thionazin

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

P262, P264, P270, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300+H310 (20%): Fatal if swallowed or in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal]

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (100%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 5 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Warning: Effects may be delayed up to 12 hours. Caution is advised.

Note: Thionazin is a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Signs and Symptoms of Thionazin Exposure: Acute exposure to thionazin may produce the following signs and symptoms: sweating, pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, profound weakness, muscle spasms, seizures, and coma. Mental confusion and psychosis may occur. Excessive salivation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, and abdominal pain may also occur. The heart rate may decrease following oral exposure or increase following dermal exposure. Chest pain may be noted. Hypotension (low blood pressure) may be observed, although hypertension (high blood pressure) is not uncommon. Respiratory signs include dyspnea (shortness of breath), pulmonary edema, respiratory depression, and respiratory paralysis.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to thionazin may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to thionazin.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. RUSH to a health care facility!

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to thionazin.

3. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. RUSH to a health care facility!

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of thionazin is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age. Warning: Ingestion of thionazin may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4. The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. RUSH to a health care facility! (EPA, 1998)

(Non-Specific -- Organic Phosphate Compound, Liquid, Poison B). Keep unnecessary people away; stay upwind; wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing; remove and isolate contaminated clothing. (Non-Specific -- Organic Phosphate Mixture, Liquid, Poison B). Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. (Non-Specific -- Parathion) Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning materials. Avoid body contact with materials. Wear full protective clothing.

(Non-Specific -- Organic Phosphate Compound, Liquid, Poison B). Extinguish with dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. (Non-Specific -- Parathion) Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemicals. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P040, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Good candidate for liquid injection incineration with a temperature range of 650 to 1600 °C with a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C with a residence times for liquids and gases: seconds, solids: hours. Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C with residence times for liquids and gases: seconds; solids: longer.

Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) must first be triple-rinsed. Containers that are in good condition may be returned to the manufacturer or formulator of the pesticide product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

(Non-Specific -- Organic Phosphate Compound, Liquid, Poison B). Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if possible; use water spray to reduce vapors. Small spill: take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into container for later disposal.

Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (Non-Specific -- Parathion) Avoid breathing vapors. Avoid bodily contact with materials. Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. (EPA, 1998)

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

0.011 [mg/m3]

0.12 [mg/m3]

0.69 [mg/m3]

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

Thionazin is an amber liquid. Pure compound is almost colorless; technical product is light brown to tan. Used in insecticides, fungicides, and nematocides. Not registered as a pesticide in the U.S. (EPA, 1998)

Nearly colorless liquid when pure; Technical product: Light brown to tan liquid; [HSDB] Clear very deep brown liquid; [MSDSonline]

PURE CMPD IS ALMOST COLORLESS LIQUID

176 °F at 0.001 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

80 °C @760 [mm Hg]

29 °F (EPA, 1998)

MISCIBLE WITH MOST ORG SOLVENTS

1140 PPM IN WATER @ 24.8 °C

MISCIBLE WITH POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS & DIMETYL FORMAMIDE

1.204-1.210 @ 25 °C

1.204-1.210 @25 °C

0.003 mmHg at 86 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.003 [mmHg]

3X10-3 MM HG @ 30 °C

0.003 [mm Hg] @30 °C

When heated to decomposition, ... emits highly toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides, phosphorus oxides, and sulfur oxides/.

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.5131 @ 25 °C/D

HYDROLYZED BY ALKALI TO SODIUM PYRAZINOLATE

TECHNICAL PRODUCT IS LIGHT BROWN TO TAN, RELATIVELY MOBILE LIQUID

Nematicides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticides -> Organophosphate Insecticides

Pesticide (Thionazin) -> USDA PDB

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

Organothiophosphates, such as THIONAZIN, are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

Other Poison - Organophosphate

LD50 Rat oral 12 mg/kg

LD50 Rat percutaneous 11 mg/kg

POISONOUS BY SKIN CONTACT, INHALATION, OR /INGESTION/

SYMPTOMATOLOGY: 1. Nausea is often the first symptom, followed by vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and excessive salivation (sialorrhea). Hypothermia has been reported in animals and at least once in man as an early sign. 2. Headache, giddiness, vertigo, and weakness. 3. Rhinorrhea and a sensation of tightness in the chest are common in inhalation exposures. 4. Blurring or dimness of vision, miosis (with fixed pinpoint pupils), tearing, ciliary muscle spasm, loss of accommodation, and ocular pain. None of these ocular effects are diagnostically dependable except in primary ocular exposures. Indeed, mydriasis is sometimes seen, probably due to sympatho-adrenal discharge. 5. Bradycardia or tachycardia. Varying degrees of AV heart block are described, as well as atrial arrhythmias. 6. Loss of muscle coordination, slurring of speech, fasciculations and twitching of muscles (particularly of the tongue and eyelids), and generalized profound weakness. 7. Mental confusion, disorientation, and drowsiness. 8. Difficulty in breathing, excessive secretion of saliva and of respiratory tract mucus, oronasal frothing, cyanosis, pulmonary rales and rhonchi, and hypertension presumably due to asphyxia. 9. Random jerky movements, incontinence, convulsions and coma. 10. Death primarily due to respiratory arrest arising from failure of the respiratory muscles, intense bronchoconstriction, or all three. /Parathion/

IN NINETY DAY FEEDING TESTS, RATS FED ON DIETS CONTAINING 25-50 PPM SHOWED MODERATE DEPRESSION IN GROWTH RATE BUT NO ABNORMAL BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS.

THIRTY ONE & 90 DAY STUDY WITH DOGS FED 0.5 PPM TO 25 PPM /THIONAZIN/ HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT INDICATING THAT NO DEATHS OCCUR @ THESE LEVELS.

LC50 Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) oral 65 ppm, (in 5 day diet), age 14 days (technical grade)

LC50 Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) oral 58 ppm, (in 5 day diet), age 14 days (technical grade)

LD50 Phasianus colchicus (ring-necked pheasant) oral 72 ppm, (in 5 day diet), age 10 days (technical grade)

LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (mallard ducks) oral approx 420 ppm (in 5 day diet), age 10 days (technical grade)

If produced thionazin may enter the environment as a fugitive emission during its manufacture, formulation, and during its application as a pesticide. If released to the atmosphere, it is expected to exist predominantly in the vapor phase. Rapid destruction by the reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is expected to occur; the half-life for this process can be estimated at 4.3 hr. Wet deposition may also occur. If released to soil, limited data suggests that microbial degradation under aerobic conditions may occur. The half-life of 10-100 ppm thionazin in soil is on the order of 2-6 weeks which encompasses the removal processes leaching, biodegradation and hydrolysis. Higher concentrations of thionazin are removed at a slower rate. It appears to be removed more rapidly from alkaline soils than from acidic soils. Thionazin is expected to be highly mobile in soil. If released to water, thionazin is expected to undergo hydrolysis at an experimentally determined half-life at 25 °C of about 30 days at pH 7. Neither adsorption to sediment and suspended matter, nor bioconcentration in fish and aquatic organisms are expected to be significant fate processes. Occupational exposure to thionazin may occur by inhalation or dermal contact for those involved in the synthesis, formulation, or application of this pesticide. (SRC)

Thionazin is of anthropogenic origin, and it is not believed to occur in nature. (SRC)

Thionazin was used as a soil insecticide and nematicide for the control of free living and plant parasitic nematodes, foliar insects, root maggots, and symphilids(1). It may have been released to the environment by fugitive emissions during its production, formulation, and application as an insecticide(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: SOIL WAS TREATED WITH ZINOPHOS SHORTLY AFTER PLANTING. ... DETECTABLE AMT REMAINED FOR 1 YR IN CHURCH FIELD SOIL (PH 5.4) BUT IN HIGH FIELD (PH 7.3) NO RESIDUES ... DETECTED AFTER THIS PERIOD. ZINOPHOS HALF-LIFE IN SOILS VARIED FROM ABOUT 5-12 DAYS @ LOW DOSAGE (5 PPM) TO ABOUT 9-22 DAYS @ HIGH DOSAGE (20 PPM).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Thionazin was described as slightly persistent in soil, with a given half-life of 2-6 weeks encompassing removal by leaching, hydrolysis, and biodegradation(1). Commercial formulations of 10 ppm thionazin applied to the top or broadcast 4 inches into a sandy loam soil (pH= 6.1) resulted in a removal half-life of 23 days(2). The initial loss rate when thionazin was applied at 250 ppm was much slower, and traces of thionazin remained after 2 years(2). In a laboratory assay, 100 ppm thionazin lost 95% of its biological activity in 100 days(3). Thionazin was found in soil up to one year after its application to an acidic sandy loam field, but this compound was not detected after 10 weeks in alkaline clay soil(4).

AQUATIC FATE: If released to water, thionazin is expected to undergo hydrolysis. An experimentally determined half-life for the hydrolysis of thionazin at 25 °C under neutal conditions was given as 29 days at pH 7(1,2). A half-life of approximately 40 and 4 days at pH 10 and pH 11, respectively, can be calculated(SRC) from a basic hydrolysis rate constant of 7.3 L/mole-hr(1,2). Thionazin was reported as having a half-life of 14 weeks in natural water at pH 6.8(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: If released to the atmosphere, the vapor pressure, 3X10-3 mm Hg at 30 °C(1), suggests that thionazin may exist entirely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere(2). Thionazin is expected to undergo rapid destruction by the gas phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for the reaction can be estimated at 4.3 hr(2,SRC). The water solubility, 1140 mg/l at 25 °C(1), suggests that wet deposition may occur(SRC).

... Zinophos degraded faster in non-autoclaved soil ...

When 10 and 100 ppm thionazin was added to soil, the oxygen consumption was found to increase proportionally over the endogenous level(1). The author concluded that microbial degradation was indicated(1). Thionazin at these concentrations was not found to be permanently deleterious to the microbiota(1). Thionazin was listed as being degradable by microbiological means(2). The oxygen consumption of a sandy loam soil was found to increase significantly above the level of endogenous respiration when 5 or 10 ug/g of thionazin was added(3). When applied to a sultan silty loam, thionazin was found to undergo removal at rates faster than those observed in autoclaved samples; the half-lives for removal were 2 weeks of the soil sample and 9 weeks for the autoclaved sample (25 °C, pH 6.3, 20% water moisture)(4). Thionazin was most persistent at pH 5.5, and least persistent at pH 8.1, however, the author concluded that this was due to a change in the biological species responsible for degradation, and not from abiotic processes(4). The persistence of thionazin was also found to decrease with increasing moisture content of the soil(4). In a related study, thionazin underwent 68%, 23%, 31%, and 22% degradation in sultan silty loam, autoclaved sample, irradiated sample, and irradiated and autoclaved sample, respectively(5). The difference between the degradation in the autoclaved and irradiated sample was attributed to presence of a heat labile substance, which could not be identified(5).

An experimentally determined rate constant for the hydrolysis of thionazin under neutral conditions was given as 1.0X10-3 1/hr at 25 °C, which translates to a half-life of 29 d at pH 7(1,2). An experimental hydrolysis rate constant under basic conditions of 7.3 l/mole-hr (1,2) translates to a calculated half-life of approximately 40 and 4 days at pH 10 and pH 11, respectively(SRC). Thionazin was reported as having a half-life of 14 weeks in natural water at pH 6.8(3). Thionazin had a half-life of 50, 54, and 56 hr at 70 °C in water from the River Thames, the River Irthing, and in Brussels sprout extract, respectively(4). At 20 °C, the rates can be expected to be several hundred times slower(4). The half-life for the gas phase reaction of thionazin with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals can be estimated to be 4.3 hr(5,SRC).

A calculated bioconcentration factor for thionazin of 13 has been reported using the water solubility and a regression equation(1). This value suggests that bioconcentration in fish and aquatic organisms is not expected to be a significant fate process(SRC).

A calculated soil adsorption coefficient of 100 has been reported for thionazin(1). This value suggests that thionazin will display high mobility in soil(2). In a laboratory study measuring the water induced movement of insecticides in packed soil columns, thionazin was found to have a relative mobility factor of 3.2 on a scale from 1 to 6(3).

A calculated Henry's Law constant of 8.19X10-7 atm cu-m/mol at 20 °C has been reported for thionazin(1). Based on this value, the estimated volatilization half life for a model river 1 m deep, flowing at 1 m/sec, and a wind velocity of 3 m/sec is 69 days(2,SRC). Volatilization of thionazin from water to the atmosphere is, thus, not expected to be a significant fate process(SRC). Thionazin was described as being volatile from soil at 20 °C(3), however, the Henry's Law constant suggests that volatilization from moist soil is not expected to be a significant process(SRC).

Occupational exposure to thionazin may occur by inhalation or dermal contact for those involved in the synthesis, formulation, or application of this pesticide. (SRC)

LC50 Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) oral 65 ppm, (in 5 day diet), age 14 days (technical grade)

LC50 Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) oral 58 ppm, (in 5 day diet), age 14 days (technical grade)

LD50 Phasianus colchicus (ring-necked pheasant) oral 72 ppm, (in 5 day diet), age 10 days (technical grade)

LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (mallard ducks) oral approx 420 ppm (in 5 day diet), age 10 days (technical grade)

If produced thionazin may enter the environment as a fugitive emission during its manufacture, formulation, and during its application as a pesticide. If released to the atmosphere, it is expected to exist predominantly in the vapor phase. Rapid destruction by the reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is expected to occur; the half-life for this process can be estimated at 4.3 hr. Wet deposition may also occur. If released to soil, limited data suggests that microbial degradation under aerobic conditions may occur. The half-life of 10-100 ppm thionazin in soil is on the order of 2-6 weeks which encompasses the removal processes leaching, biodegradation and hydrolysis. Higher concentrations of thionazin are removed at a slower rate. It appears to be removed more rapidly from alkaline soils than from acidic soils. Thionazin is expected to be highly mobile in soil. If released to water, thionazin is expected to undergo hydrolysis at an experimentally determined half-life at 25 °C of about 30 days at pH 7. Neither adsorption to sediment and suspended matter, nor bioconcentration in fish and aquatic organisms are expected to be significant fate processes. Occupational exposure to thionazin may occur by inhalation or dermal contact for those involved in the synthesis, formulation, or application of this pesticide. (SRC)

Thionazin is of anthropogenic origin, and it is not believed to occur in nature. (SRC)

Thionazin was used as a soil insecticide and nematicide for the control of free living and plant parasitic nematodes, foliar insects, root maggots, and symphilids(1). It may have been released to the environment by fugitive emissions during its production, formulation, and application as an insecticide(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: SOIL WAS TREATED WITH ZINOPHOS SHORTLY AFTER PLANTING. ... DETECTABLE AMT REMAINED FOR 1 YR IN CHURCH FIELD SOIL (PH 5.4) BUT IN HIGH FIELD (PH 7.3) NO RESIDUES ... DETECTED AFTER THIS PERIOD. ZINOPHOS HALF-LIFE IN SOILS VARIED FROM ABOUT 5-12 DAYS @ LOW DOSAGE (5 PPM) TO ABOUT 9-22 DAYS @ HIGH DOSAGE (20 PPM).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Thionazin was described as slightly persistent in soil, with a given half-life of 2-6 weeks encompassing removal by leaching, hydrolysis, and biodegradation(1). Commercial formulations of 10 ppm thionazin applied to the top or broadcast 4 inches into a sandy loam soil (pH= 6.1) resulted in a removal half-life of 23 days(2). The initial loss rate when thionazin was applied at 250 ppm was much slower, and traces of thionazin remained after 2 years(2). In a laboratory assay, 100 ppm thionazin lost 95% of its biological activity in 100 days(3). Thionazin was found in soil up to one year after its application to an acidic sandy loam field, but this compound was not detected after 10 weeks in alkaline clay soil(4).

AQUATIC FATE: If released to water, thionazin is expected to undergo hydrolysis. An experimentally determined half-life for the hydrolysis of thionazin at 25 °C under neutal conditions was given as 29 days at pH 7(1,2). A half-life of approximately 40 and 4 days at pH 10 and pH 11, respectively, can be calculated(SRC) from a basic hydrolysis rate constant of 7.3 L/mole-hr(1,2). Thionazin was reported as having a half-life of 14 weeks in natural water at pH 6.8(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: If released to the atmosphere, the vapor pressure, 3X10-3 mm Hg at 30 °C(1), suggests that thionazin may exist entirely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere(2). Thionazin is expected to undergo rapid destruction by the gas phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for the reaction can be estimated at 4.3 hr(2,SRC). The water solubility, 1140 mg/l at 25 °C(1), suggests that wet deposition may occur(SRC).

... Zinophos degraded faster in non-autoclaved soil ...

When 10 and 100 ppm thionazin was added to soil, the oxygen consumption was found to increase proportionally over the endogenous level(1). The author concluded that microbial degradation was indicated(1). Thionazin at these concentrations was not found to be permanently deleterious to the microbiota(1). Thionazin was listed as being degradable by microbiological means(2). The oxygen consumption of a sandy loam soil was found to increase significantly above the level of endogenous respiration when 5 or 10 ug/g of thionazin was added(3). When applied to a sultan silty loam, thionazin was found to undergo removal at rates faster than those observed in autoclaved samples; the half-lives for removal were 2 weeks of the soil sample and 9 weeks for the autoclaved sample (25 °C, pH 6.3, 20% water moisture)(4). Thionazin was most persistent at pH 5.5, and least persistent at pH 8.1, however, the author concluded that this was due to a change in the biological species responsible for degradation, and not from abiotic processes(4). The persistence of thionazin was also found to decrease with increasing moisture content of the soil(4). In a related study, thionazin underwent 68%, 23%, 31%, and 22% degradation in sultan silty loam, autoclaved sample, irradiated sample, and irradiated and autoclaved sample, respectively(5). The difference between the degradation in the autoclaved and irradiated sample was attributed to presence of a heat labile substance, which could not be identified(5).

An experimentally determined rate constant for the hydrolysis of thionazin under neutral conditions was given as 1.0X10-3 1/hr at 25 °C, which translates to a half-life of 29 d at pH 7(1,2). An experimental hydrolysis rate constant under basic conditions of 7.3 l/mole-hr (1,2) translates to a calculated half-life of approximately 40 and 4 days at pH 10 and pH 11, respectively(SRC). Thionazin was reported as having a half-life of 14 weeks in natural water at pH 6.8(3). Thionazin had a half-life of 50, 54, and 56 hr at 70 °C in water from the River Thames, the River Irthing, and in Brussels sprout extract, respectively(4). At 20 °C, the rates can be expected to be several hundred times slower(4). The half-life for the gas phase reaction of thionazin with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals can be estimated to be 4.3 hr(5,SRC).

A calculated bioconcentration factor for thionazin of 13 has been reported using the water solubility and a regression equation(1). This value suggests that bioconcentration in fish and aquatic organisms is not expected to be a significant fate process(SRC).

A calculated soil adsorption coefficient of 100 has been reported for thionazin(1). This value suggests that thionazin will display high mobility in soil(2). In a laboratory study measuring the water induced movement of insecticides in packed soil columns, thionazin was found to have a relative mobility factor of 3.2 on a scale from 1 to 6(3).

A calculated Henry's Law constant of 8.19X10-7 atm cu-m/mol at 20 °C has been reported for thionazin(1). Based on this value, the estimated volatilization half life for a model river 1 m deep, flowing at 1 m/sec, and a wind velocity of 3 m/sec is 69 days(2,SRC). Volatilization of thionazin from water to the atmosphere is, thus, not expected to be a significant fate process(SRC). Thionazin was described as being volatile from soil at 20 °C(3), however, the Henry's Law constant suggests that volatilization from moist soil is not expected to be a significant process(SRC).

Occupational exposure to thionazin may occur by inhalation or dermal contact for those involved in the synthesis, formulation, or application of this pesticide. (SRC)

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P040, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Good candidate for liquid injection incineration with a temperature range of 650 to 1600 °C with a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C with a residence times for liquids and gases: seconds, solids: hours. Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C with residence times for liquids and gases: seconds; solids: longer.

Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) must first be triple-rinsed. Containers that are in good condition may be returned to the manufacturer or formulator of the pesticide product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.