution occurs, notify appropriate authorities.

(Non-Specific -- Coumarin Derivative Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Small fires: dry chemicals, carbon dioxide, water spray or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Heating of containers will cause a pressure rise, with the risk of bursting and subsequent ignition. Fire-exposed containers should be kept cool by spraying with water.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Dry spillages should be collected at once, by suction, and disposed of as toxic waste according to local legislation.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

...Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhause ventilation at places where dust is formed. NOrmal measures for preventive fire protection.

Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust.

(Non-Specific -- Coumarin Derivative, Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors.

Small spills: absorb with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Small dry spills: with clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area.

Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Protect from extreme temperatures.

Technical material and formulations should be stored in sealed containers in locked, well-ventilated, dry areas, away from frost, direct sunlight, and sources of heat and ignition. Keep products out of reach of children and unauthorized personnel. Do not store near food or animal feed.

0.091 [mg/m3]

1.0 [mg/m3]

3.4 [mg/m3]

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

Wear protective mask and gloves when handling the concentrate.

Adequate protective clothing should be worn at all times. In the lab this will consist of a lab coat, rubber or polyethylene gloves and a /NIOSH approved respirator/ or respirator of a type applicable to the specific chemical being handled. /Rodenticides/

Yellowish powder. Used as an anticoagulant rodenticide. (EPA, 1998)

White to off-white solid; [Merck Index] Technical product is yellowish solid; [HSDB] Yellowish-white odorless solid; [Reference #2]

White to off-white powder

Yellowish powder

Solid white powder at 20 °C, 760 mm Hg (purity 99.2-100%)

Odorless

Decomposes, without boiling, above the melting point

392 to 410 °F (EPA, 1998)

198.3-199.8 °C (approximately 100% purity)

In water, >1.14X10+4 at pH 5, 2.48X10-3 at pH 7, 0.180 at pH 9 (all in g/L at 20 °C)

Soluble in dimethylsulfoxide

Solubility at 20-25 °C (g/L): dimethylformamide 730.0; ethyl acetate 25.0; acetone 22.3; chloroform 10.1; ethanol 8.2; methanol 5.6; ethyl ether 3.7; hexane 0.2

1.45 at 20.5 °C

0.00000002 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure: 3.75X10-7 mm Hg at 45 °C (direct measurement)

2.13X10-8 Pa at 25 °C = 1.6X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C (extrapolated)

log Kow > 5 (pH 4-5, 20-25 °C); log Kow = 3.8-4.1 (pH 6-7, 20-25 °C); log Kow = 2.5-3.2 (pH 9-10, 20-25 °C); log Kow = 4.3 (in purified water at 23 °C, pH not stated)

Thermally stable below 200 °C. /technical, 97% pure/

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Br-.

High temperature decomposition or burning in air will lead to the formation of toxic gases, which may include carbon monoxide and traces of bromine and hydrogen bromide, as well as fumes of unchanged rodenticide ...

Non-corrosive

71.2-72.1 mN/m at 20-21 °C and a concentration of 1.47-17.4 mg/L

pKa = 4.5

239.5 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI+; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID9032589]

215.1 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI-; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID9032589]

Technical grade bromadiolone is 97% pure. ... Tech. grade is a yellowish powder; mp 200-210 degrees (mixture of 2 diastereoisomers)

Thermally stable below 200 °C

Rodenticides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticides -> Rodenticides, Anticoagulant

Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Alcohols and Polyols

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

Aryl Halides

Bromadiolone inhibits the enzyme Vitamin K epoxide reductase. This enzyme is needed for the reconstitution of the vitamin K in its cycle from vitamin K-epoxide, and so bromadiolone steadily decreases the level of active vitamin K in the blood. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of important substances including prothrombin, which is involved in blood clotting. This disruption becomes increasingly severe until the blood effectively loses any ability to clot. In addition, bromadiolone increases permeability of blood capillaries. The blood plasma and blood itself begins to leak from the blood vessels, causing internal bleeding leading to shock, loss of consciousness, and eventually death. (L1257)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Bromadiolone is an anticoagulant and causes internal bleeding, leading to shock, loss of consciousness, and eventually death. (L1257)

Oral (ingestion) (L1817) ; dermal (L1817)

Bromadiolone initially causes dehydration before progressing to bleeding complications. (L1257)

LD50: 1.75 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (T66)

LD50 Rat oral 0.56-0.84 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 1.75 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit oral 1 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit dermal 1.71 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for BROMADIOLONE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The primary antidote to bromadiolone poisoning is immediate administration of vitamin K1 (initially slow intravenous injections of 10-25 mg repeated all 3-6 hours until normalisation of the prothrombin time; then 10 mg orally four times daily as a "maintenance dose"). It is an extremely effective antidote, provided the poisoning is caught before too much damage has been done to the victim's circulatory system. At high doses bromadiolone can affect the body for many months, and the antidote must be administered regularly for a long period of time. (L1257)

The non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and phenylbutazone potentiated the anticoagulant effects of brodifacoum and bromadiolone in rats.

The following drugs ... may increase ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (acute intoxication), allopurinol, aminosalicylic acid, amiodarone, anabolic steroids, chloral hydrate, chloramphenicol, cimetidine, clofibrate, co-trimoxazole, danazol, dextrothyroxine sodium, diazoxide, diflunisal, disulfiram, erythromycin, ethacrynic acid, fenoprofen calcium, glucagon, ibuprofen, indomethacin, influenza virus vaccine, isoniazid, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, methylthiouracil, metronidazole, miconazole, nalidixic acid, neomycin (oral), pentoxifylline, phenylbutazone, propoxyphene, propylthiouracil, quinidine, quinine, salicylates, streptokinase, sulfinpyrazone, sulfonamides, sulindac, tetracyclines, thiazides, thyroid drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, urokinase, vitamin E. /Coumarin and indandione derivatives/

The following drugs ... may ... decrease ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (chronic alcoholism), barbiturates, carbamazepine, corticosteroids, corticotropin, ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, griseofulvin, mercaptopurine, methaqualone, oral contraceptives containing estrogen, rifampin, spironolactone, vitamin K. /Coumarin and indandione derivatives/

VETERINARY: Injured capillaries cannot be mended, but other measures may save the animal. Restraint & handling should be minimized. A sedative or tranquilizer may be of assistance in restraint, calming ... and reducing locomotion, thus decr tissue oxygen demand. Oxygen may be given, but manual pumping of chest is not advisable. Dyspnea may be relieved by thoracentesis. Clotting factors should be provided in form of blood transfusion (20 mL/kg, 1/2 injected quickly). Warfarin should be antagonized with slow iv injection of vitamin K1. Dogs and cats are given 5 mg/kg. This dose is repeated for 2 more days, using im route. Larger animals are given 0.5 to 1 mg/kg, and oral vitamin K1 should be admin daily for 4-6 days. The vitamin will not evoke a sudden dramatic cure; but bleeding tendency will gradually abate as clotting factors begin to be synthesized ... Menadione (vitamin K3) is not as effective as vitamin K1 ... Residual defects such as lameness or CNS signs from localized hemorrhages may disappear with gradual resorption of extravasated blood. Liver damage may be compensated by regeneration of hepatic cells. /Warfarin/

Vitamin K1. ... For suicidal ingestions with large amounts taken, if there is uncertainty about the amount of bait ingested or the general health of the patient, phytonadione (vitamin K1) given orally protects against the anticoagulant effect of these rodenticides, with essentially no risk to the patient. In accidental ingestions with healthy children involving only a taste or single swallow, no medical treatment is required, but children should be observed for bleeding and bruising. If a larger amount may have been ingested, prothrombin time (PT) should be monitored at 24 and 48 hours, with phytonadione therapy initiated for elevated PT or clinical signs of bleeding. CAUTION: Phytonadione, specificaly, is required. Neither vitamin K3 (menadione, Hykinone) nor vitamin K4 (menadiol) is an antidote for these anticoagulants. /Coumarins and Indandiones/

Gastrointestinal decontamination. If large amounts of anticoagulant have been ingested within several hours prior to treatment, consider gastric decontamination procedures ... . /Coumarins and Indandiones/

Determine prothrombin time. If anticoagulant has been ingested any time in the preceding 15 days, determination of the prothrombin time (PT) provides a basis for judging the severity of poisoning. Patients who ingest large amounts, particularly of the superwarfarin compounds, will likely have a very prolonged period of decreased prothrombin activity. Patients may need to be treated for as long as 3 or 4 months. If the PT is significantly lengthened, give Aquamephyton intramuscularly. ... /Coumarins and Indandiones/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for BROMADIOLONE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect preexisting conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Persons with a history of blood disorders with bleeding tendencies would be expected to be at increased risk from exposure. Examination of the blood should be stressed. /Warfarin/

A PT (Prothrombin Time) 24 to 48 hr after exposure in asymptomatic children with accidental ingestions of large or unknown amounts should be obtained. In adults with deliberate ingestions and children with clinical evidence of bleeding, an initial PT and PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time) should be obtained and then repeated at 24 and 48 hr. /Superwarfarin/

A serum vitamin K 2,3-epoxide level may provide a more sensitive biomarker of industrial coumarin (brodifiacoum, difenacoum, and warfarin) exposure or acccumulation than the PT (Prothrombin Time). ... In patients chronically exposed to coumarin anticoagulants, serum vitamin K 2,3-epoxide levels are significantly elevated, whereas the clotting factor activities and antigen levels remain in the normal range. This apparant dissociation between the coumarin anticoagulant effects on vitamin K metabolism and clotting factor activity may persist for years after termination of the occupational exposure.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Substantial ingestion produces epistaxis, gingival bleeding, widespread bruising, hematomas, hematuria with flank pain, menorrhagia, gastrointestinal bleeding, rectal bleeding and hemorrhage into any internal organ; anemia may result. Spontaneous hemoperitoneum has been described. Severe blood loss may result in hypovolemic shock, coma and death. The first clinical signs of bleeding may be delayed and patients may remain anticoagulated for several days (warfarin) or days, weeks or months (long-acting anticoagulants) after ingestion of large amounts. There are now sufficient data in young children exposed to anticoagulant rodenticides to conclude that routine measurement of the international normalized ratio (INR) is unnecessary. In all other cases, the INR should be measured 36-48 hours post exposure. If the INR is normal at this time, even in the case of long-acting formulations, no further action is required. If active bleeding occurs, prothrombin complex concentrate (which contains factors II, VII, IX and X) 50 units/kg, or recombinant activated factor VII 1.2-4.8 mg or fresh frozen plasma 15 mL/kg (if no concentrate is available) and phytomenadione 10mg intravenously (100 ug/kg bodyweight for a child) should be given. If there is no active bleeding and the INR is < or =4.0, no treatment is required; if the INR is > or =4.0 phytomenadione 10mg should be administered intravenously.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Typical features of poisoning result from increased bleeding tendency and include: minor poisoning: coagulation disturbance detected only by laboratory analyses; moderate poisoning: coagulation disturbance resulting in hematomata, hematuria, blood in feces or excessive bleeding from minor cuts or abrasions, gum bleeding; severe poisoning: retroperitoneal hemorrhage, severe GI bleeding, cerebrovascular accidents, massive hemorrhage (internal bleeding) resulting in shock. If anaemia or liver disease is present then the above features may be more severe and persistent and the poisoning may be more difficult to control. The onset of the signs of poisoning may not be evident until a few days after ingestion. /Anticoagulant rodenticides/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Hematuria, ecchymoses, gingival bleeding, epistaxis, abdominal pain, bleeding wounds, oral mucosa bleeding, melena, flank pain, heme positive stool, hematomas, anemia, decreasing hemoglobin concns, intracranial bleeding, vaginal bleeding, back pain, hematochezia, menorrhagia, hemoperitoneum, compartment syndrome, coma, tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, hemoptysis, urethral bleeding, fatigue, headache, seizures (from table). /Adult- long acting rodenticide anticoagulants/

/CASE REPORTS/ Ingestion of bromadiolone can lead to prolonged and life-threatening coagulopathy. Traditional treatment of bromadiolone intoxication relies on the coagulation profile. Currently, there is scanty information on bromadiolone elimination kinetics and half-life. A case of bromadiolone poisoning in a 40-year old female who, by history, ingested four 42.5-gram bags of rat poison (0.005% bromadiolone), equivalent to 8.5 mg bromadiolone (0.17 mg/kg body weight), four days prior to admission /was reported/. On admission, her prothrombin time was 92.0 seconds, international normalized ratio was 5.7, and activated partial thromboplastin time was 50.2 seconds with no bleeding on clinical examination. The first plasma bromadiolone level (5 days post-ingestion) was 92 ng/mL. Serial measurement of plasma bromadiolone levels confirmed the diagnosis and demonstrated that bromadiolone obeys the elimination kinetic of a two-compartment model with a rapid, fairly steep decline phase (half-life 3.5 days) followed by a slower termination phase (half-life 24 days). Plasma bromadiolone level of less than 10 ng/mL in /this/ patient was associated with a consistently normal coagulation profile without vitamin K1 therapy. ...

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BROMADIOLONE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ This study reports the comparative toxicities of three anticoagulants to Rattus rattus rufescens in Pakistan. ...A no-choice, 4 day feeding test with small groups of rodents was used. ...A value for the 4 day LC50 and LC95 can be statistically estimated from mortality data using probit analysis. The 4-day approx lethal dose (ALD50 and ALD95) also can be derived. Brodifacoum proved the most toxic followed by bromadiolone and coumatetralyl giving 4 day LC50's of 1.8, 2.1 and 19.6 ppm respectively and 4 day LC95's of 8.4, 10.1 and 126.4 ppm respectively.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ It is an anticoagulant rodenticide, a single dose of 50 mg/kg bait killing Rattus norvegicus and R rattus from the 5th day.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Brodifacoum at 0.005%, although giving complete mortality after only 8 days' continuous feeding, was more toxic to Meriones shawi /shaws gerbil/ than warfarin (0.025%), coumatetralyl (0.0375%), difenacoum (0.005%) and bromadiolone (0.005%).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Bromadiolone was given orally to 4 groups of 25 female rats from day 6-15 of pregnancy at doses of 0, 17.5, 35 and 70 ug/kg bw/day. Maternal toxicity occurred at the higher dose levels. There was no evidence of embryotoxicity or teratogenic effects at any dose level. ...

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BROMADIOLONE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Persons with bleeding disorders or who are taking anticoagulants should be protected from exposure.

If anemia or liver disease is present then the above features may be more severe and persistent and the poisoning may be more difficult to control. /Anticoagulant rodenticides/

LD50; Species: Quail oral 1600 mg/kg

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck) age 14 days; chemical incorporated into food 440 ppm (95% confidence interval: 229-847 ppm) for 25 days

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 14 days; chemical incorporated into food 464 ppm for 14 days

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 14 days; chemical incorporated into food 37.6 ppm for 25 days (95% confidence interval: 8.9-84.5 ppm)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BROMADIOLONE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50; Species: Quail oral 1600 mg/kg

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck) age 14 days; chemical incorporated into food 440 ppm (95% confidence interval: 229-847 ppm) for 25 days

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 14 days; chemical incorporated into food 464 ppm for 14 days

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 14 days; chemical incorporated into food 37.6 ppm for 25 days (95% confidence interval: 8.9-84.5 ppm)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BROMADIOLONE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Studies on exposure of non-targets to anticoagulant rodenticides have largely focused on predatory birds and mammals; insectivores have rarely been studied. /The authors/ investigated the exposure of 120 European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from throughout Britain to first- and second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (FGARs and SGARs) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC) and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). The proportion of hedgehogs with liver SGAR concentrations detected by HPLC was 3-13% per compound, 23% overall. LCMS identified much higher prevalence for difenacoum and bromadiolone, mainly because of greater ability to detect low-level contamination. The overall proportion of hedgehogs with LCMS-detected residues was 57.5% (SGARs alone) and 66.7% (FGARs and SGARs combined); 27 (22.5%) hedgehogs contained >1 rodenticide. Exposure of insectivores and predators to anticoagulant rodenticides appears to be similar. The greater sensitivity of LCMS suggests that hitherto exposure of non-targets is likely to have been under-estimated using HPLC techniques.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) are commonly used for rodent pest control in Norway resulting in the potential exposure of non-target raptor species. In this study the occurrence of flocoumafen, difethialone, difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum was determined in the livers of five species of raptors found dead in Norway between 2009 and 2011. The SGARs brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum and flocoumafen were detected in golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and eagle owl (Bubo bubo) livers at a total SGAR concentration of between 11 and 255 ng/g in approximately 70% of the golden eagles and 50% of the eagle owls examined in this study. In the absence of specific golden eagle and eagle owl toxicity thresholds for SGARs, a level of >100 ng/g was used as a potential lethal range, accepting that poisoning may occur below this level. Thirty percent (7/24) of the golden eagle and eagle owl livers contained total SGAR residue levels above this threshold. Further estimation of the potential mortality impact on the sampled raptor populations was not possible.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) are widely used to control rodent pests but exposure and poisonings occur in non-target species, such as birds of prey. Liver residues are often analyzed to detect exposure in birds found dead but their use to assess toxicity of SGARs is problematic. /The authors/ analyzed published data on hepatic rodenticide residues and associated symptoms of anticoagulant poisoning from 270 birds of prey using logistic regression to estimate the probability of toxicosis associated with different liver SGAR residues. /The authors/ also evaluated exposure to SGARs on a national level in Canada by analysing 196 livers from great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) found dead at locations across the country. Analysis of a broader sample of raptor species from Quebec also helped define the taxonomic breadth of contamination. Calculated probability curves suggest significant species differences in sensitivity to SGARs and significant likelihood of toxicosis below previously suggested concentrations of concern (<0.1mg/kg). Analysis of birds from Quebec showed that a broad range of raptor species are exposed to SGARs, indicating that generalized terrestrial food chains could be contaminated in the vicinity of the sampled areas. Of the two species for which we had samples from across Canada, great horned owls are exposed to SGARs to a greater extent than red-tailed hawks and the liver residue levels were also higher. Using our probability estimates of effect, we estimate that a minimum of 11% of the sampled great horned owl population is at risk of being directly killed by SGARs. This is the first time the potential mortality impact of SGARs on a raptor population has been estimated. /Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides/

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Despite the documented risk of secondary poisoning to non-target species by anticoagulant rodenticides there is no statutory post-approval monitoring of their use in the UK. This paper presents results from two Scottish monitoring schemes for the period 2000-2010; recording rodenticide use on arable farms and the presence of residues in raptor carcasses. More than three quarters of arable farms used anticoagulant rodenticides; predominately the second generation compounds difenacoum and bromadiolone. There was widespread exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides in liver tissues of the raptor species tested and the residues encountered generally reflected agricultural use patterns. As found in other studies, Red Kites (Milvus milvus) appeared to be particularly vulnerable to rodenticide exposure, 70 % of those sampled (n = 114) contained residues and 10 % died as a result of rodenticide ingestion. More unexpectedly, sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus), which prey almost exclusively on birds, had similar exposure rates to species which prey on rodents. Although, with the exception of kites, confirmed mortality from rodenticides was low, the widespread exposure recorded is concerning. Particularly when coupled with a lack of data about the sub-lethal effects of these compounds. This raises questions regarding whether statutory monitoring of use is needed; both to address whether there are deficiencies in compliance with approval conditions or whether the recommended risk management procedures are themselves adequate to protect non-target wildlife.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BROMADIOLONE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Bromadiolone's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a rodenticide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.6X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates bromadiolone will exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase bromadiolone will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Bromadiolone is susceptible to rapid direct photolysis in sunlight. If released to soil, bromadiolone is expected to have low to no mobility based upon an observed Koc range of 1,563 to 41,600. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.9X10-12 atm-cu/mole. Bromadiolone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Photodegradation on soil surfaces exposed to sunlight is expected to occur. Using OECD 301B (CO2 evolution method), bromadiolone showed 0% degradation after 28 days, indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental process in soil or water. If released into water, bromadiolone is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF range of 125 to >513 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Bromadiolone is stable to hydrolysis at environmental pH ranges. Photolysis of bromadiolone in aqueous solution is rapid with a half-life of 12 hours or less. Occupational exposure to bromadiolone may occur through dust inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where bromadiolone is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to bromadiolone via dermal contact with products containing bromadiolone. (SRC)

Bromadiolone's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a rodenticide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc range of 1,563 to 41,600 measured in a variety of different soils(2), indicates that bromadiolone is expected to have low to no mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of bromadiolone is estimated to range between 4.5(2) and 6.5(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of bromadiolone from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process,(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 8.9X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.6X10-10 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 12.5 mg/L(2). Bromadiolone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure(SRC). Based on aqueous photolysis studies, bromadiolone is susceptible to rapid direct photolysis in sunlight(2); therefore, photolysis may be an important fate process on surfaces exposed to sunlight(SRC). Using OECD 301B (CO2 evolution method), bromadiolone showed 0% degradation after 28 days, indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental process in soil(2).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc range of 1,563 to 41,600 measured in a variety of different soils(2), indicates that bromadiolone is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 8.9X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.60X10-10 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 12.5 mg/L(2). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF range of 125 to >513(SRC), from measured log Kow values of >5.0 at pH 4-5 and 4.07 at pH 7(2) and a regression-derived equation(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Bromadiolone is stable to hydrolysis at pH 5, 7 and 9(2). Photolysis of bromadiolone in aqueous solution is rapid with a half-life of 12 hours or less(2). In one study, bromadiolone exposed to natural sunlight at 52 deg N latitude degraded by 68% in the first 10 minutes which was followed by a slower degradation rate and complete photolysis after about 2 hours(2). Using OECD 301B (CO2 evolution method), bromadiolone showed 0% degradation after 28 days, indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental process in water(2).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bromadiolone, which has a vapor pressure of 1.60X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase bromadiolone may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Based on aqueous photolysis studies, bromadiolone is susceptible to rapid direct photolysis in sunlight(2).

AEROBIC: Using OECD 301B (CO2 evolution method), bromadiolone showed 0% degradation after the 28-day incubation period which classified the compound as not readily biodegradable(1). Bromadiolone was also found to be not readily biodegradable using OECD 301D (closed bottle method) where maximum degradation reached only 31%(1). Using OECD 302D (CO2 production measured as inorganic carbon in mixed micro-organism populations), bromadiolone degradation reached a maximum of only 2% which classified the compound as not inherently biodegradable(1).

Bromadiolone is stable to aqueous hydrolysis at pH 5, 7 and 9(1). In sterile aqueous buffered solutions at 25 °C for 30 days, bromadiolone showed no significant degradation under dark conditions(1). In hydrolysis tests at 50 °C and pH 7 and pH 9 (OECD 111 method), there was no hydrolysis during a 120 day test period(1); testing hydrolysis at pH 4 was attempted, but the low solubility at that pH makes accurate evaluation difficult(1). Using a representative artificial sunlight source at 25 °C, bromadiolone had photolysis half-lives of 11.5 and 14 minutes, respectively, in sterile buffer solutions and sterile pond water(1); extrapolation to natural sunlight at 40-50 deg N latitude yielded photolysis half-lives of 28-29 minutes (buffered solution) and 35-36 minutes (sterile pond water)(1). In another aqueous photolysis study, bromadiolone exposed to natural sunlight at 52 deg N latitude degraded by 68% in the first 10 minutes which was followed by a slower degradation rate and complete photolysis after about 2 hours(1).

Using bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and the OECD 305E method, bromadiolone was found to have a maximum BCF of 460 for whole fish(1). In a second study using channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), the whole fish BCF was 74 after 14 days(1). In both of these studies the BCF reliability was considered low due, in part, to high mortality in the exposed group of fish(1). A fish bioconcentration study with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was performed, but it failed due to high mortalities of the fish(1). An estimated BCF range of 125 to >513 was calculated in fish for bromadiolone(SRC), using measured log Kow values of >5.0 at pH 4-5 and 4.07 at pH 7(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), the estimated BCF values and whole fish BCF value in Bluegill sunfish suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

In one laboratory soil adsorption study, bromadiolone was found to have Koc values ranging from 1563-1709 (mean of 1632)(1). In another sorption study using five different soil types, bromadiolone had Koc values ranging from 3530-41600 with three of the five values above 4000(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these Koc values suggest that bromadiolone adsorption is expected to range from low mobility in soil to being immobile in soil. Results of laboratory soil column leaching and aged leaching studies indicate that bromadiolone and any potential degradation products, even if released indirectly to soil in small quantities, are not likely to move through the soil profile(1).

The Henry's Law constant for bromadiolone is estimated as 8.9X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.6X10-10 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 12.5 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that bromadiolone is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Bromadiolone's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). Bromadiolone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure(SRC).

Bromadiolone was detected at concentrations of 0.86-0.87 ng/L in influent waters to wastewater treatment plants(1).

Bromadiolone (0.04-0.38 mg/kg wet weight) was detected in livers of three stoats (Mustela erminea L.) and one weasel (Mustela nivalis L.) trapped or shot between August 1996 and March 1997 from eight estates in England(1). Median concentrations (ug/g) of bromadiolone in liver of various animals in France sampled between 1991-1994 were reported as: 1.5 red fox (n=22); 0.4 buzzard (n=15); 1.4 hare (n=2); 1.35 rabbit (n=2); 0.6 wild boar (n=3); 1.55 roe deer (n=3); 0.8 stone-marten (n=2); 1.3 lynx (n=1); 0.9 badger (n=1); 0.4 kite (n=5); 6.1 harrier (n=1); 2.3 mallard (n=1); 2.5 swan (n=1); 0.2 heron (n=1)(2). Bromadiolone was detected, at concentrations of 0.08-0.29 ug/g, in liver tissue from bird species (common buzzard, barn owl) collected from Loire Atlantique France in 2003(3). Bromadiolone was detected at concentrations of 0.40 and 0.85 mg/kg fresh weight in two tissue samples of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) collected from the upper Loire River (France) region between 2004-2008(4). In liver samples collected from 164 barn owls (Tyto alba), barred owls (Strix varia), and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), from 1988 to 2003 in the province of British Columbia and the Yukon Territory, Canada, bromadiolone was detected at a concentration range of 0.002-1.012 mg/kg in 84 of the 164 owls(5). Red kites (Milvus milvus) and common buzzards (Buteo buteo) collected in France in 2011 were either confirmed or highly suspected of bromadiolone poisoning(6). In liver samples from red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) from New Jersey, bromadiolone was detected in 20% of red-tailed hawks and 27% of great horned owls(7).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 96 workers (48 of these are female) are potentially exposed to bromadiolone in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to bromadiolone may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where bromadiolone is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to bromadiolone via dermal contact with products containing bromadiolone(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

...Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BROMADIOLONE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 3024; Coumarin derivative pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, flashpoint less than 23 °C

UN 3025; Coumarin derivative pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable, flashpoint not less than 23 °C

UN 3026; Coumarin derivative pesticides, liquid, toxic

UN 3027; Coumarin derivative pesticides, solid, toxic

For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for BROMADIOLONE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. /Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flashpoint less than 23 °C; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable, flashpoint 23 °C or more; Coumarin derivative pesticide, solid, toxic/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. /Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flashpoint less than 23 °C; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable, flashpoint not less than 23 °C; Coumarin derivative pesticide, solid, toxic/